PreSonus.com
Nimbit
Shop
Products
Community
Videos
Support
Buy
LEARN
Buffers. A buffer is a region of memory storage used to temporarily hold data while it is being moved from one place to another. There are four of
these in the digital signal chain.
USB Bus Clock Front Buffer
ASIO (Driver) Input Buffer
ASIO (Driver) Output Buffer
USB Clock Back Buffer
Each buffer contributes to the total delay present between the time you play that hot guitar solo and the time you hear it back in your headphones.
If you increase the buffer size, you can get the software crashing to probably go away. But its not that simple.
The more that you increase the buffer size for example, up to 128 samples the more you notice the latency when trying
to play that last part. Singing or playing an instrument with the feel you want becomes extremely difficult because you have
essentially the same problem as with that rickety pianos delayed hammer-strikes. What you play and what you hear back in
your headphones or monitor speakers get further and further apart in time. Latency is in the way. And youre in that echo-y
tunnel again.
Smaller buffer, less delay
(but an unhappy CPU).
Lets look at our piano example again, this time with a fully functioning baby grand and not that antique piano in desperate
need of repair. For simplicitys sake, lets pretend that there is no mechanical delay between the time your finger strikes the
key and the hammer strikes the string. Sound travels 340 meters/second. This means that if youre sitting one meter from the
hammer, the sound will not reach your ears for a little more than 3 ms. So why does 3 ms not bother you a bit when youre
playing your grand piano, but a buffer setting of 2.9 ms (128 samples at 44.1 kHz) in your DAW make it virtually impossible
for you to monitor your guitar through your favorite guitar amp modeling plug-in?
Decoding Latency
As mentioned earlier, roundtrip latency is the amount of time it takes for a signal (such as a guitar solo) to get from the analog input on an audio
interface, through the A/D converters, into a DAW, back to the interface, and through the D/A converters to the analog outputs. But you can only
control one of part of this chain: the input latencythat is, the time it takes for an input signal such as your guitar solo to make it to your DAW.
This is where driver performance enters the picture. There are two layers to any isochronous driver (used for both FireWire and USB
interfaces). The second layer provides the buffer to Core Audio and ASIO applications like PreSonus Studio OneTM and other DAWs.
This is the layer over which you have control.
To make matters worse, you usually are not given this buffer-size setting as a time-based number (e.g., 2.9 ms); rather, you get a list
of sample-based numbers from which to choose (say, 128 samples). This makes delay conversion more complicated. And most
musicians would rather memorize the lyrics to every Rush song than remember that 512 samples equates to approximately 11 to 12
ms at 44.1 kHz! (To calculate milliseconds from samples, simply divide the amount of samples by the sample rate. For example, 512
samples/44.1 kHz = 11.7 ms.)
The buffer size that you set in your DAW (Mac) or in your devices Control Panel (Windows) determines both the input and the output
buffer. If you set the buffer size to 128 samples, the input buffer and the output buffer will each be 128 samples. At best, then, the
latency is twice the amount you set. However, the best case isnt always possible due to the way audio data is transferred by the
driver.
For example, if you set your ASIO buffer size to 128 samples, the output latency could be as high as 256 samples. In that case, the
two buffers combine to make the roundtrip latency 3117 samples. This means that the 2.9 ms of latency you set for your 44.1 kHz
recording has become 8.7 ms.
The analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters in an audio interface also have latency, as do their buffers. This latency can range from 0.2 to
1.5 ms, depending on the quality of the converters. An increase of 1 ms of latency isnt going to affect the quality of anyones performance. However,
it does add to the total roundtrip latency. For our 128-sample example setting, adding 0.5 ms for each converter brings the roundtrip latency to 9.7
ms. But 9.7 ms is still below the realm of human perception, and it shouldnt affect your performance.
Old-skool solution: Just grab some of the analog signal before it goes into
the A/D converters and send it back to your headphones. It works but you
Given these discoveries, not giving the user control over the USB Bus clock buffer and
cant hear any effects or reverb.
telling them that the only latency controls available are the ASIO and Core Audio
buffer sizes seems at best duplicitous, and at worst a failure to provide customers with the best latency performance a modern computer can provide.
This is where AudioBox VSL-series interfaces enter the picture. This new series of interfaces takes advantage of these technological discoveries and
provides users with the ultimate monitor-mixing experience, withoutincluding expensive onboard DSP and the proportional cost increase to
customers.
takes for the A/D D/A converters to change analog audio to 1s and 0s and back to analog again.
To optimize these buffer settings for your particular computer:
Begin by creating a monitor mix in AudioBox VSL and setting the
Performance mode to Fast.
Listen carefully for pops and clicks and other audio artifacts at a variety of
sample rates.
Now load the AudioBox VSL with compressors, EQs, reverbs, and delays.
If you hear audio artifacts, raise the Performance mode to Normal. On most
machines, Normal will provide the best performance with the most stability. If
you have an older machine with a slower processor and a modest amount of
RAM, you may need to raise this setting to Safe. Keep in mind, however, that
even at 9 ms, AudioBox VSL is running at a lower latency than monitoring
through most DAWs at the best ASIO/ Core Audio buffer settingand the
best buffer setting will not work on a slower computer anyway.
Once you have Performance mode tuned, the next latency component of the
driver to tune is the ASIO buffer size (Windows) or Core Audio buffer size
(Mac). This time, load a large session into your DAW and experiment with
CPU Performance Meter in Studio One 2 Artist DAW (comes free with
the buffer settings. Again, you are listening for pops and clicks and other
AudioBox VSL interfaces).
audio artifacts.
If your DAW includes a CPU-performance meter (as Studio One does), you can use this to help you find the best buffer setting for your computer.
No matter how you set your ASIO/Core Audio buffer size, the monitoring latency in VSL is not affected. So you can set this buffer fairly high and
lower it only when you are playing virtual instruments. Keep in mind that its still important to determine the lowest threshold at which your DAW can
still perform stably.
PreSonus.com
Community
Products
Community
Videos
Support
Buy
News
My PreSonus
About PreSonus
Recording Systems
Mixers and Control
Surfaces
Live Sound
Reinforcement
Monitoring
Preamplifiers and
Processors
Mobile Apps
Software
Accessories
PreSonus Forums
PreSonus Blog
Artists
Learn
PreSonus Events
PreSonus Videos
PreSonus Live
Knowledge Base
Downloads
Product Registration
Product Repairs
Repair Status
Contact Support
Find Retailers
U.S. Representatives
International
Distributors
The PreSonus Shop
Press Releases
Articles
Product Reviews
Login/Signup
PreSonus History
Contact Us
Careers
LEDC and PreSonus
PreSonus.com
Privacy Policy
Terms of Use
Learn
WorxAudio
Nimbit
Trademarks