Resumo de Todo Um Curso de Ingles Final

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Resumo Curso de Ingls

Present Simple
Verb
example
Positive
I
Negative
I
work.
You
We
He
works.
dont (do
not)
You
work.
We
He
They
She
They
She
It
It
Question
Verb
example
I
Do
Does
Verb example
doesnt
(does not)
Short answer
Yes,
you
we
he
they
she
No,
work?
do.
you
dont.
we
he
they
she
Yes,
No,
it
does.
doesnt.
it
Use
Examples
Long-term situations
I live in Madrid.
Where does she work?
Habits and routines
I travel to work by car.

How often do you play golf?
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br
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Feelings and opinions
She doesnt like her work.

I agree with you.
Facts
The journey takes 30 minutes.

It costs $ 15.
Question words
Where do you live?
In Rome.
What do you do at weekends?
I usually play golf.
When do they take their

holiday?
In July or August.
Which magazine does James

write for?
Wine and Dine.
How do you travel to work?
By car.
How often do you make

business trips?
About twice a month.
Whose book is this?
Its mine.
Who (*Whom) do you visit in

London?
I visit my sister.
Who arrives at work first?
Anna does.
* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.
Present Continuous
Positive
Verb
example
Negative
02
Verb example
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m (am)
He
s (is)
He
She
You
It
We
working.
re
(are)
They
m not (am
not)
isnt (is
not)
She
You
It
We
working.
arent
(are not)
They
Verb
example
Positive
Am
Is
I
he
Are
she
you
it
we
Short answer
Yes,
No,
Yes,
No,
working?
I
he
she
you
it
we
Yes,
No,
they
am.
m not.
is.
isnt.
are.
arent.
they
Use
Examples
Actions happening now
Hes talking on the phone at the

moment.
Theyre having lunch with a
customer.
Temporary situations or
actions
Jeans are selling well this season.

Im not travelling on business this
month.
Which hotel are you staying at?
- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel,

travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).
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Past Simple
Positive
Negative
You
You
He
She
He
started yesterd
ay
rang*
didnt
(did
not)
She
It
It
We
We
They
They
Question
yesterday.
Short answer
I
Did
Start
ring*
Yes,
You
You
He
He
start
ring*
She
yesterd
ay?
She
No,
It
did.
It
We
We
They
They
didnt.
* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.
Use
Examples
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Finished situations and

actions in the past
I lived in Rome for two years.

He flew to America last week.
They didnt come to the party.
Where did you spend your last
holiday?
- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like
yesterday, last week, an hour ago.
- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in ed. A dictionary tells

you when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the y changes
to I (Group 4).
Work
Play
Wait
worked
played
waited
Live
Smile
Close
lived
smiled
closed
Stop
Travel
Plan
stopped
travelled
planned
Study
Worry
Try
studied
worried
tried
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we

pronounce the ed ending as / id /
See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
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Form
One
syllable
Two
syllable
s
Ending
in -y
Adjective Comparative
long
longer
few
fewer
hot
hotter
easy
easier
Irregula
r
Adjectiv
es
Superlative
longest
the
fewest
hottest
easiest
the
happy
happier
famous
Two or
more
syllable
s
famous
crowded
expensive
happiest
more
crowde
d
famous
crowded
the most
expensive
expens
ive
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
much/many more
the
most
little
less
least
far
farther /
further
farthest /
furthest
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Use
Examples
We use than after a

comparative adjective.
London is bigger than Paris.
Much can come before the

comparative to add emphasis.
He is much younger than his

brother.
Tokyo is much more expensive than
Rome.
We use the before a

superlative adjective.
Camary Wharf is the tallest

building in London.
As as shows something is
the same or equal.
Greece is as sunny as Spain.
Not as as shows something

isnt the same or equal.
Italy isnt as big as France.
I am as happy as you are.
- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant

double the consonant:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Big
Bigger
Biggest
Fat
Fatter
fattest
- This doesnt happen when the consonant is w or y:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
New
Newer
Newest
Grey
Greyer
greyest
Mass and Count nouns

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Mass nouns
Use
Examples
Mass nouns have no plural

form.
They want some information.
We do not use a or an with

them.
I dont like music

This machinery is expensive.
We use them with a singular

verb form.
Count nouns
Use
Examples
Count nouns have a singular and

plural form.
This machine is expensive.

Did you have a good trip?
We use them with a and an.
These machines are expensive.
We use them with singular and

plural verb forms.
Some nouns are both mass and
count.
Mass / Count nouns
Use
Examples
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Mass (general
meaning)
James writes about wine.
Count (specific
meaning)
Hes writing a book about the wines of Italy.
She has a lot of experience of the travel

industry.
I had some amusing experiences on my last

holiday.
some, any, a lot of, much, many
some
Use
Examples
With mass and count nouns in

positive sentences
I bought some tea.
In offers and requests
She made some appointments.

Would you like some coffee?
Could I have some information?
any
Use
Examples

negative sentences in
questions
I didnt buy any apples.

He didnt spend any money.
Did they give you any help?
Do you have any questions?
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a lot of / lots of
Use
Examples

positive sentences
Theres a lot of traffic today.

There are a lot of cars in the city
centre.
Lots of people go jogging in the
park.
much
Use
Examples
With mass nouns in negative

sentences, and in questions
We havent got much luggage.

I dont have much time.
How much paper do you need?
many
Use
Examples
With count nouns in negative

sentences, and in questions
We havent got many suitcases.

