significance
L. Sowmia Narayanan
Project Manager, Mission Analysis, PSLV Project
VSSC / ISRO
Sowmia / PSLV 1
Satellites
artificial.
Artificial
satellites
spacecraft that are
space by people.
are
either
called
natural
or
to the
natural
are
human-made
built and sent into
Sowmia / PSLV 2
Today, about
6,000 pieces
Earth
Sowmia / PSLV 3
Communications
Remote sensing / Surveillance
Weather forecasting
Space Explorations
Size / Shape / Orientation of the spacecraft
orbit depends up on its applications.
Sowmia / PSLV 4
Presentation Topics
Sowmia / PSLV 5
Orbital Mechanics
v
gravity
atmospheric drag
thrust etc.,
Sowmia / PSLV 6
Sowmia / PSLV 7
Circular
Elliptic
Parabola
Hyperbola
(Eccentricity e = 0)
(0<e<1)
(e=1)
(e>1)
Sowmia / PSLV 8
&
Equatorial plane
Sowmia
Sowmia
/ PSLV
/ PSLV
11
Vc
mV
=
r
Sowmia / PSLV 12
mV2/r = GMm/r2
= GM = 398601 km3/s2
GM
Vc =
r
; r = RE + h = 6378.135 + 622 km
Sowmia / PSLV 13
VA
VP
o
o
Earth
rp
For Elliptical orbit, Velocity at any
instant is given as
ra
2 1
V =
r a
Elliptical orbit
Sowmia / PSLV 14
Non-Returning Orbits :
v
Parabola
v
Hyperbola
* Semi major axis is unbounded
* Useful trajectories for Inter
Planetary Missions
ELLIPSE
Vcircle
HYPERBOLA
V
CIRCLE
~ 7.8 km/s
~ 16.7 km/s
SEV-(Solar Escape
Velocity)
PARABOLA
Escape
Velocity
A SATELLITE IS AN OBJECT
WHICH
FALLS AROUND THE
EARTH
ELLIPSE
d r
GMm
F = ma = m
=
dt
r This Equation is valid for uniform
gravitational filed and for absence of
d r
atmosphere and third body effects
+ =0
Also, this equation is valid only for m <<M
dt r
2
Sowmia / PSLV 17
&
OR
v
Note : From given any set values (A), other two set values (B or C)
can be derived and Vice Versa.
Sowmia / PSLV 18
Completes Right
Handed Triad
Y
Origin : At centre of Earth
Towards First
point of Aries ( )
(Vernal Equinox)
Note : Inertial Frame of reference frozen at specific time (Epoch)
Sowmia / PSLV 19
Orbital Elements
Semi-major axis
Eccentricity
Inclination
Argument of Perigee
Right Ascension of
the Ascending Node
True Anomaly
Sowmia / PSLV 21
Desc. Node
?
Asc. Node Equatorial
plane
Sowmia / PSLV 22
Orbital plane
Y
Equatorial
plane
Sowmia / PSLV 23
of
the
Z
Orbital plane
Perigee
Direction
Equatorial
plane
Line of
Nodes
Sowmia / PSLV 24
u0
Perigee
location
S/C Position at
Reference Epoch
Equatorial
plane
u0
+
Perigee
location
Line of
Nodes
Orbital plane
Sowmia / PSLV 25
Radius = 6356.783 km
The fact that the Earth is not a sphere but an ellipsoid causes the orbit
of a satellite to be perturbed
J2 : Oblateness term
Due to J4
J3 : Pear-Shaped
term
Due to J5
Secular variations in ,
Sowmia / PSLV 28
Sowmia / PSLV 29
Orbital plane
Night
P3
Day
SUN
P4
P2
Earth Position P1
Sowmia / PSLV 31
Sun-synchronous Orbit
Sowmia / PSLV 32
Sun-synchronous Orbit
Sowmia / PSLV 33
SUN
Rotational
direction of
orbital plane
North pole of
the Earth
Processional rate or
Drift of Ascending node
Sowmia / PSLV 35
Prograde orbit
Retrograde orbit
Arthur
Clarkes
Scheme
Geosynchronous
Orbit
Clarke Orbit
36,000 km
Satellite revolves at
same angular speed
as the earth
Visibility zones
of Satellites
Illustrating global
communication with the use
of three stationary satellites
GEO-STATIONARY ORBIT
FOR COMMUNICATION
Sowmia / PSLV 38
Sowmia / PSLV 39
GSAT-2 (480E)
INSAT-3E (550E)
INSAT-3C (740E)
Kalpana-1 (740E
GSAT-3 (740E))
INSAT-3A (93.50E)
INSAT-3B (830E)
INSAT-2E (830E)
Co-located
Sowmia / PSLV 40
Sowmia / PSLV 41
Az
Sowmia / PSLV 42
Hohmann Transfer
?V2
?V1
Assumption : Instantaneous
Velocity (Impulse) addition.
