FEA Loads
Can be in a variety of forms -Time Domain or Frequency Domain (or
Probability Domain)
For example,
Force
F
Displacement
Acceleration
p
Velocity
Pressure
Temperature
Loads can be applied to points , surfaces or bodies
They can be constant, or time dependent
G
F
F
t
Units
Two sets of units are in general use:
Imperial:
Formerly the standard used in the UK , still used in the USA.
SI:
Based on the metric system, now in general use outside USA.
kilogram
(kg)
kelvin (K) or Celsius (C)
seconds
(s)
(Imperial equivalents)
inch
(in)
foot
(ft)
slug
(lb s2/ft)
Fahrenheit (F)
0.254 m
0.3048 m
pound (lb)
kilopound (kip)
psi = lb/ in2
lb in
ksiin
in lb
4.448 N
4.448 kN
6895 Pa
0.1130
1.099 MPam
0.1130 J
32.1740 ft/s2
Units
Common SI prefixes are
1012
109
106
103
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
tera
giga (G)
mega (M)
kilo (k)
milli (m)
micro ()
nano
pico
Important conversions
Esteel = 30 x 106 lb wt/ in2 = 207 GN/m2
Typical yield stresses of common metallic materials 200 750 MN/m2
Loads
Typical
load history
showing random
loading sequences
in time and
frequency domains
PSD (g^2/Hz)
1.0E-01
1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
1
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Vertical & Lateral
Vertical non-Operational
Lateral non-Operational
Duration
5 minutes
5 minutes
30 minutes
30 minutes
Stress
Mean stress
Perturbation
(exceedance)
= (in exceedence
diagram?)
t
G level
4
3
2
1
0
-1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
-2
-3
1000000
10000000
G level
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
10
102
103
104
105
Exceedances
(Counts per 1000hrs)
G level
7
6
5
4
3
n0
n1
n2
n3
2
1
10
102
103
104
Exceedances
(Counts per 1000hrs)
105
Cumulative
Counts
8.0g
Discrete
Counts
n0
n0
7.5g
n1-n0
n1
7.0g
n2-n1
n2
6.5g
n3-n2
n3
.
G level
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
10
102
103
104
105
Exceedances
(Counts per 1000hrs)
OCCUR.
0
592
1172
33735
21781
12096
13850
5994
3424
1043
17
Load Level
Cumulative
Counts
8.0g
Discrete
Counts
n0
n0
7.5g
n1-n0
n1
7.0g
n2-n1
n2
6.5g
n3-n2
n3
.
Exceedances
at 7.5g
Cumulative
Counts
8.0g
Discrete
Counts
17
17
7.0g
1043
1060
6.0g
3424
4484
5.0g
5994
n3
.
Exceed
Occur
Note increment is
mid way in interval
Solution
G
Level
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Exceed
0
592
1764
35499
58206
36424
24328
10478
4484
1060
17
Cumm
Occur
58206
36424
36424
24328
24328
10478
10478
4484
4484
1060
1060
17
17
G
Level
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
Cummulative Occurrences
Cumulative occurrences
Correct Exceedance Data
Correct
exceedence data
Wrong Exceedance
Data
1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Fixed
X
Z
2 no 25Kg
masses
Passes
Passes in
measured history
Damage
Increment
1.49E-07
768
0.00
Figure of Eight
1.30E-06
256
0.00
Cobblestone Slalom
4.40E-03
768
10
0.34
Chatter Bumps
0.00E+00
512
0.00
8.00E-05
384
0.01
18" Chuckholes
7.00E-03
640
1.49
Railroad Crossing
6.22E-05
768
0.01
5.80E-05
448
0.01
Body Twist
2.60E-05
512
0.01
3.00E-04
512
0.05
30" Chuckholes
1.80E-03
512
0.31
Pt B, Road 11 to Postel Rd
Intersection
Postel Road Braking 0.7g
4.10E-05
64
0.00
4.86E-02
64
10
0.31
9.23E-05
64
0.00
0.90E-05
80
0.00
Resonance Part 2
3.00E-04
384
0.04
5.30E-04
512
0.09
0.00E+00
896
0.00
Mode 1
11.2 Hz
26.9 Hz
Mode 4
Mode 2
17.6 Hz
121.4
Hz
Mode 3
Mode 5