She didnt have many meetings.
How many people did you invite?
In positive sentences
Many people are on holiday this

week.
- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots of is more common than

many.
- We can use a lot of / lots of in negative sentences and in

questions.
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- Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English.
Present Perfect Simple
Verb
examples
Positive
I
You
We
He
ve
(have)
I
arrived.
begun.
You
They
She
They
She
It
It
Question
Have
Verb
examples
arrived.
begun.
hasnt
(has
not)
Short answer
Verb examples
Yes,
have.
you
No,
you
havent.
Yes,
we
he
has.
No,
they
she
hasnt.
arrived?
we
he
Has
havent
(have
not)
We
He
s (has)
Verb examples
Negative
they
she
begun?
it
it
Use
Examples
Finished experiences in your

life up to now
Shes lived in China and Japan.

Hes had experience of marketing
Have you ever been to Brazil?
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Recent situations and

actions in a time up to now
Weve reduced prices.

Corporate business has increased
significantly.
Have you had a holiday this year?
Situations that started in

the past and still continue
Hes been an architect since 1992.

Shes had a translation agency for
ten years.
How long have you known her?
Past actions in a time up to

now where we give the
quantity
Shes designed a lot of fashion

items for Burberrys.
How many letters have you written?
- gone to or been to?

Anns gone to New York, means shes in New York now, or shes on
her way there.
Anns been to New York, means shes not in New York now. Her visit
is over.
- contracted forms
In spoken English, we usually say Ive, youre, hes, etc.
In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he
has, etc.
- For information on yet, just, already, see page 33.

See Grammar timelines on page 36.
Present Perfect Continuous
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Positive
Negative
You
We
You
ve
(have)
We
been
working.
They
He
She
havent
(have
not)
They
He
s (has)
She
been working.
hasnt
(has
not)
It
It
Question
Short answer
Have
Yes,
have.
you
No,
you
havent.
Yes,
we
he
has.
No,
they
she
hasnt.
been
working?
we
he
Has
they
she
it
it
Use
Examples
Actions that began in the

past and continue to the
present
Weve been producing pens since the

1980s.
Hes been living here for five
years.
How long have you been learning
English?
Actions that began in the

past and have just stopped
You look very tired. Have you been

working?
Im hot because Ive been running.
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- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in

meaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are more
interested in the action or its result.
Ive been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.)
Ive fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.)
- We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long.

Theyve been interviewing people since 10 a.m.
Shes been writing letters all morning.
We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many.
Theyve interviewed nine people. Shes written five letters.
for and since
Use
Examples
With a period For

of time
three days,
five hours, a
month, ten
minutes,
ages
Use
Examples
With a point
in time
Since
Tuesday, 8 August, 4
oclock, last
summer, 1982...
Future: going to
Positive
Negative
m (am)
He
s (is)
She
You
re
It
I
going to
begin.
m not
(am not)
He
She
isnt
(is not)
going to
begin.
It
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We
(are)
You
arent
(are
not)
They
We
Question
They
Short answer
Am
Is
Yes,
he
No,
she
it
you
Are
Yes,
going to
begin?
we
No,
Yes,
No,
they
am.
m not.
he
she
you
it
we
is.
isnt.
are.
arent.
they
Use
Examples
Future plans, intentions,

and decisions
Were going to buy a new car soon.

When are you going to have a
holiday?
Im not going to have lunch today.
Future actions we feel

certain about because of
what we can see now.
The skys very dark. Im sure its

going to rain.
Look out! That cars going to hit
you!
- With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous.

Im going on holiday soon.
Are they coming by car on Saturday?
Future: Present Continuous
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For Present Continuous form see page 02.
Use
Examples
Fixed future arrangements
Im flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m.

tomorrow.
When is the President arriving?
Im not playing golf this weekend.
Future: will
Positive
Verb
example
Negative
You
You
He
He
She
ll
(will)
arrive.
She
It
It
We
We
They
They
Question
Will
Verb example
wont
(will
not)
Verb
example
Short answer
arrive?
Yes,
016
arrive.
Verb example
will.
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You
You
He
He
She
She
No,
It
It
We
We
They
They
wont (will
not).
Use
Examples
Future facts and

predictions
The new hotel will cost $ 10

million.
The construction work wont start
until next year.
How many jobs will there be?
Decisions made at the time

of speaking
Ill give you the report today.

Hold on a minute. Ill write down
your phone number.
Zero Conditional
If + Present Simple + Present Simple
Positive
Negative
If I read too much, I get a

headache
If I didnt read too much, I didnt

get a headache.
Question
Negative
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You get a headache if you

read too much?
Yes, I get.
No, I dont get.
1st Conditional
If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to)
Positive
Negative
If they offer me the job,

Ill accept it.
If you dont study more, youll

fail your exam.
Well have a lot of work if

we get the contract.
They wont visit us if theyre very

busy.
If they dont leave now, they wont
arrive on time.
Question
Negative
Will you buy a new car if you have Yes, I will.

the money?
No, he wont.
If you ask him, will he tell you?
What will he do if his plane
arrives late?
Use
Examples
Future possibilities and

their results
If the proposal becomes a reality, it

will revolutionize train travel in
Europe.
If the weather is bad, the train will
arrive before the plane.
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- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the
main clause.
If the meeting is successful, well sign the contract.
Well sign the contract if the meeting is successful.
- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if.
When he returns from the USA, hell contact you. (We know he will
return.)
Well leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish the
work.)
2nd Conditional
If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to)
Positive
Negative
If I had more time, I'd

travel more.
If he didnt earn so much, he

wouldn't spend so much.
He'd understand the reason

if you explained it.
I wouldn't invest in that company

if I were you.
Question
Negative
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Would you stop work if you won $ 1

million?
Would he work abroad if he got the
chance?
Yes, I would.
No, he wouldn't.
-
If you had six months off work, how

would you spend the time?
Use
Examples
Unlikely or unreal
situations and their
probable results
If public transport were free, there

would be fewer cars in the city
centres.
If I were the Transport Minister, I
would increase petrol prices.
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the
main clause.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari.
I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.
- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if
clause, especially in a more informal style.
If it was less expensive, he would buy it.
- Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can.

