External critique
Assesses authenticity of data
External criticism applies "science to a
were invented.*
looking at the apparent or possible motives External criticism involves finding out if the
of the person providing the data
Categorising data
Explanation
question
Use to analyse communication content, e.g. the interview
transcription
Can be carried our using frequency or in theme
Focus on the question who, why, how and what
These questions are normally use in qualitative research
Use in observation, interview, narrative data collection,
Coding data
question.
Coding -> translation of data, the process of examining the
words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs in your text for
pertinent information related to the research and assign
the data.
Codes can be based on themes, ideas, terms, keywords
Purpose: reduce data (by grouping data into categories /
common ideas)
2
Techniques
Explanation
In interviews, coding involves categorizing the responses.
An example:
analysis grids
Identifying issues/
themes/ assertions
ii) Methodology
iii) Results
should relate the observations and/or
Explanation
Includes research objective, research issues, target group,
intervention, result of analysis, implication of research,
suggestion for future research, key terms.
4
The context
Research focus
Action plan
Implementation of
action plan
Data collection
methods
Data analysis and
interpretation
Reflection and
intervention
Summarise the research result, discuss whether the findings
implications
The next step
Bibliography
that source.
A citation can appear in different formats: within the text (in-text citation) at the
bottom of the page (footnotes), or at the end of the paper (endnotes). Different
disciplines use different formats. The mechanics of citing are complicated, and
you are using at any given time in each sentence and in each paragraph.
It is the basis of academics, that is, the pursuit of knowledge
In the academic endeavour, individuals look at evidence and reason about that
evidence in their own individual ways. That is, taking what is already known,
established, or thought, they use their reasoning power to create new knowledge.
1. Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and
researcher in your work.
2. Referencing is also a way to give credit to the writers from whom you have
borrowed words and ideas.
3. Referencing is a way to provide evidence to support the assertions and
claims in your own assignments.
5
We also cite to distinguish our ideas, language and work from that of others
Because failing to cite violates the rights of the person who originated the idea
Because academics need to be able to trace the geneology of ideas
To verify the reliability of the source of information
QUESTION 7: Explain four ways by which you can disseminate or make action
research data public. Give the strengths and weaknesses for each of the ways.
Ways
Poster
Strengths
Less stress during presentation
Weaknesses
Require certain skills to design
poster
Viewed as less important way and
profile
Require seminar skills and
presentation
Presentation of
Ways
paper in
seminar
Article in
Strengths
poster presentation
Improve the researchers profile
Weaknesses
presentation
Questions ask may not be
Face-to-face interaction
answered spontaneously
Limited time for discussion
Wide dissemination
communication skill
Lack of direct discussion with
spontaneously
Improve the researchers profile
audience as in seminar
Number of words is limited.
journal
be in detailed
Can be send to target audience
journal
Report
network
critique
researcher
One of the forum to discuss
interaction
Easy to disseminate information
Require ICT skills
(Translated from Modul PGSR Penyelidikan Tindakan I MTE3113)