STONE DUST

Stone dust is a waste material generated from aggregate crushing unit.

Ramdas et.al (2010) studied the effect of combination of stone dust and fly ash on the index properties,
compaction characteristics, free swell index,UCS and CBR of expansive soil. They found out that combination
of fly ash and stone dust is more effective than using stone dust alone as a stabilising agent in expansive soil.
The optimum percentage for controlling swelling characteristics and improving strength is 25% fly ash and 30%
stone dust.
Ali and Koranne (2011) studied the effect of combination of equal percentages of fly ash and stone dust on
index properties, proctor compaction, free swell index and UCS of expansive soil. They observed that with
addition of mixture of fly ash and stone dust the swelling nature of expansive soil decreases and strength
characteristics increases. The optimum percentage of combination of fly ash and stone dust is 30%.
Jain and Muley (2013) had investigated the effect of stone dust on CBR value of expansive black cotton soil.
They reported that with increasing the percentage of stone dust the soaked CBR value of black cotton soil
increases. They had also derived an empirical formula to predict the CBR value.
CERAMIC DUST
Sabat (2012) had stabilized expansive soil using Ceramic dust. He had analysed the atterberg limits, compaction
characteristics, UCS, Shear strength parameters, swelling pressure of expansive soil mixed with different
percentage of Ceramic dusts starting from 0% to 30% at an increment of 5%. He found out that with increasing
the ceramic dust percentage the plasticity index, Swelling pressure, cohesion intercept value decreases and
Maximum dry density, CBR, angle of internal friction, UCS value increases. Ceramic dust is saves costs when
used in subgrade soil.
BLAST FURNACE SLAG
Ground granulated blast furnace slag is produced during cooling molten iron slag using water or steam, which
later on dried and crushed into fine powder.
Sharma and Sivapullaiah (2011) had studied the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag on geotechnical
properties of expansive soil. They found out that with increasing percentage of GGBS added to the soil the
OMC and MDD decreases, Unconfined compressive Strength value increases upto 40% GGBS content after
which increase in GGBS content decreases the UCS value.
CEMENT KILN DUST
Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a fine solid waste material produced from cement manufacturing industry.
Moses and Saminu (2012) had done laboratory studies on effect of CKD on properties of compacted expansive
soil. They had used different percentage of CKD starting from 0% to 16% with an increment of 4%. Liquid and
plastic limit decreases with increasing the CKD content. They have applied different compactive efforts in the
form of West African Standard and British standard proctor test and studied CBR and UCS values of stabilized
compacted soils. Soil compacted by British standard proctor compaction gave maximum 7 days and 14 days
UCS value at 12% CKD content also maximum CBR value at 12% CKD content. Soil compacted by West
African Standard compaction gave maximum 7 days and 14 days UCS value at 8% CKD content, maximum
CBR value at 12% CKD content.
Rao et al (2012) studied the effect of CKD on atterberg limits of expansive soil and combined effect of CKD
and fibres on UCS and CBR value. They found out that with increasing the percentage of CKD added to the soil
the liquid limit and plasticity index decreases and plastic limit increases. Better CBR and UCS values were
obtained when combination of CKD and fibres are used.

Salahudeen et al (2014) had stabilized expansive soil using cement kiln dust. They reported that index
properties, UCS and CBR values are improved due to CKD treatment, They found out the optimum CKD
percentage as 10%.