5.

0)

APPARATUS and MATERIALS

(i)

List of apparatus:

1.

Beaker

2.

pH meter

3.

Test tube

4.

Hot plate

5.

Vacuum filteration apparatus

6.

Erlenmayer flask

7.

Cloth test strips

8.

Bunchner funnel

9.

Measuring cylinder

10.

Rod stirrer

11.

Analytical balance

12.

Filter paper

(ii)

List of material:

1. Tomato sauce
2. 1M HCl
3. Liquid Dynamo
4. Distilled water
5. Mineral oil
6. 1% CaCl2
7. 1% MgCl2
8. 1% FeCl2
9. Soap
10. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH solution
11. Saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution

6.0 )

PROCEDURE

Part A: Soap Preparation

1. 12.5 mL of vegetable oil is placed in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 10 mL of ethanol and
12.5 mL of 6M sodium hydroxide solution are added to the flask. The mixture was stirred
using a stirring bar to mix the contents of the flask. Note: carefully smell the alcohol by
wafting it towards your nose.
2. The 250 mL flask was heated in a 600 mL boiling-water bath.
3. The mixture was stirred continuously during the heating process to prevent the mixture
from foaming. The flask was removed from the boiling-water bath until the foaming
subsides if the mixture should foam to the point of nearly overflowing, then heating was
continued. The mixture was heated for 20-30 minutes or until the alcohol odor is no
longer detectable.
4. The paste-like mixture was removed from the water bath and the flask was cooled in an
ice bath for 10-15 minutes.
5. The vacuum filtration apparatus is assembled as shown in figure 6.0 while the flask is
cooling. The vacuum flask is secured to a ring stand with a utility clamp to prevent the
apparatus from toppling over.

Figure 6.0: Vacuum filtration apparatus

6. A piece of filter paper was weighed to the nearest 0.001g and the mass was recorded. The
filter paper is placed inside the Buchner funnel. The paper is moistening with water so
that it fits flush in the bottom of the funnel.
7. 75 m L of saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was added to the flask to salt out
the soap once the flask has cooled.
8. The water is slowly turned on at the aspirator. The mixture wass poured from the flask
into the Buchner funnel. The soap was washed with 10 mL of ice-cold water once all of
the liquid has filtered through the funnel. The suction filtration was continued until all of
the water is removed from the soap.
9. The soap is removed from the funnel and was pressed between two paper towels to dry it.
The filter paper and dried soap are weighed then the mass was recorded to the nearest
0.001g. The mass of soap wass determined by difference and was recorded.

Part B: Comparison of Soap And Detergent Properties Precipitation And Emulsification

1. A stock soap solution was prepared by dissolving 2g of prepared soap in 100 mL of
boiling distilled water. The mixture was stirred until the soap has dissolved and the
solution was allowed to cool.
2. Step 1 was repeated using 2g of synthetic detergent. The pH of each solution was
determined using pH meter after both solutions are cooled.
3. Three test tubes was labeled as test tube 1, 2 and 3. Then, 4 drops of mineral water was
added to each test tube. 5 mL of distilled water was added to test tube 1. 5 mL of stock
soap solution was added to test tube 2 and 5 mLof stock synthetic solution detergent was
added to test tube 3.
4. Each of the solution was mixed by shaking and stands for three to five minutes. The
solution that emulsifies the oil by forming a single layer is noted.
5. The mixtures was poured into the waste container. Then the three test tubes was cleaned
and dried.
6. Three more test tubes was labeled as test tube 1, 2 and 3. 2 mL of stock soap solution was
placed in each of the test tubes. 2 mL of 1% CaCl 2 solution was added to test tube 1. 2
mL of 1% MgCl2 solution was added to test tube 2 and 2 mL of 1% FeCl 2 solution was
added to test tube 3. Each test tube was shaking to mix the solutions. The observation was
recorded.

7. 4 drops of mineral oil was added to each of the test tubes in step 6. Each test tube was
shaking to mix the solutions and let the solution stand for three to five minutes. The
solution was noted if any emulsifiers the oil by forming a single layer.
8. Steps 6 and 7 was repeated using 2 mL of stock detergent solution. Precipitate solutions
and emulsifiers the oil by forming a single layer is observed.
9. Then the mixtures was poured into waste container. The test tubes was cleaned and dried.
10. 5 mL of stock soap solution was placed in cine clean test tube and 5 mL of stock
detergent solution was placed in a second test tube. 1M HCl was added one drop at a time
to both solutions until the pH in each test tube is equal to 3 using pH probe. The number
of drops of acid added to each mixture was counted. The precipitate is observed.
11. 1 drop of mineral oil is added to each test tube in step 10. Each test tube was shaking to
mix the solution. Any oil emulsified is observed.

Part C: Comparison of The Cleaning Abilities of A Soap And Detergent

1. Three beakers were cleaned, dried and labeled. 20 mL of stock soap solution was placed
in the first beaker. 20 mL of stock detergent solution in second beaker and 20 mL of a
commercial liquid in a third beaker.
2. Three cloth test strips that a have been soaked in tomato sauce was obtained and one
strip was placed in each of the beakers. The each solution was stirred repeatedly with
stirrer bar for 5 minutes.
3. The cloth strips was removed from the soap and detergent solution. The excess water
was squeezed out. Each cloth strip was visually compared to determine their relative
cleanliness. The observations was recorded.