When she lived in Paris, she could visit the Louvre at any time.
(Past)
We could make some of the money if we charged motorists.
(Conditional)
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- The Past tense does not refer to past time in a conditional

sentence. If refers to an unreal situation.
If I were the Transport Minister... (but I'm not).
3rd Conditional
If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle
Positive
Negative
If I had studied, I would

have passed the exam.
If I had known that day we had a

test, I wouldnt have spent the
night drinking.
Question
Negative
Would you have passed the

exam if you had studied?
Yes, I would have.
Use
Examples
Criticizing people, pointing

out their mistakes or
expressing regret about the
past.
If I had known, I would have gone

to visit you.
No, I wouldnt have.
Modal verbs
Can
Coul May
d
Migh Shal Shoul Will would Must

t
l
d
Mustn't Needn't
Modal verbs add extra meaning to the main verb.

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Use
Examples
Necessity
He must have a visa.
Prohibition
He mustn't leave without paying.
No necessity
You needn't make an appointment.
Advice
You should always be punctual.

You shouldn't use first names.
Possibility
Paperwork can take a long time.

Your host may invite you to his
home.
I might be late.
Use
Examples
Permission
Can I use your phone?

Could I interrupt you for a moment?
May I borrow your car?
Ability
Can you speak Spanish?

She could swim when she was three.
Requests
Could you repeat that, please?

Will you post this letter for me?
Would you type this letter, please?
Offers
Would you like a drink?

Shall I call a taxi for you?
- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't
add -s to the 3rd person singular of a modal verb.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late.
He can speak German.
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- We don't use to after modal verbs.

I must to go now.
- To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. We

don't use don't and doesn't.
He can't/cannot speak Japanese.
You mustn't/must not drive on the right in the UK.
She may not arrive before you leave.
- We can't add -n't to may.

She mayn't arrive before you leave.
- We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question.

Should I confirm the booking by letter?
- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and
making suggestions.
Shall I close the door?
What shall we do?
Shall we go to the park?
- We can use have to for necessity.

I have to work overtime sometimes.
We can use don't have to when there is no necessity.
I don't have to work on Saturdays.
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The Passive
Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle

(produced/built/grown, etc.)
Positive
Negative
Coffee is grown in Brazil.
Cigarette advertising isn't allowed

in cinemas.
The company was founded in

1970.
Prices weren't increased last year.
Vines have been grown in

this area for over 2000
years.
A decision hasnt been made yet.
Question
Short answer
Are Peugeot cars made in

France?
Yes, they are.
Were the goods delivered on

time?
Has the factory been built
yet?
How is champagne produced?
No, they weren't.

Yes, it has.
-
When will it be finished?

How long has this method
been used?
Use
Examples
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Use
Examples
We use the Passive when the

Active
person or thing that does the
The architect IM Pei designed the
action isn't important, or
Louvre Pyramid in Paris.
when we don't know who does
it. If we want to say who
does or did the action we use
by.
Passive
The Louvre Pyramid in Paris was
designed by IM Pei.
Prepositions of time
Month/season/year/century
June
Winter
In
1996
The 21st century
Part of the day

The morning
In
The afternoon
The evening
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Day/date
Tuesday
6 December
Easter Monday
On
Christmas Day
Friday morning
Wednesday evenings.
Time/meal time
Six o'clock
Lunch time
At
Midnight
Period of two or three days

The weekend
Christmas
At
Easter
Prepositions of place and direction
preposition use
examples
above
higher than sth.
The picture hangs above my bed.
across
from one side to

the other side
You mustn't go across this road

here.
There isn't a bridge across the
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river.
after
one follows the

other
The cat ran after the dog.

After you.
against
directed towards
sth.
The bird flew against the window.
along
in a line; from
one point to
another
They're walking along the beach.
among
in a group
I like being among people.
around
in a circular way
We're sitting around the campfire.
behind
at the back of
Our house is behind the

supermarket.
below
lower than sth.
Death Valley is 86 metres below sea

level.
beside
next to
Our house is beside the

supermarket.
between
sth./sb. is on
each side
Our house is between the

supermarket and the school.
by
near
He lives in the house by the river.
close to
near
Our house is close to the

supermarket.
down
from high to low
He came down the hill.
from
the place where it

Do you come from Tokyo?
starts
the part that is

in front of in the direction
it faces
Our house is in front of the

supermarket.
inside
You shouldn't stay inside the
opposite of
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outside
castle.
into
entering sth.
You shouldn't go into the castle.
near
close to
Our house is near the supermarket.
next to
beside
Our house is next to the

supermarket.
off
away from sth.
The cat jumped off the roof.
onto
moving to a place
The cat jumped onto the roof.
opposite
on the other side
Our house is opposite the

supermarket.
out of
leaving sth.
The cat jumped out of the window.
outside
opposite of inside Can you wait outside?
over
above sth./sb.
The cat jumped over the wall.
past
going near
sth./sb.
Go past the post office.
round
in a circle
We're sitting round the campfire.
through
going from one

You shouldn't walk through the
point to the other
forest.
point
to
towards sth./sb.
I like going to Australia.

