An event can be described as a public assembly for the purpose of celebration, education, marketing or
reunion. Events can be classified on the basis of their size, type and context.
An event can be:
3) Sports events
Events like Olympics, World Cup, marathons, Wimbledon, wrestling matches etc.
4) Entertainment events
Events like music concerts, fairs, festivals, fashion shows, award functions, celebrity nights, beauty
peagents, flash mob, jewellery shows, stage shows etc.
5) Political events
Events like political procession, demonstration, rally, political functions etc.
6) Corporate events
Events like MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions), product launches, road shows, buyerseller meet etc.
7) Religious events
Events like religious festivals / fairs, religious procession, Katha, Pravachan, Diwali fair, Dusherra fair etc.
2) Event Coordinator
He is responsible for coordinating with all event professionals and ensures that business operations are
efficient and effective.
3) Information Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. He manages the information acquired through different sources.
2. He is responsible for the documentation of all business operations carried out pre-event, at-event and
post-event.
3. He maintains database of service providers, delegates, guests, organizers, sponsors, partners, clients,
target audience, media people and various govt. departments officials.
4. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to information
management like loss of data)
4) Logistic Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. Responsible for custom clearances and other clearances.
2. Responsible for warehousing of cargo
3. Cargo Insurance
4. He is expected to move goods and merchandise from one destination to the other in the most efficient
manner.
5. He is responsible for procurement management and resource management.
6. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to logistic management
like cargo theft etc.)
5) Security Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. He is responsible for formulating, preparing and implementing the security plan and strategies. i.e. how to
protect delegates, guests, service providers, organizers, sponsors, partners, clients, target audience, goods
and merchandise etc.
2. He does procurement management and resource management.
3. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to security like
stampede, brawl etc)
6) Infrastructure Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. He does procurement management and resource management.
2. He is responsible for setting up and dismantling the infrastructure for the whole event like:
a. Construction of boundary walls, entrance and exit gates, driveways, walkways and parking lots
b. Construction of AC/Non AC hangers/ halls, seating arrangement, stage design/ set up.
c. Construction of green rooms, staff rooms, storage rooms, power rooms, toilets, sewage systems, stalls,
counters, booths and kiosks.
d. He is responsible for setting up electricity, water and phone connections.
e. He is responsible for conservancy (i.e. cleanliness).
3. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to infrastructure
management like sudden shortage of workers, materials, power failure etc)
Organizers
An Organizer finances maximum amount of money in an
event. Therefore he has maximum control over the event.
Among sponsors, principal sponsor finances maximum
amount of money. Depending on the amount of money financed, a sponsor can be a principal sponsor, cosponsor or associate sponsor.
Sponsors
Similarly, depending on the type of service financed, a sponsor can be: a venue sponsor, gift sponsor, crown
and jewellery sponsor, catering sponsor, badge sponsor, banner sponsor etc.
Partners
Partners generally provide services either at subsidized rate or for free like media partners (which provide ad
space), promotional partners (which do publicity), logistic partners (which move goods and merchandise
from one destination to the other in the most efficient manner).
Media partners can be: a newspaper partner, magazine partner, TV partner, Radio partner, Phone partner,
Online partner or Outdoor partner. Any college, institute or publication can become: a knowledge partner,
Research Partner, Scholistic partner, Holistic partner or Academic Partner to support an event.
Supporting Agencies
Supporting Agencies (either goverment or private) can also support an event by either financing the event or
donating some service.
organize only fashions shows, concerts or wedding. Therefore first decide the event which you like the most
and then join the company which is specialized in organizing that event. For example if you like music
concerts then you can join the company which is specialized in organizing music concerts.
management certificates demonstrate competitive distinction and that you have the skills, knowledge,
experience and ability to plan and manage a successful event.
SWOT analysis is used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in your
event planning venture. In SWOT: 's' stands for strengths, 'w' stands for weaknesses, 'o' stands for
opportunities and 'T' stands for threats.
Strengths
Determine your resources and capabilities and how they can be used against your competition and in favour
of your target audience. What advantages do you have? What you can do better than the others?
Weaknesses
Determine the resources you lack. Determine the advantages your competitors have. What could you
improve? What you should avoid?
Opportunities
Look at your strengths and determine which opportunities are opened for you. Determine how you can open
up even more opportunities by eliminating some of your weaknesses.
