that you have to use (tara) sentence because of the regulation in Sentence 2. For
example...
1. X
osake wo nomu to, untenshitewa ikemasen X
Meaning: You must not drive if you drink alcohol.
2. X
osake wo nomeba, untenshitewa ikemasen X
Meaning: You must not drive if you drink alcohol.
3. O
osake wo nondara, untenshitewa ikemasen O
Meaning: You must not drive if you drink alcohol.
Example 1 above is incorrect because you cannot have expression of prohibition in Sentence
2 for (to) sentence.
In Example 2 the subjects of both Sentence 1 and Sentence 2 are the same - (anata You). The verb (nomu - drink) in Sentence 1 is an action verb, so you cannot have
expression of one's hope, wish, request, permission, prohibition, etc in Sentence 2. Since
(untenshitewa ikemasen) is a prohibition, this sentence is also incorrect
using (ba) / (nara) sentence.
In this case, you can only use (tara) sentence for the conditional sentence.
(to) Sentence
You should remember that in the lesson on Japanese conditional form for (to) sentence, it's
mainly used in the following 4 types of sentences...
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nature-related Fact
Use of Machine
Give Direction
Somebody's Habitual Actions (Exception)
Although there are many regulations for using (to) sentence, it's basically used in the above
4 special cases when you want to emphasize them.
Suppose you are not sure about how is the weather tomorrow, so you give your friend 2
suppositions - "if it rains" and "if it doesn't rain". In this case, you can use (ba) /
(nara) sentence.
Since both situations are possible, you are giving 2 opposite suppositions in your answer
using (ba) / (nara) sentence.
Let's look at another example. Suppose you are living in Los Angeles. You are asking your
father what is the vacation plan for this coming summer.
You father gives you 2 opposite suppositions - "if he has money" and "if he doesn't have
money".
Since these 2 opposite suppositions are both possible, you can use (ba) / (nara)
sentence. If there's only one supposition, you should use (tara) sentence.
2. To Show Requirement
For this type of sentence, it normally starts with a question. For example, if you want to
improve your Japanese and ask your teacher what is the requirement to do that...
If your teacher wants to tell you the fact about Spring in Japan, she will probably answer you
in the following way...
But if you change your question and ask about what is the requirement for cherry blossom to
bloom with the following question...
Meaning: I want to see cherry blossom. What is required for cherry blossom to bloom?
Then your teacher will most likely answer both questions with the following...
In this case, your teacher wants to emphasize the requirement for cherry blossom to bloom,
that's why she is using the (ba) / (nara) sentence.
(tara) Sentence
From the conversational point of view, if the sentence is not the 4 types of (to) sentence
and not the 2 types of (ba) / (nara) sentence as explained in the above sections, you
can use (tara) sentence.
So you have to consider the 2 aspects when constructing a conditional sentence grammatical and conversational. If grammatically the sentence is correct for all 3
conditional forms (to), (ba) / (nara) and (tara) sentences, then you have to
look from the conversational point of view and choose the most appropriate type of sentence
to use.
For this example, " (denwa wo suru)" happens before "coming to my house". In
this case, you cannot use (tara) sentence. You have to use the following new form...
Verb Dict-form
Sentence 2
Note: This (nara) is different from the (nara) that you have learned in (ba) /
(nara) sentence. The one you have learned can only be used for -adj or Noun sentence.
This new form "Dict-form " is used when you want to show that the result in Sentence
2 happens before Sentence 1.
Therefore using the new form "Dict-form ", the previous example should be...
O
ashita uchi e kuru nara, denwa wo shite kudasai O
Meaning: If you come to my house tomorrow, please call me before coming.
The above sentence looks weird, isn't it? You friend should call you before coming to your
house. But if you use (tara) sentence, you are asking him to call you after he has reached
your house.
Answers
Have you got the correct answers?
1. In Example 1 above, the speaker is going to study Japanese when he/she is in Japan
because (tara) sentence is used. Sentence 1 in (tara) sentence always
happen before Sentence 2.
2. In Example 2, the speaker is going to study Japanese before he/she is in Japan because
Dict-form (Dict-form nara) sentence is used. That means the speaker is going to
study Japanese in his/her own country before he/she goes to Japan.
In this lesson, we'll look at 2 special cases when constructing conditional sentences where you
definitely have to use tara sentence.
For such sentences, you'll notice that they can also be constructed using (ba) / (nara)
sentence grammatically. But for reasons that I'll discuss later, tara sentence has to be
used invariably.
The sentence pattern for tara sentence is the same as the last lesson...
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
O
watashi wa otoko dattara, ragubi- ga shitai desu O
Meaning: If I were a man, I want to play rugby.