Can you come to me?
I've never been to Africa.
towards
in the direction
of sth.
They walk towards the castle.
under
below sth.
The cat is under the table.
up
from low to high
He went up the hill.
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Irregular verbs
Present
Past
Past Participle
awake
awoke
awoken
be
was, were
been
bear
bore
born
beat
beat
beat
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
beset
beset
beset
bet
bet
bet
bid
bid/bade
bid/bidden
bind
bound
bound
bite
bit
bitten
bleed
bled
bled
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
breed
bred
bred
bring
brought
brought
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
build
built
built
burn
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
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burst
burst
burst
buy
bought
bought
cast
cast
cast
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
cling
clung
clung
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
dive
dived/dove
dived
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed/dreamt
drive
drove
driven
drink
drank
drunk
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
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fit
fit
fit
flee
fled
fled
fling
flung
flung
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbade
forbidden
forget
forgot
forgotten
forego (forgo)
forewent
foregone
forgive
forgave
forgiven
forsake
forsook
forsaken
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
gotten
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grind
ground
ground
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung
hung
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
kneel
knelt
knelt
knit
knit
knit
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know
knew
know
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
leap
leaped/lept
leaped/lept
learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
light
lighted/lit
lighted
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
misspell
misspelled/misspelt
misspelled/misspelt
mistake
mistook
mistaken
mow
mowed
mowed/mown
overcome
overcame
overcome
overdo
overdid
overdone
overtake
overtook
overtaken
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
pay
paid
paid
plead
pled
pled
prove
proved
proved/proven
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put
put
put
quit
quit
quit
read
read
read
rid
rid
rid
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawed/sawn
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
sew
sewed
sewed/sewn
shake
shook
shaken
shave
shaved
shaved/shaven
shear
shore
shorn
shed
shed
shed
shine
shone
shone
shoe
shoed
shoed/shod
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
showed/shown
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shrink
shrank
shrunk
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
slay
slew
slain
slide
slid
slid
sling
slung
slung
slit
slit
slit
smite
smote
smitten
sow
sowed
sowed/sown
speak
spoke
spoken
speed
sped
sped
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilled/spilt
spilled/spilt
spin
spun
spun
spit
spit/spat
spit
split
split
split
spread
spread
spread
spring
sprang/sprung
sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
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sting
stung
stung
stink
stank
stunk
stride
strod
stridden
strike
struck
struck
string
strung
strung
strive
strove
striven
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
swept
swell
swelled
swelled/swollen
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
thrive
thrived/throve
thrived
throw
threw
thrown
thrust
thrust
thrust
tread
trod
trodden
understand
understood
understood
uphold
upheld
upheld
upset
upset
upset
wake
woke
woken
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wear
wore
worn
weave
weaved/wove
weaved/woven
wed
wed
wed
weep
wept
wept
wind
wound
wound
win
won
won
withhold
withheld
withheld
withstand
withstood
withstood
wring
wrung
wrung
write
wrote
written
SOCIAL ENGLISH
Meeting people
Introductions
May/Can I introduce myself?

My name's... (James Turner for example).
I'm... (Monique Bresson).
May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine?

This is... (Roberto Angelini).
Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)?

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Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini).
I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White).
How do you do.
How do you do.
Pleased to meet you.
Pleased to meet you, too.
Please call me... (Luigi).
Then you must call me... (Monique).
Greetings
Hello,... (Roberto).
Good/Nice to see you again.
How are you?
Fine, thanks. And you?
How are things?
Not too bad, thanks.
How's the family?
Very well, thank you.
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
- We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as a

greeting.
Goodbyes
I must go now.
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We really must leave now.

I must be off.
It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too.
Have a good
trip/journey/flight.
Thank you... (and the same to you).
I hope to see you again.
I hope so, too.
I look forward to... (seeing you again).

I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting).
See you on the (first July)/next week/soon.

Have a good... trip back/flight back.
Telephoning
Making contact
Hello. This is... (James Turner)
Is that... (Monique Bresson)? Yes, speaking.

I'd like to speak to... (Mr.
Brown).
Who's calling, please?
Could I speak to... (Manfred

Weiss)?
May I know who's calling, please?
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I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you).
Hold the line, please.
I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment.

I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present.
I'm afraid... (she) isn't here.
Leaving a message
Can I... take a message?

Can I... leave a message?
Could you take a message?

Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)?
Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called?
Could you spell... (your name), please?

What's your number, please?
Welcoming a visitor
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Did you have a good journey?

How was your flight?
The journey here
Did you have any problems finding

us?
How did you get here?
Are you here on business?
What do you do?

Where do you work?
Work
What are you working on currently?
What was the weather like in...

(London)?
The weather
Do you travel a lot?

Which countries do you visit?
Travel and holidays
Where did you spend... (your last

holiday)?
Where do you live?

Which part of the country/city is
that?
The visitor
What do you think of... (the new

airport)?
First impressions
Is this your first visit to...

(Barcelona)?
How long are you here for?
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What do you do at the weekends?

Sports and leisure
Do you play any sports?
What's the latest news on... (the

election)?
News
Is there any news about... (the

conference)?
Staying at a hotel
Booking a hotel
I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April.
Arriving at a hotel
I have a reservation.
Making requests
I'd like a room, please.

Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30?
Could I have my bill, please?
Can I pay by credit card?
At a restaurant
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Recommending
What do you recommend?
The... (seafood) is usually excellent here.
I recommend the... (chicken).
Ordering
I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).
I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork).
Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)?
Offering
Do have some more... (prawns).
What about... (dessert)?
How about... (some strawberries)?
Would you like... (a coffee)?
Accepting
Yes, I'd like that.
Yes, that would be very nice.
Declining
Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more.
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No, thank you.
Thanking and responding
Thank you for a really

excellent meal.
Don't mention it.
Thank you for a lovely

evening.
I enjoyed it very much, too.
Making arrangements
Making an appointment
would be convenient for you?

When
could we meet?
What time
are you free?

would suit you?
Shall we say... (next

Tuesday)?
Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine.
Is... (9.30) possible for

you?
Yes, that's fine.
How about... (Friday)?
Yes, I can make it on... (Friday).
What about... (the

afternoon)?
No, I'm afraid I've got another

appointment then.
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I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday).

See you... (next week).
Changing an appointment
I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday).
I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow).
Could we arrange another time?
Opinions and suggestions

What do you think about... (the
design)?
Asking for opinions
What's your opinion of... (the

quality)?
How do you feel about... (the
price)?
I agree.
I certainly agree with that.
Agreeing
I agree completely.
Do you have any suggestions for...

(the agenda)?
Asking for suggestions
Any ideas on... (the parking

problem)?
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I suggest... (we meet at the hotel).

How about... (going by plane)?
What about... (giving a talk)?
Why don't we... (have a meeting)?
Making suggestions
Why not... (finish with a party)?

We could... (arrange a tennis
tournament).
In my opinion... (it's excellent).

Giving opinions
I think... (it's rather expensive).
I'm afraid I don't agree.

Disagreeing
I'm sorry, but I disagree.
Yes, that's a good idea.

Accepting suggestions
Yes, let's do that.
Yes, but... (it's too far away).

Rejecting Suggestions
I'm not sure about that.

I'm afraid I don't like that idea.
Invitations
I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner with
me).
Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)?
Inviting
Would you like to... (come swimming)?

Why don't you... (have lunch with us)?
How about... (joining us)?
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Thank you. I'm delighted to accept.

Accepting
Thank you. I'd love to.

Thank you. I'd enjoy that.
I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't).

Declining
Thanks a lot but... (I've made another

arrangement).
Offers
Shall I... (open the window)?
Offering
Do you want me to... (post the letter for

you)?
If you like, I can... (give you some help).
Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)?
Yes, please.
Thank you.
Accepting
That's very kind of you.

Thank you. I'd appreciate that.
Thanks, but please don't bother.

Thanks, but that won't be necessary.
Declining
That's very kind of you, but... (I can

manage).
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Requests
Can you... (come tomorrow)?
Could you... (write her a letter)?
Would you... (book the hotel)?
Requesting
Do you think you could... (check it)?

Would you mind... (checking it)?
Do you mind... (checking it)?
Yes, of course.
Yes, certainly.
Agreeing
Not at all.
No, of course not.
I think that will be difficult... (there isn't

enough time).
I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy).
Refusing
I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'm

leaving now).
I'm afraid not.
Asking for information

I'd like some information about... (fights to
Paris).
I'd like to know... (how long it takes).
Asking
Do you know... (when the train arrives)?

Can/could you tell me... (how often the trains
leave)?
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I see.
Showing
understanding
Right, I've got that.

So,... (the next train's in half an hour)
Let me check.
Checking
I'll look that up.
Asking for
repetition
Could you say that again?
I'm afraid I don't have any information

about... (domestic flights).
Apologizing
Social responses
Thanking
Thanks for all your help.
Don't mention it.
Thank you for your advice.
Not at all.
You're welcome. (US)
Apologizing
Sorry I'm late.
It doesn't matter.
I'm sorry. I've broken a

glass.
Don't worry.
Never mind.
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Asking for repetition
Sorry?
Pardon?
I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).
Asking and giving permission

May I sit here?
Yes, of course.
Could I use your phone?
Please do.
Yes, certainly.
Do you mind if I open the

window?
No, not at all.
Refusing permission
Could I borrow your car?
Sorry, but I need it.
Do you mind if I smoke?
Well, I'd rather you didn't.
Giving and passing things

Have you got the tickets?
Yes, here they are.
Could you pass the bread,

please?
Yes, here you are.
Expressing surprise
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Theyve got six children now. Really!
Responding to good news

I've passed my final exams!
Congratulations!
That's great!
Responding to bad news

I failed my driving test.
Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.
Responding to good wishes

Have a good weekend.
Thanks. You too.
I hope you enjoy your

holiday.
Thanks, and the same to you.
Saying goodbye
Thanking for hospitality

Thank
you
for inviting us.
We've had a wonderful time.
for everything.
It was really enjoyable.
very much for your

hospitality.
I really appreciate it.

Everything was great.
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Thanks a lot.
Responding to thanks
I'm glad you
could come.
enjoyed it.
found it interesting.
like it.
Asking for help
Sorry, I don't understand.