Threats
Changes in external environment (like changes in economy or market trends) or any unfavourable situation
can pose threat to your company or business. Determine all present and possible threats to your business
venture. It can be the presence of a very powerful competitor or new or innovative ways of organizing events
or a heavy tax on entertainment.
Step 4: On the basis of your business plan determine your operating cost
i.e. the cost to run the business.
Step 5: On the basis of the operating cost, decide your own fees and the staff salary.
Step 6: Get investors/ business partners for your event management company
on the basis of market research, competitors' analysis, SWOT analysis and your business plan.
Step 7: Decide name and logo of your company and its status
i.e. whether organization will be a company, firm or establishment.
Additional Resources
- Procedure for forming a company in India
- Procedure for forming a company in United States (US)
- Procedure for forming a company in United Kingdom (UK)
- Registration forms for Event Management Company in India
- Top Event Management Companies in India
- People involved in Event Management Companies
Market Analysis
If there is a market for your intended event, then do market analysis. Market Analysis means finding
information about your target audience. Find out who are your target audience i.e. there age group, sex,
qualification, profession, knowledge level, income, status, likings, disliking, personality, customs, traditions,
religion, lifestyle etc.
Knowing your target audience's customs, traditions and religion is very important so that we dont hurt there
customs and religion unknowingly through our event. For e.g. if you organize a Hindu wedding and serve
beef there, then u will be in mortal danger as cow is considered as a sacred animal in Hindu religion.
Similarly serving pork in a Muslim function can bring havoc. Find out where majority of your target audience
live so that you can direct your marketing efforts towards them.
There is no point in advertising across US if your target audience belongs only to New Jersey. In this way
you can cut down your advertising and marketing cost tremendously. Find out what are the desires and
expectations of target audience from your intended event. Find out when (i.e. date and time) and where (i.e.
venue) they want the intended event to take place .For this you will have to do survey. All this information will
help you in developing a better event plan.
Competitors' Analysis
It means finding information about your competitors. Find out who are your competitors .i.e. their age, sex,
qualifications, knowledge level, experience in organizing events, turnover, market value, PR (media and
corporate contacts) and market share.
Find out how they promote and execute there events. What they do in there events? Why people come to
there events? For this you will have to attend each and every event organized by your competitors and then
create an event report. The event report will contain things like
- seating and light arrangements
- promotional materials used
- blueprint of the whole venue
- program and food menu
- contact details of sponsors, partners, clients (for whom the event is organized)
- service providers like DJs, Anchors, Make up artist, Performers, photographers, videographers,
decorator, florist etc.
Find out as much information as possible about events organized by your competitors.
SWOT Analysis in Event Planning >
SWOT Analysis
In SWOT Analysis:
'S' stands for Strengths
Analysis Report
After conducting market, competitors, product/service research and SWOT analysis, create a report which
contain details of all the research work done by you. Documentation of your research work is important, later
for event evaluation. Your analysis report will also help you in getting sponsorship for your event.
Why
'Why' means, why you want to organize the event i.e. event objective.
What do you want to get from the event? For eg: do you want to organize
the event to enhance your company's brand image, to increase company's
sales, to promote your client's products/services or to promote a social
cause etc.
Defining event objectives at the very start of event planning is very important as it gives you the direction in
which you should proceed to accomplish your objectives. Organizing an event without clear objectives is a
huge waste of both time and resources.
What
'What' means what you are going to do in the event i.e. what will be the:
Event Name
What will be the name of the event? For eg: 'Auto Expo 2007".
Food and Beverage Menu
It contains the list of food items and beverages you will serve during the event to guests and target
audience. Always consult a caterer while deciding your food and beverage menu as he knows the best
which wine is served with a particular course (i.e. meal).
Keep event theme, preferences and religion of target audience and guests in mind while deciding the menu.
If majority of your target audience are vegetarian, then it is not a good idea to serve non-veg in the event.
Similarly if majority of your guests are very health conscious then there should also be some low calories
food items in your menu. You don't want them to go back with an empty stomach.
Also keep climatic conditions into account. Don't serve out of season food items and beverages. Like
serving ice cream/cold drink in winter, food (like spicy food) that provides warmth during summer or food that
provides coolness during winter.
Event Profile
What the event is all about? For eg: This event is an International exhibition on new models of Cars and its
accessories
Guests Profile
Who will be your chief guest and other guests? Your guest list must include organizers, sponsors, partners,
clients and specially media people. Use your imagination to create good titles to woo your guests. Like
'Guest of honor', star guest etc. Never give special treatment to one particular guest or guests' group.