According to the rules, you cannot use (to) sentence because you cannot have expression
of personal's hope (~shitai) in Sentence 2 for (to) sentence.
But (ba) / (nara) sentence can be used in this case because there's no regulation for
Sentence 2 if Sentence 1 is a noun sentence. That means grammatically your sister can say...
X
watashi wa otoko nara, ragubi- ga shitai desu X
Meaning: If I were a man, I want to play rugby.
For (ba) / (nara) sentence, there are always 2 possibilities: either "if it happens" or "if
it doesn't happen", either "if it rains" or "if it doesn't rain". Both possibilities can happen. If
your sister says (watashi wa otoko nara, ragubi- ga
shitai desu), it means she has the possibility of becoming a man. However, in reality your
sister can never be a man. It's certain that this cannot happen and therefore you cannot use
(ba) / (nara) sentence here. You have to use tara sentence.
The meaning behind the above example is that your sister is not a man, therefore she cannot
play rugby (watashi wa otoko dewanai
kara, rugubi- ga dekimasen). But if she is a man, she wants to play rugby. For this kind of
assumption which is different from the reality, you have to use tara sentence.
Another Example
O
watashi wa tori dattara, nihon e tonde ikitai desu O
Meaning: If I were a bird, I want to fly to Japan.
X
watashi wa tori nara, nihon e tonde ikitai desu X
Meaning: If I were a bird, I want to fly to Japan.
The above example means you have the possibility to become a bird, which is impossible in
reality. Therefore you can only use tara sentence.
One More Example
O
watashi wa hyakuman doru ga attara, sekai ryokou wo shimasu O
Meaning: If I have one million dollar, I'll tour around the world.
Grammatically you can use (ba) / (nara) sentence and say the following...
X
watashi wa hyakuman doru ga areba, sekai ryokou wo shimasu X
Meaning: If I have one million dollars, I'll tour around the world.
But in reality, it's quite impossible for you to have a million dollars. You are just dreaming.
While there's a possibility that you'll have a million dollars in the future, it's impossible (at
least) for the moment when you are saying the sentence. Again, the correct way here is to use
tara sentence.
If the condition is definitely going to happen in the future, it's not a conditional sentence
anymore.
In the previous lesson you have learned a similar example like the following...
You don't know whether it's going to rain. So you use (ba) / (nara) sentence to make
2 opposite suppositions - "if it rains" and "if it doesn't rain". These are conditional sentences
where both situations are possible to happen. You can also use tara sentence for the same
example...
But if you know that the condition is definitely going to happen in the future, it's not a
conditional sentence anymore. In this case, you have to use tara sentence. For example,
if you are a student and say the following sentence...
All students have summer vacation, so it's definitely coming. In this case it becomes "When
summer vacation comes", not "If summer vacation comes".
If you were to use (ba) / (nara) sentence for the above example,
(natsu yasumi ga kureba, oosaka e ikimasu). This sounds like you are not
sure whether summer vacation is coming. If it comes, you will go to Osaka. If it doesn't come,
you will do something else. This sounds weird because summer vacation is definitely coming
for every student.
Another Example
Let's look at another example. Suppose the time now is 9pm and you are going to bed at
11pm.
Time is always moving and you know that 11pm is definitely coming in 2 hours' time. So this
is not a condition anymore and therefore you have to use tara sentence. If you say
(juuichi ji ni nareba, nemasu), you don't know if 11pm is coming,
which means there is a possiblity that 11pm is not coming.
One More Example
Imagine you are 19 years old now and the minimum age in your country that you need to
reach in order to get a driving license is 20 years old. You want to get your license once you
reach the qualified age.
You know that we all become older every year and nobody can avoid this. In the above
example, you are definitely going to reach 20 years old in the future. Therefore you have to
use tara sentence. If you try to use (ba) / (nara) sentence and say
(hatachi ni nareba, menkyo wo torimasu), you are not sure whether
you will reach 20 years old. That sounds weird and incorrect.
Conclusion
In all the above examples, although you can also use (ba) / (nara) sentence and they
are all grammatically correct, the meanings are totally different. Therefore, when the
condition is different from the reality and when the condition is definitely going to happen in
the future, you have to use tara sentence.
1.
denki wo tsukeru to, akaruku narimasu
Meaning: If you turn on the light, it will become brighter.
2.
haru ni naru to, sakura ga sakimasu
Meaning: If Spring comes, the cherry blossom will bloom.
3.
ni to san wo tasu to, go ni narimasu
Meaning: If you add 3 to 2, it will become 5.
4.
atsui to, nodo ga kawakimasu
Meaning: If the weather is hot, you will get thirsty.
