IN TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
VINAYAK GIRISH
Global positioning system technology is relatively new and is considered to be a leading form of
advanced technology. GPS has found application in land transportation, civil aviation, maritime,
surveying, mining, earth science, electric power system telecommunication and outdoor recreational
activities. The objective of the paper is to explore application of GPS in traffic engineering or more
specifically in intelligent transportation system (dynamic route guidance).
Keywords: GPS, DGPS, CONSTELLATION, TRANSPORTATION
1.0-INTRODUCTION
Transportation infrastructure represents one of the largest and most critical Investments by any
country. Movement of goods & people are vital for every aspect of countrys economy. GIS & GPS
based asset management for road and railway transportation system can improve the efficiency of
operations, at the same time can make significant contributions to safety including response to natural
and manmade disasters. As far as road transportation is considered GPS can be applied to all types of
ITS with positioning requirements. It could be effectively applied to some fields of ITS such as general
fleet operation, automatic vehicle location (AVL), dynamic route guidance etc.
2.0 HISTORY OF GPS
The idea was first introduced for the military purpose. The development work on GPS commenced
by the U.S Department Of Defense(DOD) in 1973,the.the aim was to develop an all weather 24 hour
positioning system to supply the positioning requirements for armed forces of US and its allies. Civil
use was secondary subject. This was operational in 1995 all rights of the system is for the u.s
department of defense. Now GPS found application in almost all fields of exploration, science,
engineering etc.
In recent years, differential GPS (DGPS) has been greatly facilitated by the presence of base stations
set up by the Canadian and the U.S federal government especially around harbor, waterways and
airports.
Under graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering
NSS college of Engineering palakkad-678008
3.0 WHAT IS GPS CONSTALLATION
The GPS constellation consists of 24 satellites arranged in 6 orbital planes with 4 satellites per
orbital plane. The orbits are called high orbits since they are 26,600km above earths surface. The
satellite constellation is designed to allow 24hour global user navigation and time determination
capability.
4.0 COMPONENTS OF GPS
The NAVSTAR system (Navigation Satellite Timing And Ranging) or GPS consists of mainly
three segments.
Space segment
User segment
Control segment
4.1 Space segment
Space segment consists of constellation of 24 satellites arranged in 6 orbital planes with 4 satellites
per orbital plane and the signals broadcast by them that aloe the users to determine the position,
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velocity and time. Orbits are at 26,600km from the centre of earth. The satellites are traveling at speeds
of 7000miles per hour which allows them to circle the earth once every 12hour. They are powered by
solar energy and are built to last about 10 years. If solar energy fails, they have backup batteries to keep
them running. They also have small rocket boosters to keep them flying in correct path. The orbits are
nearly circular and equally spaced above the equator at 60 separation, with an inclination relative to
the equator of 55.
Basic functions of the satellites are the following
Receive and store data transmission by the control stations.
Maintain accurate time by means of several onboard atomic clocks.
Transmit information and signals to the user on two L-band frequencies.
Provide a stable platform on orbit for the L-band transmitters.
longitude derived using a GPS receiver installed in the mobile vehicle. After receiving the reported
position from the mobile unit, the known route plus position information will give enough information
for the estimation of location.
7.2.1 Benefits of AVL
Improved overall reliability service
Quicker response to disruption in service, such as Improved dispatch and operational
efficiency
vehicle failure or unexpected congestion
Information for future planning
7.3 Dynamic route guidance
This is system using real time traffic information to assist the users traveling along the road
networks. The sensors along with GPS receiver is used for route guidance in a vehicle. The sensors
those are used for the Dynamic route guidance are the following
(A)
(B)
(C)
Tilt sensor: it gives information about the pitch and roll angles of the vehicle. It may include
(E)
Digital maps: these are used through GPS to relate mathematical coordinates of the locations
on the street segments and intersections. The stored coordinates of the map provide a means in
coordinates space and allow the digital map to contribute the navigation. Once the position data
is obtained from GPS, proper signals and instructions can be prepared for the position after
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comparing the position about planned route. This planned route contains a sequence of road
segments stored by digitizing the map through GIS.
During its travel, at any segment contained in the planned route, the position of the vehicle is
needed to give proper guidance action. Those actions are prescribed to the driver through the display
units. The display information may be in voice announces to warn the driver of the approaching
maneuver.
8.0 Basic modules of GPS
There are 7 basic modules in the GPStechnology.
Digital map database module
Without a map it is difficult for a traveler to explore an unfamiliar area and make
correct decisions concerning route. A map can be either digitized or vector encoded structure. Both
methods require GIS.
Positioning module
Positioning involves determining the coordinates of a vehicle on the surface of the
earth. 3 positioning technologies are most commonly used.(1)stand alone(2)satellite
based(3)terrestrial radio based. Among this dead reckoning and GPS technologies are widely used.
Map matching module
To provide drivers with proper instructions or to display the vehicle on a map in an
error free fashion, the vehicle location must be precisely known. To reduce these errors map
matching systems have been developed to match the dead reckoned position with a position
associated with a location on a route map. When dead reckoning behavior indicates that vehicle is
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in a certain position on the map, the vehicle position may be adjusted to some absolute position on
the map. This will eliminate the cumulative error until next map matching step.
Route planning module
Route planning is a process that helps the drivers plan a route prior to or during
journey. Route planning can be done in two ways. (1) Multivehicle route planning (2) single vehicle
route planning. In multivehicle route planning, a number of destination routes are being planned for a
particular road network. For a single vehicle route planning, a single route is planned for a single
vehicle according to its current location and a given destination.
Route guidance module
Route guides is the process of guiding the driver along the route generated by the route
planning module. Guidance can be given before the trip or in real time. Pre-trip guidance could be
presented as a print out with turn to turn driving instructions, which include the informations about the
turns, street names, travel distances and landmarks. In en-route guidance, turn to turn instructions are
given to a driver in real time; it is much useful but requires navigable map database, an accurate
positioning module, software and computational power.
Human machine interface module
The human machine interface is a module that provides the user with the means to
interact with the location and the devices. To develop a useful interface, a certain procedure must be
followed which include the identification of requirements, determination of functions to be supported,
specification of interface type, selection of control and displays and finally designing and implementing
the interface.
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are selected on the digital map database for maneuver information. When GPS data matches with the co
ordinates of these points, information is displayed as provided by the software.
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Garmin.
Some products available in market and its present costs
Roadmate 700 by megallon -
Rs 70,000
Rs 22,500
Rs 9,999
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12.0 Conclusion:
GPS with the use of GIS can be effectively used in transportation engineering, many researchers
are being going on the application of GPS in ITS. This is an ever going application. We can predict that
in the near future GPS will play major role in assisting ITS through GIS application.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take immense pleasure to express my sincere gratitude to Smt Uma Devi PP, Department of
Civil Engineering, for her valuable guidance and constant encouragement that she has rendered as the
guide to my seminar. I would also like to thank Prof T. Divakaran, Head of Civil engineering
department for his valuable help. I am also thankful to Dr A.K.Raji, Lecturer; Staff-in-charge of the
seminar for her assistance during the entire period of the seminar.
References:
1.
Dr. Kumar P and Shaw U C, Use of global positioning system in transportation engineering,
Indian Highways, August 2004, pp 125-136.
2.
3.
4.
www.garmin.com
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