Event Theme
Theme means subject. An event can be based on a particular theme like : hollywood, hawaaian, egyptian,
balloon, clock, red, white etc. Theme based events are generally parties or wedding. Like we can have party
based on flowers theme. Such type of parties are known as theme parties. In a theme party, everything from
dress code, decoration, games, music, gifts, favors to food and beverages are based on a particular theme.
Service Providers
Who will be your service providers? Any professional providing any type of service in lieu of money is a
service provider. For e.g.: DJ, anchor, florist, videographer, photographer, make up artist, performers,
decorator, models, technicians, usher etc.
Obligations
These are the compulsions on the guests like dress code or the knowledge of salsa dance.
Type of Entry
Decide how will be the entry. Entry will be by ticket, pass or through invitation only.
Favors
These are the gifts given to guests. We can give gifts to guests when they enter a party, when they win a
game or when they leave the party.
Entry fees
What will be the entry fees? If you are going to charge entry fees, then be prepared to pay entertainment
tax. Your entry fees should be according to your target audience's status. If you overcharge you wont get
any audience.
Event Highlights
These are those activities which you do to catch your taget audience and media's attention. Like
inagrauation of your fashion show by Tom Cruise, performance by Latin singer Shakira or display of the
world most expensive car etc.
Promotional Campaign
How you are going to promote your event, organizers, sponsors, partners and clients pre-event, at-event
and post-event.
Programe Menu
It is the list of various activities that will occur as a part of the event. Sample Programe Menu of a
Conference.
Event Budget
To determine your event budget find out what will be the cost for producing and marketing the event. To
determine production cost, create a list of logistics used in the event and then sum up there hiring/usage
cost. You can determine marketing cost on the basis of historical data like past advertising expenditure for
same or similar events.If you are a first timer, then take help from an ad agency. On the basis of production
and marketing cost, determine your operating cost (i.e. cost to run the business). On the basis of operating
cost decide your own fees and the staff salary.
If you are organizing event for a client, then the client will bear the production and marketing cost of the
event. If you are organizing your own event then you will bear the production and marketing cost. As an
event manager, you must be able to recover your production, marketing and operating costs plus you must
be able to make considerable profit also. Developing event budget and managing cash flow pre-event, atevent and post event is quite difficult and requires help from an experienced professional. Better leave this
job to an Accountant if you are organizing
Conference Planning
Monday, 30 April 2007
8:00 Registration
12:00 Lunch
16:30 Adjourn
4) Climatic Conditions
Keep Climatic conditions in mind while selecting a venue. If you are going to organize an event during rainy
season or during peak winter then selecting an open-aired venue is not a good idea. Always try to organize
indoor events if possible as there production cost is lesser than the outdoor events.
5) Venue History
Before hiring a venue check out the history of the venue. Find out how many events have been organized in
the venue so far. In this way you can find out whether or not venue and the staff there is event friendly. This
will help you immensely when you later organize event there as you will have to do less amount of work in
making the venue suitable for the event. If venue has noise ordinace problems in the past like neigbours
calling the cops to shut down the event, then it is not a good idea to organize event there especially outdoor
event.
What is an Agreement?
An agreement is a promise or set of promises.
2) Decide the compensation in case your event is forced to shut down or cancelled because of: noise
ordinance, venue staff strike, change in the management staff, change in the ownership of the venue, buy
outs, bankruptcies or other guests housed by the venue who are not
associated with your event.
3) Make sure that the contract guarantees:
- The booked dates, time, venue space, return of deposits.
- Exact, itemized list of all the services promised and the fees associated
with those promised services including maximum cost (i.e. the cost will not
go over this amount)
- Promises and commitments discussed and agreed upon.
4) Never sign a contract immediately after the venue inspection. Take a
copy of the contract agreement home/office. Read it thoroughly several
times and discuss it with your team members and attorney. Compare the
contract with contracts of other venues and then accept/reject it.
5) Always Consult your personal attorney to review the contract for you and make sure that the contract
protects your interests against forceful shutdown of the event, venue staff's strike/shortage, change in the
management staff or ownership of the venue, buy outs, bankruptcies or violation of any agreement or
clause.