5.
shizuka da to, yoku nemuremasu
Meaning: If it's quiet, you can sleep well.
6.
hatachi ijou da to, nihon dewa osake ga nomemasu
Meaning: If you are above 20 years old, you can drink alcohol in Japan.
Let's take a look at some examples which make use of Negative forms...
1.
yoru denki wo tsukenai to, kurai desu
Meaning: If you don't turn on the light in the night, it's dark here.
2.
yuki ga furanai to, suki- ga dekimasen
Meaning: If there is no snow, you cannot ski.
3.
nanimo tabenai to, yasemasu
Meaning: If you don't eat anything, you will become thin.
4.
se ga takakunai to, moderu ni naremasen
Meaning: If you're not tall, you cannot become a model.
5.
shizuka denai to, yoku nemuremasen
Meaning: If it's not quiet, you cannot sleep well.
6.
ii tenki denai to, tooku no yama ga miemasen
Meaning: If the weather is not good, you cannot see the mountain far away.
...it's a nature-related fact we know that "If Spring comes, the cherry blossom will bloom".
The cherry blossom will not bloom in Summer, Autumn and Winter.
Another example on nature-related fact...
2. Use of Machine
When you use the train ticketing machine, if you press the button of the 200 yen ticket after
inserting the money, the 200 yen ticket will be dispensed. The 180 yen ticket or 220 yen ticket
will not be dispensed if you press the 200 yen ticket's button. You can use Japanese
conditional form sentence for this kind of situation (using of machine).
Meaning: If you press this button, 200 yen ticket will come out.
Another machine example...
3. Give Direction
The locations of buildings, places, etc do not change. Unless a building was demolished and
relocated to another place, you will always find the same building at the same location.
Therefore Japanese conditional form sentence can be used when giving direction to places.
For example...
Another example...
Exception
However, if the event of "going to Japan" is a habitual action, that means you go to Japan
every year (without fail) when Spring comes, then you can use sentence. You have to put
(maitoshi) which means every year to make the action habitual.
You have already learned tara sentence in lesson 27 and 28. In those two lessons, with
the following sentence pattern...
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
The conjugation for Sentence 1 is the same as before, only with the difference that Sentence 2
is in the past tense. You might recall that Sentence 2 is always in present tense in lesson 27
and 28.
This expression indicates that Sentence 2 is realized or noticed when Sentence 1 is realized.
Sentence 1 is always an action and Sentence 2 must be a state. Sentence 2 cannot be an action.
Basically you'll use the above sentence pattern in two cases.
The dog has already been in front of the door before I opened it. But only when I opened the
door, then I discovered that the big dog was there.
The department store was closed today. But I didn't know about that. Only when I went there,
then I found out that it was closed.
The lesson had started before I arrived at school. I only discovered that when I reached there.
The letter from my friend arrived before I opened the letter box.
Both events had already happened in the past. That means, in the past, I ate ice-cream, then I
had a stomach-ache. If I didn't eat ice-cream, I wouldn't have a stomach-ache.
Similarly, for the rest of examples, something happened unexpectedly as a result of the
actions in Sentence 1.
Summary
In the first case of tara Sentence for Discovery, it normally delivers a surprise feeling.
You discovered something and become surprised. In the second case, what happened next (as
a result of the first action) was unexpected.
In either case, the most difficult part is the regulation you need to take note of when using this
sentence pattern.
Both events in the above example are facts in the past. I went to Japan last year and I stayed in
a hotel. However, you cannot connect the two sentences with tara sentence. Because the
action of staying in hotel was an intentional act decided by you. You chose to stay in a hotel.
This is not a surprised or unexpected event.
You cannot say...
X
kyonen nihon e ittara, hoteru ni tomarimashita X
The above example was just two actions in order of occurrence using -form. First I went to
Japan, then I stayed in a hotel.
Therefore, for tara Sentence for Discovery, no intentional acts by the speaker in
Sentence 2.
...tara
This "if"expression uses, with the verb "iku" as an example, the verb form of "ittara," which
has an element of "itta," past or perfect meaning in it. So this one carries the meaning of: (1)
"when one action *has* happened...," as well as (2) the equivalent if "if something
happened..." the hypothetical IF conditional.
- Kyoto ni ittara, omiyage wo katte kite kudasai. (When you're in Kyoto/when you've gotten
to Kyoto, please buy me a souvenir.)
- Kyoto ni ittara, oishii mono ga takusan taberaremasu yo. (If you go to Kyoto, you will be
able to enjoy a lot of delicious food.)
- Kyoto ni iketara, ureshii. (If I could go to Kyoto, I'd be happy.) - In this case I took "...tara"
form of "ikeru," "can go."