I don't know what... (currently) means.
What does... (working knowledge) mean?
What do you call this in English?
How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English?
Could you say that again, please?
Could you speak more slowly, please?
Could you spell that, please?
Could you write that down, please?
OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
Business correspondence
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CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES
26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN
Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900
22 February 1996
Jean Paul Leclerc

ZigZag SA
74, rue Jules Ferry
75116 Paris
Dear Mr Lederc
Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not

replying sooner.
I am writing to inform you that I am coming to Paris on 7 March.
I would be delighted to meet you to discuss the fashion show, as

you suggested.
Unfortunately, as I am flying to Rome in the afternoon, I will not

be able to visit your factory, and cannot attend your company
dinner in the evening.
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I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and price

list as soon as possible, as I would like to show your Summer
Collection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week.
I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article about

fashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting.
I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if

you would like any further information.
Yours sincerely
David Cunningham
President
Opening
Dear
Sir
Madam
Mr... Murphy
Mrs... Hobbs
Miss... Young
Ms... White
.... George
Dr... Green
- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam.
For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr.
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For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or
Ms.
For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss
or Ms.
For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first
name.
For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.
- Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a woman

is married.
Making reference
Thank you for
your telephone call today.
With reference to
your letter of 8 January...
Further to
Your letter of 30 August,...
Apologizing
I apologize for
the delay.
not replying sooner.
I am sorry that I am not able to help you.
Explaining the reason for writing

I am writing to
ask you...
enquire about...
inform you that...
confirm...
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Agreeing to requests
I would be
Delighted to...
pleased to...
Giving bad news
I am afraid that...
Unfortunately...
Requesting
I would be grateful if you could...

We would appreciate it if you could...
Could you possibly...?
Enclosing documents
I have pleasure in enclosing...

I am enclosing...
I enclose...
Referring to future contact
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meeting you next month.

I look forward to
receiving your reply.

hearing from you soon.
Finishing
Please let me know if
you have any questions.
Please contact us again if
we can help in any way.

you would like further information.
Closing
Yours
faithfully
sincerely
Best wishes
- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours
faithfully.
When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use
Yours sincerely.
For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.
American English
This section describes some differences between American and

British English. The differences are not very great, and they may
vary between regions across the USA.
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have/have got
To express possession, British people often say have got.
British
British/American
I've got a German

car.
Yes, I
have.
I have an Italian
car.
Have you got a fax

machine?
No, I
haven't.
Do you have any

children?
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no

difference in other tenses.
When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference
between American and British English.
British/American
I have an English lesson

every week.
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
Do you have coffee for

breakfast?
Present Perfect/Past Simple
Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English

often uses the Past Simple.
British
American
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British
American
I've just finished the

report.
I just finished the report.
Have you seen her yet?
I didn't finish the work yet.
I haven't finished the work

yet.
We already met.
Did you see her yet?
We're already met.
Dates (written)
British
American
2.11.94
2 November 1994 11/2/94
November 2 1994
Dates (spoken)
British
American
She started work on the

second of November, nineteen
ninety-four.
She started work on November second,

nineteen ninety-four.
Prepositions
British
American
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British
American
at the weekend
on the weekend
five minutes past two
five minutes past/after two
ten minutes to six
ten minutes to/of six
write to me
write me
meet someone
meet with someone
stay at home
stay home
Tuesday to Saturday
Tuesday through Saturday
Visit somebody
visit with somebody
Vocabulary
British
American
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British
American
Flat
Apartment
car
automobile
taxi
cab
chemist's
drug store
lift
elevator
autumn
fall
tap
faucet
ground floor
first floor
motorway
freeway
petrol
gas
post
mail
cinema
movie theater
trousers
pants
wallet
pocketbook
railway
railroad
toilet
rest room
return ticket
round trip ticket
pavement
sidewalk
tube / underground
subway
holiday
vacation
Mathematical terms
+
3 + 5 = 8
Three plus five is eight
7 1 = 6
Seven minus one is six
20 / 2 =
10
Twenty divided by two is ten.
3 x 3 = 9
Three times/multiplied by three is

nine.
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3 + 5 = 8
Three plus five is eight
1 + 4 = 5
One plus four is/equals five.
75%
Seventy five per cent.
1/4
A quarter
1/3
A third
1/2
A half
1 1/2
One and a half
Countries and nationalities

Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
America (the
USA)
American
India
Indian
Australia
Australian
Ireland
Irish
Austria
Austrian
Italy
Italian
Belgium
Belgian
Japan
Japanese
Brazil
Brazilian
The
Netherlands
Dutch
Canada
Canadian
Norway
Norwegian
China
Chinese
Poland
Polish
The Czech
Republic
Czech
Portugal
Portuguese
Denmark
Danish
Romania
Romanian
Finland
Finnish
Russia
Russian
France
French
Slovakia
Slovak
Germany
German
Spain
Spanish
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Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
Great Britain
(UK)
British
Sweden
Swedish
Greece
Greek
Switzerland
Swiss
Hungary
Hungarian
Turkey
Turkish
Grammar timelines
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Phrasal Verbs
Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition

(also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also called
phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle
that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in
idiomatic ways:
VERB
MEANING
EXAMPLE
drop off
decline gradually
The hill dropped off near the

river.
While doing his homework, he
dropped off.
drop off(2) fall asleep
drop off(3)
stop and give