During contracting with the venue manager make sure that your contract contains the
following clauses:
1) There should be no construction/repair work of the venue building or any of its parts without prior approval
on the day of the event. (Decide the compensation with the venue manager if this clause is violated.)
2) No other event can take place in the venue on the day of my event. (If this is not possible then make sure
that the other event doesnt affect the services provided to you by the venue like shortage of staff or parking
space. It should not produce any party noise, music or announcement that affects your event's programs.
Decide the compensation with the venue manager if this clause is violated.)
3) This contract is all inclusive and no other oral or written contract exists between the two parties stated in
this agreement.
Event Marketing
Steps involved in creating a promotional campaign for your event
Note: Before creating a promotional campaign get the basic idea of some business and marketing terms.
Physiological needs
The need to have food, water, warmth, shelter and other things necessary for survival.
Your team members will not feel anything, if these needs are met but can cause them discomfort, sickness
and pain if these needs are not full filled. So as an event manager it is your job to make sure that all the
physiological needs of your team are met from time to time. Just imagine how a team member who hasnt
eaten anything all day will perform his duty in the evening and you will get my point.
Safety needs
It includes need to be safe from physical and psychological harm. It also includes job security and financial
security.
As an event manger you have to ensure safety of your team especially women. A person cant give his best
in an unsafe environment.
To protect your team from psychological harm, make sure there are no internal conflicts (like ego clashes,
altercations, conflict of interest etc) among team members. If there are conflicts, then resolve them
judiciously.
Providing job security to your team is also very important. At no point any team member should feel that his
job is under threat either by your actions or by someone else actions.
Take care of your team beyond the work place. If any team member is facing a financial problem, then help
him as much as you can.
Social needs
It is the need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. Need to love and be loved by friends, intimate
partner, family and social groups like your team.
To fulfill this need, there must be cordial relationship between you and the team and among the team
members. A team member will not perform his best if he has considerable family problems. Try whatever you
can to reduce his family problems. If you cant do much at least accept his problems and empathize with
him. Try to reduce his stress by giving him a day off or engaging him in the sport he likes the most. Ask you
team members to be as supportive to him as possible. All this will help.
People who have strong social needs should not be placed in a job where they have minimum interaction
with people. They are the best for marketing or PR type jobs.
Esteem needs
It is the need to get respect, recognition, fame and status.
Some people have stronger esteem needs than the other. You will have to identify those team
members who have strong esteem needs and then find ways to fulfill those needs. For e.g. if a
person is working very hard to get recognition among the team members and you are not giving
him the recognition he deserves (by openly praising him or giving him promotion) then sooner or
later his motivation level will go down and he will not give optimum results or worst will not
perform and quit.
Cognitive needs
It is the need to understand, learn, discover and explore.
People who have strong cognitive needs should not be placed in a job which is monotonous and
which doesnt offer any possibility of intellectual growth. Frankly speaking, people with strong
cognitive needs are not suitable for event management jobs.
Step 3: Determine the possibility of occurrence of the risk and the severity of the consequences if
the risk does happen. For e.g.
Elements
Risk
Possibility
Severity
Information Management
Loss of data
Low
Very high
Data theft
High
High
Data Corruption
Very high
Very high
Brawl
Low
Low
Security Management
risk management plan i.e. risks related to information management like loss of data due to data theft or hard
disk crash.
There are many event management software programmes available on the market which can help with
information management.
1. Fire
In case of fire at the event venue, use fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. In the mean time take everyone
out of the venue safely. Develop a separate emergency exit plan for this. If fire is uncontrollable then call the
fire brigade.
Follow fire code and safety regulations to prevent the fire as specified below:
1. Don't place any combustible or inflammable material in the venue esp. near green rooms, guest rooms or
seating area.
2. All materials including prop must be properly treated with fire retardant solution.
3. Make sure that the entrance and exit ways are not blocked by any material or by any means.
4. Make sure that the event venue must have separate entrance and exit ways, fire alarm system and fire
extinguishers.
5. Use only those electrical equipments which are branded and which use three core wires.
6. At least one doctor with first aid box along with the ambulance must be there at the venue to handle
medical emergency.
7. Your staff must be well trained about giving first aid like CPR and must be able to handle fire extinguishers
and crowd in case of fire.
2. Power Failure
If you are organizing event at a place where power failure is common, then you should have adequate
power backup.
