Krebs Cycle

By: Group 5

What is a Krebs Cycle?

The citric acid cycle also known as the tricarboxylic acid
cycle (TCA cycle), or the Krebs cycle is a series of chemical
reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through
the oxidization ofacetate derived
from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. In
addition, the cycle provides precursors including certain amino acids
as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous
biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical
pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established
components of cellular metabolism and may have
originated abiogenically. This cycle occur every 2 times.
The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a
type of tricarboxylic acid) that is first consumed and then
regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In
addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA)
and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide. The
NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative
phosphorylation pathway. The net result of these two closely linked
pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable energy in
the form of ATP.

What is a Krebs Cycle?

In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix

of the mitochondrion. Bacteria also use the TCA cycle to
generate energy, but since they lack mitochondria, the
reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the
proton gradient for ATP production being across the plasma
membrane rather than the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion.
Several of the components and reactions of the citric acid
cycle were established in the 1930s by the research of the
Nobel laureate Albert Szent-Gyrgyi, for which he received
the Nobel Prize in 1937 for his discoveries pertaining
to fumaric acid, a key component of the cycle.

What is a Krebs Cycle?

The citric acid cycle itself was finally identified in 1937

by Hans Adolf Krebs whilst at the University of Sheffield, for
which he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or
Medicine in 1953.

Bonds
Linear bond c c
Isometric bond

c
c c c

How

does the
Krebs Cycle
work?

Step 1

When
Acetyl
While
So
when
oxalate
Acetyl
CoA
they
has
CoA
has
combine,
2 carbon
and
4 carbon
oxalate
they
molecules
molecules.
will
combines,
have
and6acarbon
they
CoA form
(coenzyme).
molecules
a molecule
and called
a CoA.citrate.

Step 2

Step 3

In
this
a molecule
of CO
is the
released
creating
NAD
So
This
they
carbon
orprocess,
Nicotinamide
can molecule
ONLY
carry
Adenine
will1 release
hydrogen.
Dinucleotide
atmosphere
which
is aor
1alpha-ketoglutarate.
at
hydrogen
the mitochondria.
receiver.
2at

Step 4

So
again,
NADH is
reduced again
to form NADH
and leaves with another hydrogen.
Then
a carbon
molecule
was released
again.

Step 5

GTP (Guanosine
Which
will lead totriphosphate)
the production
was
ofproduced.
ATP (Adhenosine triphospate).

What is the difference of ATP and GTP?

ATP can be produced thru different processes:

- in mitochondria thru oxidative phosphorylation
- (in plants) iin chloroplasts thru photosynthesis
ATP is responsible for providing energy to carry out many
of the body's functions. It's reponsible for regulating
biochemical pathways. We also feel pain when ATP is
released from a damaged cell.
GTP is produced in the Krebs Cycle but the molecule can be
easily converted to ATP by the action of the Nucleoside
Diphosphokinase.
GTP is used as an energy source in protein synthesis. It's
also responsible for enegy transfer within the cell.

Step 6

A FAD
They
In
thiscan
(Flavin
process
ONLYadenine
the
accept
4 carbon
dinucleotide)
2 hydrogen
molecules
molecules.
is awill
2 hydrogen
be an isometric
acceptor.
bond.

Step 7

Step 8

The end product will be an oxalate and will repeat the cycle again.

Summary

In this summary, three major events occur during the

Krebs cycle. One GTP (guanosine triphosphate) is produced
which eventually donates a phosphate group to ADP to
form one ATP; three molecules of NAD are reduced; and
one molecule of FAD is reduced. Although one molecule of
GTP leads to the production of one ATP, the production of
the reduced NAD and FAD are far more significant in the
cell's energy-generating process. This is because NADH
and FADH2 donate their electrons to an electron transport
system that generates large amounts of energy by forming
many molecules of ATP.

Quiz Time....
Please get a sheet of paper and write the ANSWERS only.

Question:

How many times does the Krebs Cycle

occur?

Question:

How many carbon molecule/s is oxalate?

Question: (letter only)

What does NAD stands for?
A. Nitrogenic Asylosis Dyclosygloritide
B. Nitrotinomide Asylosis Dynonucleode
C. Nicotinomide Adenin Dinucleotide
D. Nucleotide Adnin Dysaccharide

Question:
How many carbon molecule/s does NAD
and FAD accept/s?
NDA: ?
FAD: ?

Question:

What kind of bonds are these?

C C C C

C
C C C

Question:

Where does the CO2 exits?

Question:

What is the process after fumanic/

fumarate acid?

Question: What process is this?

DONE!
Please pass the paper.