?V1 = VEP VCA
?V2 = VCC VEA
VEP = V Elliptical at perigee altitude B
VCA = V Circular for orbit A
VCC = V Circular for orbit C
VEA = V Elliptical at Apogee altitude of B
Sowmia / PSLV 43
Hohmann Transfer
To Transfer from initial
circular parking orbit to
GSO
Perform first burn to
transfer to an elliptical
orbit which just touches
both circular orbits
GSO
GTO
Initial Circular
Parking Orbit
Sowmia / PSLV 44
? V1
G
S
O
G
T
O
R = 42378 km
VCA
GTO to GSO
Sowmia / PSLV 45
Finite burn
exceed 20%
losses
may
Sowmia / PSLV 46
GTO plane
GSO plane
Effect on i
Effect on RAAN
1. At Equator
2. At poles
3. At any location in orbit
i changes (opt)
No RAAN change
No i change
RAAN alone changes
Both i & RAAN changes respectively
A
i1
i2
O1 /
O2
Inclination & RAAN change
i1
i2
O
Inclination change alone
Sowmia / PSLV 48
Energy saving in
combined maneuvers for
GTO to GSO
dv2=Va2+Vs2-2*Va*Vs*cos(i)
Transfer orbit
Va (1.609 km/s )
Combined maneuver
Dv (1.831 km/s)
i = 28.5 deg
Circular orbit at GSO
Vs(3.0747 km/s )
For Separate Maneuvres :
1. Plane change manevure (For i Correction) DV1 = 0.791 km/s
2. Circularization Maneuver (Perigee raising) DV2 = 1.469 km/s
Total DV = 2.260 km/s
Molniya Orbit
Apogee altitude = 39863 km
Perigee altitude = 504 km
Inclination = 63.4 deg
Period = 43082 s (Half day).
Devised by USSR to
provide features of
GSO
with
better
coverage
of
the
northern latitudes and
without large plane
change that would be
required from their far
northern launch sites
Launch from
Plesetsk, Russia in
due East direction
result in 62.8 deg
inclination orbit
Sowmia / PSLV 50
v A Constellation of Three
spacecrafts would provide a
continuous direct link.
Molniya Orbit
Sowmia / PSLV 51
Sowmia / PSLV 52
Orbit Perturbations
Atmospheric Drag
Earths Oblateness
Solar Radiation
Sowmia / PSLV 53
Atmospheric Drag
Drag Force on
the satellite is
Drag Acceleration
on the satellite is
1
F = C V 2S
D
2 D
F
C S
1 D 2
D
a =
=
V
D
m
2 m
( Ballistic Coefficient )
C S
D
m
Sowmia / PSLV 55
2
3
R
3
2i 1
= 1 J
Sin
3 2
0
2 2
2
2
2
a 1 e
3
R2
5
2
& = J
2 Sin i Effect
2
2 2 2
2
orbit
a 1 e
2
3
R
& = J
Cosi
Effect
2
2 2 2
a 1 e 2
is explained in Molniya
is explained in SSPO
Sowmia / PSLV 56
Sowmia / PSLV 57
Longitude (deg)
Sowmia / PSLV 59
Sowmia / PSLV 60
q
q
The ellipticity of the Earth equator is causing an EastWest drift if the satellite is not placed in one of the
stable (75 degrees longitude east, 105 degrees
longitude west) or unstable (11 degrees longitude west,
161 degrees longitude east) equilibrium points.
Period of satellite operation : up to 15 years
Typical Delta-V Required : 46 m/s per year
This implies requirement of Most fuel efficient
propulsion system (higher Isp system like Plasma / Ion
Thrusters)
Sowmia / PSLV 61
Orbit Type
Semi-major Axis
(Altitude km)
Period
Inc.
(deg)
Other
Communications
Geo-stationary
42,164 (35,786)
24 hrs
~0
e0
Remote Sensing
Sunsynchronous
~ 6500-7300
(~150-900)
~90 min
~ 95
e0
Navigation (GPS)
Semi-Geo
synchronous
26,610 (20,232)
12 hrs
55
e0
Space shuttle
Low-Earth Orbit
~ 6700 (~300)
~90 min
28.5 or
57
e0
Communication /
Intelligence
Molniya
26,571 (rP=7971)
(ra=45,170)
12 hrs
63.4
= 270 deg
e = 0.7
~ 6700 to 6800
( ~ 320 to 410)
51.6
Sowmia / PSLV 65