In case of a power failure, switch on the emergency lights and then turned on the generators. If you have
UPS (uninterrupted power supply) system, then it is the best. If you cant arrange such types of power
backups, then at least you should have torch or candles.
Create a separate emergency plan to handle crowd and guests in case of a power failure.
3. Equipment Failure
Use equipments of only reputed brands so that the possibility of their failure is least.
Hire only those light and sound technicians who know how to fix up their equipments in case of any problem
and who carry backup equipments also.
Create a separate emergency plan to manage programs and performers in case of a power failure.
4. Medical Emergency
A paramedical team along with ambulance must be present
at the event venue. If this is out of budget, then at least a
doctor with first aid box must be present.
Your whole event team must be well trained in giving first aid
like check for breathing, CPR, controlling bleeding, effecting
a prompt rescue.
If possible try to know the medical history of your guests in
advance and then prepare your medical emergency plan
accordingly. For e.g. if a guest is allergic to grass and weed
pollens, then you should make sure that he doesn't sit near
grass.
5. Brawl/Stampede
6. Bad Weather
Event Evaluation
Steps Involved in Writing the Evaluation of an Event
Event evaluation is necessary to make you and your team more
efficient and effective, the next time you organize an event. It is all
about finding your mistakes and learning from them.
Event evaluation should be done immediately after the event is over or
the next day. Conduct a meeting with your team members to evaluate
your event.
Step 1: Determine the extent to which event and advertising
objectives have been achieved.
If you are not able to achieve your event and advertising objectives
through your event, then no matter how much people enjoyed the
event or how much popularity your event got, it is a complete failure on
a commercial level.
Step 2: Get feedback from your clients and target audience.
One good way of getting feedback is through feedback form. To make
sure that your clients give you feedback, make the feedback form part of your Exit pass form. The exit pass
form is required to get exit pass for security clearance, to remove exhibits from the facility.
To get feedback from target audience/ guests, make feedback form part of your gift voucher. A guest can
redeem the gift voucher only when he/she fills the feedback form and give it back to an attendant. These
tactics are required to get feedback, as people are generally reluctant to give any feedback in writing.
You can ask following questions in your feedback form:
Q1) Did you enjoy the event? If no, then please state the reason.
Q2) what do you like most in the event?
Q3) what do you like least in the event?
Q4) what are the problems you faced during the event?
Q5) what could have been done to make this event better?
Q6) How do you rate the various services provided by us (please check one of the option):
Hospitality:
Excellent, good, average, poor
Catering:
Excellent, good, average, poor
Transportation:
Excellent, good, average, poor
Management staff behavior: Excellent, good, average, poor
Management staff services: Excellent, good, average, poor
Q7) would you like to participate in our next event?
Note: Your questionnaire should not have more than 10 questions. You don't want to irritate your guests.
Ask only relevant questions and keep the questionnaire short to 5-6 questions. Of course the type of
questions you will ask may change from event to event.
And don't forget to mention the following line in you feedback form: "Thank you for taking the time to
complete this feedback form" .
Event Equipment
DJ Equipments
DJ Sound
DJ Light
Pyrotechnics
Special Effects in Events
Promotional Materials used in Events
2. Turntable
A turntable is a circular horizontal platform that rotates a phonograph record and is primarily used by Club
DJs along with a mixer to manipulate sounds and create music through beat mixing (a DJ technique of
mixing two tracks so that the beats of both tracks occur at the same time), scratching and beat juggling.
3. DJ Mixer
A DJ mixer is a type of audio mixer which is used to combine (two separate sound sources and play them as
one), route and change the level and dynamics of audio signals. It is one of the key equipments of a DJ and
is generally used along with turntables.
4. DJ Headphone
This equipment is used to hear a track while mixing.
5. DJ turntable stand
DJ Stand or Turntable stand is used to keep DJ equipments like turntables and mixers.
7. Sampler
This equipment is used to play pre-programmed samples. A sampler is DJ equipment which generates
sounds from samples of sounds added by a user.
8. Beat Counter
Beat Counter is used to count number of beats per minute of a track. Majority of mixers have beat counters.
9. Beat Machine
10. DJ Case (Coffin)
Types of Microphones
1. Corded Microphone
It is a microphone connected to a wire.
2. Wireless Microphone
Microphone without wire
3. Handheld Microphone
4. Lectern Microphone
This microphone is connected to a microphone stand or is placed on a lectern.
9. Stand Lighting
10. LED Curtain
There are two types of LED Curtains.