Would you drop this off at the
something to someone post office?
drop out
cease to participate
After two laps, the runner

dropped out.
Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and
pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated
from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning
they cannot take a direct object.
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Separable
add up
(meaning: to
add)
Correct: She added up the total on her

calculator.
Correct: She added it up on her
calculator.
get around
Inseparable (meaning: to
evade)
Correct: She always gets around the

rules.
Incorrect: She always gets the rules
around (This construction makes no
sense in English.)
catch on
Intransitive (meaning: to
understand)
Correct: After I explained the math

problem, she began to catch on.
Incorrect: She began to catch on the
math problem. (catch on cannot take a
direct object in this meaning.)
Correct: She began to catch on to the
math problem. (the word to makes the
math problem an indirect object, which
is acceptable in this meaning.)
Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomatic

phrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most cases
the phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of
each kind of phrase.
Separable
add up - add
back up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to
explode; destroy by explosives
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break down - analyze; list the parts of separately

break into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin;
bring about - cause to happen
bring off - accomplish
bring on - cause
bring out - publish; emphasize
bring over - bring
bring to - revive
bring up - raise; care for from childhood
brush out - brush the inside of
burn down - destroy by burning
burn up - consume by fire
buy out - by the other person's share of a business
buy up - buy the whole supply of
call off - cancel; order away
call up - telephone; summon for military service
calm down - become calm
carry on - continue
carry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform
carry over - carry; continue at another time or place
cheer up - cause to become cheerful
chew up - chew thoroughly
chop up - chop into small pieces
clean off - clean the surface of
clean out - clean the inside of
clean up - clarify; tidy
clear out - clear the surface of
clear up - clear the inside of
close down - close permanently
close up - close temporarily
count in - include
count out - exclude
count up - calculate; count; add to a total
cross out - eliminate
cut off - interrupt; sever; amputate
cut out - eliminate; delete
cut down - reduce in quantity
draw up - write; compose (a document)
dress up - put clothes on; adorn
dust out - dust the inside of
eat up - eat completely
figure out - interpret; understand
figure up - compute
fill in - complete (a printed form)
fill out - complete (a printed form)
fill up - fill completely (a container)
find out - discover
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fix up - repair; arrange in a suitable manner

get across - cause to be understood
give back - return
give out - distribute; announce
give up - surrender something
hand down - deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritance
hand over - yield control of
hang up - suspend
have on - be dressed in
have over - entertain someone informally at one's home
hold off - delay; restrain
hold up - delay; rob; threaten with a weapon
keep up - continue; keep the same pace
leave out - omit
let down - disappoint
let out - release from confinement; make larger (in sewing)
light up - light; illuminate thoroughly
live down - live in such a way as to cause something to be
forgotten
make over - remake
move over - move to the side
pass out - distribute
pass up - not take advantage of (as an opportunity)
pass on - transmit
pay back - repay
pay off - discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay
pick up - come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers;
learn casually;
initiate an association publicly
play down - minimize
play up - emphasize
point out - indicate
pull down - pull in a downward direction; raze
push across - cause to be understood or accepted
put off - postpone
put on - dress in; deceive or fool
put up - preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest
quiet down - be quiet
ring up - the telephone
rinse off - rinse the surface of
rinse out - rinse the inside of
rule out - eliminate
run down - trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle
run off - cause to depart; reproduce mechanically
save up - accumulate
see through - complete; in spite of difficulties
see off - accompany someone to the beginning of a trip
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send back - send to a place where formerly located

send over - send to where someone is
set up - arrange
show off - exhibit ostentatiously
shut off - cause to cease functioning
slow up - cause to move more slowly
spell out - enumerate; state in detail
stand up - fail to keep an appointment with
sweep out - sweep the inside of
take back - return; retract a statement
take down - remove from a high position; write from dictation
take in - understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing)
take over - take; assume command of
tear down - destroy
tear up - tear into small pieces
tell off - scold; reprimand
think over - consider
think through - consider from beginning to end
think up - create; invent
throw away - discard
throw over - reject
tie up - tie securely or tight
tire out - cause to be exhausted
touch up - repair
try on - put on a garment to verify the fit
try out - test
turn down - refuse; lower the volume
turn out - produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light)
wash off - wash the surface of
wash out - wash the inside of
wear out - use until no longer usable; tire greatly
wind up - finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machine
wipe off - wipe the surface of
wipe out - wipe the inside of; decimate
work out - solve
write down - record
write out - write down every detail; spell out
write up - compose; prepare (a document)
Inseparable
back out of - desert; fail to keep a promise

bear down on - lean on; browbeat
bear on - have to do with
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bear up under - endure

break in on - interrupt
break into - interrupt
call for - come to get; require
care for - like; guard; supervise; maintain
carry on with - continue
catch up with - cover the distance between oneself and
check up on - examine; verify
come across - find accidentally
come along with - accompany; make progress
come by - find accidentally
come down with - become ill with
come out with - utter; produce
come up with - utter; produce
count on - rely on
cut in on - interrupt
disagree with - cause illness or discomfort to
do away with - abolish
do without - deprive oneself of
drop in at/on - visit casually without planning
drop out of - leave; quit
face up to - acknowledge
fall behind in - lag; not progress at required pace
fall back on - use for emergency purpose
fall out with - quarrel with
fill in for - substitute for
get ahead of - surpass; beat
get around - evade; avoid
get away with - do without being caught or punished
get by with - manage with a minimum of effort
get down to - become serious about; consider
get in - enter (a vehicle)
get off - descend from; leave
get on - enter (a vehicle); mount
get on with - proceed with
get through with - terminate, finish
go back on - desert; fail to keep (a promise)
go for - like a great deal
go in for - be interested in; participate in
go on with - continue
go over - review
go with - harmonize with; look pleasing together
go without - abstain from
hang around - remain idly in the vicinity of
hear from - receive a communication from
hear of - learn about (sometimes accidentally)
hit on - discover accidentally
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hold on to - grasp tightly