...nara
Taking the same verb for example, "iku nara":
- Kyoto ni iku nara, XXX ryokan ga ii desu. (If you are to go to Kyoto, traditional inn XXX
would be good/my recommendation.)
"...nara" is like "if you are to...." another IF conditional, but referring more forward-looking
than "...tara."
... ba
Taking the same verb, it would be "ikeba." This expression is used when you want to say
things like "If you do A, the *natural consequence would be* B" type of "if" sentences. For
example,
- Kyoto ni ikeba, furui nihon ga miraremasu. (If you go to Kyoto, you'll be able to see old
Japan.)
- Nihon ga donna kuni ka, kureba wakarimasu. (You will understand what kind of country
Japan is, if you (only) come.)
K has given a very detailed explanation. Allow me to sum up everything then. ^_^
1) A tara B (where B is in present tense): If A, B. (No restriction to B)
Eg. Sensei ni kiitara, sugu wakarimasu. (If you ask the teacher, you will understand right
away.)
2) A tara B (where B is in past tense): When A, B. (B is something unexpected)
Eg. Uchi e kaettara, uchi ga arimasen deshita. (When I got home, my house was gone.)
3) A nara B: If A, B. (B is a piece of advice/recommendation)
Eg. Nihongo no hon wo kau nara, Kinokuniya de katta hou ga ii desu yo. (If you are buying
Japanese books, I would advise you to get it at Kinokuniya.)
4) A ba B: If A, B. (B must be non-volitional)
Eg. Nihon e ikeba, fuji san ga miraremasu. (If you go to Japan, you'll be able to see Mount
Fuji)
o: 2.An unpredictable event
3. A habitual event
-ba: Unlike the sentence led by "to"clause, "ba" is used in expressions which reflect the
speaker's will,judgment, permission, view, order or request.
-In the sentence using ba, there is an opposite situation in speaker's mind.
Nara: It is used when the speaker addresses the topic introduced by the other person as the
main theme. The sentence preceded by "nara" often expresses the speaker's advice,
suggestion, requirement, or judgment.
I found this statement below too:
We are expert Japanese teachers. We are confident that this article is good and useful for
foreign learners of Japanese.
This month I will show you the usages of "to" "ba" "tara""nara"and each character.
We use them to describe conditions.In some sentences we can use them
interchangeably, but in others we cannot.
1 TO
(construction)
Verb ,I-adjective -- Dictionary form + to (kaeru to, samui to)
Na-ajective , Noun -- Dictionary form + dato (genki dato, kodomo dato)
(Meaning )
1. An inevitable result such as a natural and predictable event.
1 Subjunctive
Ashita ame ga futtara iki masen.
(If it rains tomorrow , I won't go .)
Yasu kattara kaimasu.
(If it's cheaper, I will buy it.)
Moshi komattara o denwa kudasai.
(If you are in trouble , please call me.)
Moshi kanojo ga dokushin dattara date shitaidesu.
(If she is single, I want to date her.)
# This usage is similar to Ba-1,so these sentences can be restated
with "ba" .
Ashita ame ga fureba iki masen.
Yasu kereba kaimasu.
2 unpredictable events
Mado o aketara umi ga mieta.
(When I opened the window , I could see the sea.)
Department store ni ittara yasumi datta.
(When I went to the department store , I found it closed.)
3 a certain result
Kusuri o nondara naotta.
(After taking a medicine, I got well).
# 2and3 can be restated with "to"
Mado o akeru to umi ga mieta.
Department store ni iku to yasumi datta.
Kusuri o nomuto naotta.
4 Future perfect ,( expresses certain future )
Hon o yondara kashite kudasai.
(After you finish reading the book, please lend it to me)
(construction)
Verb ,I-adjective , Na-ajective -- Dictionary form + nara (surunara, oishinara,
hansamunara)
Noun -- Noun + nara (coffee nara)
<<the character of "NARA"
("Nara" has slightly different usages from to, ba and tara)
It is used when the speaker addresses the topic introduced by the other
person as the main theme. The sentence preceded by "nara" often
expresses the speaker's advice,suggestion,requirement, or judgment.
1 A : Nihonngo ga motto jouzu ni naritaina.(I wish Icould speak
Japanese more fluently)
B : Nihongo ga jouzu ni naritai nara takusan no hito to nihon-go de hanasu kotoda.
(If you want to improve your Japanese , you had better speak
Japanese with your friends.)
2 A : Raisyu chuhgoku e ikimasu.( I'll go to China next week.)
B : Chuhgoku e iku nara otya o katte kite kudasai.
(Answer)
1 attara 2 tukeruto 3 nomunara 4 hikeba 5 nattara 6 dekireba 7 okiruto 8 hitsuyohnara