1. White LED Curtain
It has only white LED lights
2. Multi-colored LED Curtain.
It has red, green, blue and yellow LED lights on it.
11. Light Stand or Truss
12. Clamp
It is a device for holding things together.
13. Mirror Ball
This ball is used to create a dazzling effect of light and movement. This
dazzling effect is crated by rotating the ball through Mirror Ball Motor and
focusing a narrow beam light on it.
14. Blacklight
This equipment produces ultra violet light that makes luminescent
(emitting light without heat) materials glow in the dark.
15. Beacons
Beacons are just like the lights which are used on the roof of the
ambulance, police vehicle etc. They are used to create police light effect.
16. Pin spot
This lighting fixture is used to produce spot light. Spot light is a beam of light directed on small area.
17. Rope light (or Chase light)
It is a rope which illuminates when powered on.
18. Centerpiece Lights
These lighting fixtures are used to create centerpiece effects. Centerpiece effects are type of special effects
like moonflower effect, strobe ball lighting effect, star ball lighting effect, flowing water effect, Flame effect. A
center piece light can have 1 to 6 heads. Heads are also known as wheels. Each head has many lenses or
lamps. Each lamp produces a light beam. Each head can shoot 15-180 multi-colored beams. A beam can
rotate (or spin), can crisscross or move back and forth. We can have static, rotating or sound active (light
beams move according to the beats of the music) centerpiece lights.
19. Helicopter
This lighting fixture is use to produce center piece effect. It can be mounted on the floor or on the ceiling and
rotates 360 degree.
20. Flood light
It is a lighting fixture which produces broad field of light. A flood light can uniformly illuminate an area.
21. Follow Spot
It is a manually operated lighting fixture which is used to follow performers as they move on a stage. Like pin
spot, follow spot also produces a spot light.
22. Strobe Light
It is a lighting fixture that turns on and off quickly. For e.g. a strobe light can produce 1 to 15 flashes per
second. Both chase lights and strobe lights may cause discomfort or even injury to guests with disabilities
such as hearing loss or epilepsy. Therefore when using these lighting fixtures, tell your audience in advance
that you are using strobe lights and chase lights.
23. PAR CAN
It is a lighting fixture which comprises of a Parabolic Aluminized Reflector lamp. It size ranges from PAR 36
to PAR 64.
24. Oscillator (Rotating light)
It is a lighting fixture that moves back and forth 90 degree, then automatically reverses and then again move
back and forth 90 degree. It creates a search light effect.
25. Laser
It is a device which produces strong and flat beams of light. It is used to create 2D or 3D geometric patterns
and other special effects like laser tunnel, ascending or descending laser sky, scanning effects, rolling
effects etc. Majority of lasers are either red or green in color. Majority of laser devices produce lasers of only
one color either red or green. But some laser devices are 2-color or 3-color i.e. they can produce lasers of 2
or 3 colors. For e.g.: 2 color laser device can produce lasers in both red and green color. Similarly 3 color
laser device can produce lasers in red, green and yellow color.
26. Flash Tube
It is a type of strobe light which produces 140 flashes per minute. It can be used both Indoor and outdoor. It
creates a dynamic strobe effect when used in multiples.
27. DJ Scan
It is a type of pattern projector which uses color and gobo wheels.
2. Confetti
Small bits of paper usually launched during a special moment in an event. Confetti can be
white or multi colored.
3. Flutter fetti
It is a type of confetti that remains suspended in the air 5 to 10 times longer than the traditional confetti.
4. Streamer
It is a long narrow ribbon of paper.
5. Types of Pyrotechnics
Indoor Pyrotechnics
Launchers (or cannons)
These device are used to launch confetti, flutter fetti, streamers and glitters into the air. Some launchers can
create sound effects also.
* Electronic Launchers
These launchers use electricity or battery to launch confetti, streamers and glitters into the air. There are two
type of electronic launchers:
Disposable electronic launchers
As the name suggest, these launchers can be used only once.
Non disposable electronic launchers
These launchers can be used again and again and can be mounted on the floor or on the ceiling.
* Hand held Launchers
These launchers launch confetti, streamers and glitters without using battery or electricity. There are two
type of hand held launchers:
Disposable hand held launchers
These launchers can be use only once, are generally pre-loaded with confetti, streamers and glitters and are
generally triggered by just flicking the wrist.