hold out against - resist
keep at - persevere at
keep to - persist in; continue
keep up with - maintain the pace of
lie down on - evade; fail to do
live on - support or sustain oneself by means of
live up to - maintain the standard demanded of
look after - take care of
look back on - remember nostalgically
look down on - feel superior to
look forward to - anticipate
look up to - respect; admire
make up for - compensate for
pass on - transmit
pick on - tease; bully
play up to - flatter for personal advantage
put up with - tolerate
read up on - search out information on
run against - compete against in an election
run away with - leave; escape from
run for - campaign for
see about - consider; arrange
see to - arrange; supervise
settle on - decide on; choose
stand for - represent; permit
stand up for - support; demand
stand up to - resist
stick to - persist
stick up for - support; defend
take after - resemble
talk back to - answer impolitely
talk over - discuss
tell on - report misbehavior to authority
touch on - mention briefly
turn into - become
wait on - serve
wait up for - not go to bed while waiting for
watch out for - be careful for
Intransitive
back
back
back
bear
blow
blow
down - retreat from a position in an argument

out - desert; fail to keep a promise
up - move backwards
up - endure
in - drop in to visit unexpectedly
over - pass without doing harm
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blow up - explode; lose one's temper

call up - telephone
calm down - become calm
carry on - continue as before; misbehave
catch on - understand
catch up - cover the distance between oneself and a moving goal
check up - investigate
check out - leave; pay one's bill
cheer up - become cheerful
clear out - leave
clear up - become clear
close down - close permanently
close up - close temporarily
came about - happen
come along - accompany; make progress
come back - return
come by - visit someone in his home
come out - appear; make a social debut
come over - come to someone's house, to where someone is
come through - succeed
come to - regain consciousness
cut in - interrupt
die away - fade; diminish
die down - fade; diminish
die off/out - disappear; become extinct
dress up - don fancy or unusual clothes
drive back - return by car
drop in - visit someone casually without planning
drop out - abandon some organized activity; leave; quit
drop over - visit someone casually
fall behind - not progress at required pace
fall off - decrease; lose weight
fall through - fail; not be accomplished
fill in - substitute
find out - learn
fly back - return by air
fly over - fly to where someone is
get ahead - make progress
get along - have a friendly relationship
get around - circulate; move about
get away - escape
get by - manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effort
get in - enter
get off - descend from leave
get on - enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.)
get on/along - progress; be compatible
get up - rise
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get through - finish

give out - become exhausted
give up - surrender; fail to finish
go back - return
go off - explode
go on - happen; continue
go out - stop burning; leave one's residence
go over - go; succeed
grow up - mature
hang around - remain idly; dawdle
hang up - replace a telephone receive on its hook
hold on - grasp tightly; persevere; wait while telephoning
hold out - continue to resist; persevere; persist
keep on - continue
keep up - maintain the required pace or standard; continue
let up - diminish in intensity
lie down - recline
look on - be a spectator
make out - progress; succeed
make up - become reconciled
move over - move to the side
pan out - turn out well; be successful
pass out - become unconscious
pass on - die
pick up - grow; increase
pull in - arrive
pull out - deport
pull through - survive (barely)
ride over - ride to where someone is
run away - escape; leave; leave quickly without permission
run down - slowly lose power so as to stop functioning
run off - depart running; drain
sell out - sell the ownership or responsibility
settle up - pay one's bills or debts
show off - boast by words or actions
show up - arrive; appear unexpectedly
shut up - stop talking
slow up - reduce speed
stand by - wait; be prepared to assist
stand up - stand; rise from sitting; last; endure
stay over - remain at someone's house overnight or longer
step aside - move to one side
take off - leave the ground
take over - assume command
talk back - answer impolitely
throw up - vomit
turn around - turn so that one is facing another direction
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turn in - go to bed
turn out - succeed; come; appear, as at a public meeting
turn up - arrive; be found unexpectedly
wait up - remain awake in anticipation
wake up - awaken
walk back - return on foot to where one was
walk over - walk to where someone is
wash out - fade or disappear from washing
watch out - be careful
wear off - fade; disappear through use or time
wear out - become unusable through use; become used up
work out - be successful
The Lords prayer
Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdom
come.
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day,
our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them that
trespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver us
from evil. Amen
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Resumo Curso de Ingls

Habits and routines

I travel to work by car.

Feelings and opinions

She doesnt like her work.

The journey takes 30 minutes.

Where do you live?

What do you do at weekends?

I usually play golf.

When do they take their

Which magazine does James

Wine and Dine.

How do you travel to work?

How often do you make

About twice a month.

Whose book is this?

Who (*Whom) do you visit in

Who arrives at work first?

* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.

Actions happening now

Hes talking on the phone at the

Jeans are selling well this season.

- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel,

* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.

Finished situations and

I lived in Rome for two years.

- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in ed. A dictionary tells

- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we

Comparative and superlative adjectives

We use than after a

London is bigger than Paris.

Much can come before the

He is much younger than his

We use the before a

Camary Wharf is the tallest

Greece is as sunny as Spain.

Not as as shows something

Italy isnt as big as France.

I am as happy as you are.

- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant

- This doesnt happen when the consonant is w or y:

Mass and Count nouns

Mass nouns have no plural

They want some information.

We do not use a or an with

I dont like music

We use them with a singular

Count nouns have a singular and

This machine is expensive.

We use them with a and an.

These machines are expensive.

We use them with singular and

Mass / Count nouns

James writes about wine.

Hes writing a book about the wines of Italy.

She has a lot of experience of the travel

I had some amusing experiences on my last

some, any, a lot of, much, many

With mass and count nouns in

I bought some tea.

In offers and requests

She made some appointments.

With mass and count nouns in