Communication
Systems
Second Edition
Louis Frenzel
Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems
Chapter 2 Edition
Second
The Fundamentals of Electronics: A Review
Tuned Circuits
Filters
Fourier Theory
Gain
Attenuation
Gain
Gain means amplification. It is the ratio of a circuits
output to its input.
Vin
Amplifier
Vout
Input Signal
Output Signal
Power Gain
Power gain (Ap) = Pout Pin
Where Pin is the power input and Pout is the power output
Example:
The power output of an amplifier is 6 watts (W). The power gain
is 80. What is the input power?
Ap = Pout / Pin therefore Pin = Pout / Ap
Pin = 6 / 80 = 0.075 W = 75 mW
Cascaded Amplifier
An amplifier is cascaded when two or more stages
are connected together. The overall gain is the
product of the individual circuit gains.
Example:
Three cascaded amplifiers have power gains of 5, 2,
and 17. The input power is 40 mW. What is the
output power?
Ap = A1 x A2 x A3 = 5 x 2 x 17 = 170
Ap = Pout / Pin therefore Pout = ApPin
Pout = 170 (40 x 10-3) = 6.8W
Attenuation
Attenuation refers to a loss introduced by a circuit or
component. If the output signal is lower in amplitude
than the input, the circuit has loss or attenuation.
Decibels
The decibel is a unit of measure used to express the gain or loss
of a circuit.
Decibel Calculations
Voltage Gain or Attenuation
dB = 20 log Vout/Vin
Antilogs
The antilog is the number obtained when the base is
raised to the logarithm which is the exponent.
dBm
When a decibel value is computed by comparing a
power value to 1 mW, the result is a value called the
dBm. This is a useful reference value.
Tuned Circuits
Virtually all communications equipment contains tuned
circuits made up of inductors and capacitors that
resonate at specific frequencies.
Reactive Components
Capacitors
Inductors
An inductor, also called a coil or choke, is a winding of multiple
turns of wire.
If the applied voltage and current are varying, this has the
effect of opposing current changes in the coil. This effect is
known as inductance.
The basic unit of inductance is the henry (H). However,
practical inductance values are in the millihenry (mH = 10-3)
and microhenry (H = 10-6) region.
Opposition to alternating current offered by inductors is
known as inductive reactance (XL).
Types of Inductors
Inductive Reactance
Inductive reactance is directly proportional to frequency
and inductance.
Example:
What is the inductive reactance of a 40-H coil at 18
MHz?
XL = 6.28 (18 x 106) (40 x 10-6) = 4522
Resistors
By Definition
Filters
Filter Types
RC Filters
RC Filters use combinations of resistors and capacitors
to achieve a desired frequency response.
Low-Pass Filter
RC Low-Pass Filter
High-Pass Filter
RC High-Pass Filter
RC Band-Reject Filter
RC Notch Filter
LC Filters
LC filters use combinations of inductors and capacitors
to achieve a desired frequency response.
By definition
By Definition
LC Low-Pass Filters
The two basic types of LC filters are:
Constant-k filters
M-derived filters
Constant-k Filters
M-Derived Filters
Bandpass Filters
Bandpass Filters
Band-Reject Filters
Band-Reject Filter
Types of LC filters
Butterworth
Chebyshev
Cauer (Elliptical)
Bessel
Active Filters
Active filters are frequency-selective circuits that
incorporate RC networks and amplifiers with
feedback to produce low-pass, high-pass, bandpass,
and bandstop performance. Advantages are:
Gain
No inductors
Easy to tune
Isolation
Easier impedance matching
Fourier Theory
By Definition