Non disposable hand held launchers
These launchers can be used to produce up to 12 shots and are generally triggered by pushing down a
lever.
Outdoor Pyrotechnics
Aerial Pyrotechnics
These pyrotechnics effects can go up to 2000 feet in the air. Here is a list of some famous aerial
pyrotechnics effects:
* Brocade crown
* Chrysanthemum
* Multiple shots
* Roman Candles
* Comets
* Mines
Stage Pyrotechnics
These pyrotechnics are used on stage. It can be both indoor and outdoor. For e.g.
. * Flash Pot
It is a firework which produces flash followed by small amount of smoke. It is generally used to give the
appearance of a ghost or a genie or some magical moment. Fire ball is a type of flash pot effect.
* Flame Shooter
This firework shoots a ball of fire (up to 10 feet in the air) without producing smoke.
* Flash Portal
This firework produces a wide wall (2 feet wide) of fire.
* Rockets
* Body fire
* Gerbs / Fountain
It is a firework which produces upward shower of sparks. This effect is known as the fountain effect.
* Waterfall
When the gerb is suspended upside down (usually from a ceiling or truss) then it produces the waterfall
effect.
* Airburst
This firework emits bright silver sparks effect and is either suspended from the ceiling or from the truss.
Note: All stage pyrotechnics except body fire use battery or a low voltage source for ignition.
2. Fog Machine
This machine creates fog (thick mist) by vaporizing fog juice through a heater.
5. Colored Smoke
There are two ways of producing colored smoke:
1. By washing the smoke with colored lights.
2. By using the colored smoke cartridges. These cartridges can produce smoke in red, green, blue, yellow,
orange etc colors and are available in 7 seconds or 30 seconds duration. The colored smoke produced by
these cartridges is not pleasant
to breathe and can stain fabrics and materials in the vicinity.
6. Bubble Machine
This machine is used to produce bubbles. It can produce hundreds of bubbles per minute.
7. Snow Machine
This machine is used to produce evaporative or non evaporative snow flakes. Evaporative snow flakes
evaporate in 30 seconds to 120 seconds. whereas non-evaporative snow flakes last for few days. The snow
flakes produced by the snow machine must be bio-degradable, non toxic, environmental friendly and they
should not leave any water stain. Size of the snow flakes can be adjusted i.e. we can have small, medium or
large snow flakes.
8. Foam Machine
This machine is used to produce foam and is generally used in foam parties. Foam machine looks like the
snow machine. Foam can damage anything that a regular water can. Therefore cover your walls with
waterproof cloth and floor with plastic carpets when you are organizing a foam party.
9. Wind Machine
10.Gobo
Gobo means pattern. It is a stainless steel or glass etched cutout which is placed inside a pattern projector
to project desired pattern on walls, ceiling and floor.
Types of gobos
1. Stainless steel gobos
2. Glass gobos
3. Colored glass gobos
4. Commercially available gobos (.i.e. gobos available in the market)
5. Customized gobos (i.e. gobos made according to customers' specifications)
3. LED Display
Also know as LED screen, LED display board and
LED panel. LED panels are used in:
1. Bus Station to display information about the bus
timings (arrival and departure time), routes names etc.
2. Railway Stations to display information about the trains (train number, train name, arrival and departure
time etc.)
3. Airports to display flight information like flight number, arrival and departure time, flight status, origin,
destination etc.
4. LED Panels are used to display current time and temperature.
5. Electronic Signage
1. Visual Display Signage
2. Plasma Screen
3. LCD (liquid crystal display) Screen
4. LED (light emitting diode) Screen
5. Projection Screen
6. Video Wall
It is wall of several video screens (like CRT monitors, LCD monitors etc) which are placed on top of each
other and side by side. Each video screen displays only a section of the whole image.
6. Projector
It is a device which is used to display data and image on a screen usually projection screen. Four most
commonly used projectors are:
1. LCD Projectors
2. Slide Projectors
3. OHP (overhead projector)
4. Film Projector
Note: Now a days LCD projectors are used in place of slide and OHP projectors.
7. Flex
It is a flexible insulated wire.
8. Scroller
It is a moving display unit. Scrollers are available in different sizes also.
9. Canopy
It is a roof like projection
10. Kiosk
It is a light open structure, generally used to sell newspapers, food etc.
11. Backlit
illuminated from behind
. Research
Paper help
https://www.homeworkping.com/