Tissue

MERISTEMATIC CELLS
Are active and have:
1. Thin cellulosic wall
2. Dense cytoplasm
3. Nucleus in center
4. Small vacuoles

Located at apices of stem

and root or laterally
Help in growth

PERMANENT CELLS
May/ may not divideand
have:
1. Thick secondary
deposition of cell wall
2. Thin Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus towards
periphery
4. Vacuoles are large
Located all over plants
Perform specific functions

Meristematic cells
1. Primary
Present since embryonic stage
Develop into xylem and phloem
a. Apical- found at apex shoot-root, increase in
length M and D
b. Intercalary- base of node, regeneration of grasses
after overgrazing. M
2. Secondary
Develop in later stage
Regeneration in dicot, secondary growth help, worn
out cell
a. Lateral- Laterally present, increase girth D
Permanent Tissues

1. Simple tissues one type of cells

a. Parenchyma intercellular spaces,
isodiametric, living, thin cellulosic cell wall,
Location: epidermis, cortex, pith,
Function : storage, secretionu
b. Collenchyma no inter cellular spaces, living
and then dies, pecto- cellulosic cell wall,
small, isodiametric, thickened corners,
Location : Hypodermis of dicot stems
Function: Mec. strength
c. Sclerenchyma- Polygonal, thick cellulose plus
lignin cell wall, dead, protoplasm absent,
Location : xylem, phloem
Function : Mechanical tissue, strength
Parenchyma
a. Aerenchyma aquatic plants, air cavities, helps in
buoyancy
b. Chlorenchyma- chlorophyll, photosynthesis, stem
is young and green, mesophyll tissue
Collenchyma
a. Sclereids- spherical/oval, narrow lumen, thick wall,
gritenin gosund of cells, chiku, pear, guava
b. Fibres- textile importance, thick walled tapering
ends, in groups, jute, linen, hemp,

2. Complex tissue- different types of cells

a. Xylem contains xylem parenchyma, xylem

fibres, vessel members and trachieds
1. Trachieds- have pits scattered, unthickened
areas, inefficient, found in lower vascular
plants, short and unicellular
2. Vessel members, pits are at the end walls,
efficient, in higher vascular plants, stacked
one over other, cross wall is dissolved, many
cells vessels
b. Phloem contains, Phloem parenchyma, phloem
fibres(dead), sieve tube + companion cells,
sieve cells
1. Sieve tube members and companion cellsSieve tube-no nucleus
Companion cells- parenchymatous and
nucleated
Controls function of sieve tube
Helps in radial translocation of sugar
Protoxylem- smaller lumen xylem, formed first
Metaxylem- formed when cambium Is active, larger
lumen xylem
Endarch- P.x. inside, M.x. outside- stems
Exarch- p.x. outside, m.x. inside- roots
Open- cambium is present
Close- cambium is absent
Conjoint- xylem and phloem are in same vascular
bundle
Collateral- xylem and phloem are in same radii

Radial- x and p are in dif radii

I.

Dermal Tissue
- Epidermis- outermost covering,
parenchymatous, single layer, compact, may
have hair (trichomes or root hair)
- Cuticle- waxy outer layer, thick
- Stomata- arial part
II. Ground Tissue
- Hypodermis- after epidermis
- Cortex many layered parenchymatous
- Endodermis- outside vascular bundles
- Pith, parenchymatous
III. Vascular Bundles
Dicot Stem- Endarch, Conjoint, Collateral, Open
Monocot Stem- Endarch, Conjoint, Collateral, Close
Dicot Root- Exarch, Radial, Conjoint, Open
Monocot Root- Exarch, Radial, Conjoint, Close

Secondary Growth
Increase in gut in dicot stem activity of v.c. and c.c.
in stellar and extra stellar region respc.
Analogous s.g. Bougainvillea- dicot- no s.g.
- Yucca- monocot. Shows s..g
I . Vascular Cambium
1. Formation of vasc. Cambium
a. The intra f.c. present in v. bundles, separates p.x.
and p.p.
b. During s.g. ,cells of medullary rays become
meristematic, form inter fascicular cam.
c. Inter and intra f.c. join form v.c.
2. Activity
a. V.c. becomes meristematic, cuts off cells on
both inner and outer side
b. Inner side: sec. x forms, pushes p.x. towards
pith. Pith obliterated
c. Outer side, sec. p. form, pushes p.p. towards
cortex, lacking mech strength, p.p. crushed and
remains seen
II . Cork Cambium
1. Formation and Activity
a. Due to extra pressure from stellar region cells,
oouter corticle cells- ruptured
b. Cork cambium/ phellogen forms in outer corticle
region and forms cork/ phellum on outer side,

replacing epidermis and sec. cort/phelloderm

formed on inner side.
c. These 3 tissues become periderm
d. Lenticels replace stomata, help in gases
exchange
e. Cells of Phellum, highly subereised (suberin),
h2o impervious

Difference in dicot and monocot stem

Trichomes
Hypodermis
Ground Tissue
Vascular
Bundles
Bundle Sheath
Cells
Lysiginous
Cavity
Discontinuous
Pericycle

Dicot
Present
Collenchyma
Differentiated
Triangular,
endarch and
open
X

Monocot
Absent
Sclerenchyma
Un-d
Oval, endarch
and close

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cell structure and function

Leeuwenhoek- saw bacteria, crude microcope
Robert Hooke- termed cell
Robert Brown- observe nucleus
Cell Theory
1. Cell is the physiological and morphological
unit of life- given by Schleiden and
Schwann
2. Cell arise from pre existing cells- given by
Virchow
Prokaryotic cells
Slim layer of lipids, cell wall(peptidoglycan), cell membrane
, incipient nucleus, ribosomes, Plasmids (e.n. DNA)

Eukaryotic cells
Animal
Cell membrane, golgi bodies, SER, RER, centriole, centriosomes, nucleus,
mitochondria, Lysosomes

Plant
Cell wall, dictyosomes, ER, chloroplast, plastids, huge vacuole,s nucleus,
mitochondria,

Gram Staining
Bacteria- stained with crystal violet
Iodine is added and washed with alcohol
Gram +ve- retain color, Gram ve lose the colour

Gram negative bacteria have a slimy layer lipid, outside c.w.

this gets dissolved when alcohol I added hence, the y lose
color

I shall give no deadly medicine to anyone if asked, nor suggest any such counsel and I shall
try to preserve life to the best of my ability." This is the Hippocratic Oath. The oath
necessary for physicians and doctors to consent to follow their profession. But, what if there
is a practice which conveniently breaks these rules, without compensations. Euthanasia or
Mercy Killing, defined as the practice of ending a life prematurely in order to end pain and
suffering. A dying patient may not be able to make a rational decision. If Euthanasia is
allowed then people who are terminally ill, critically injured or simply old may well feel
compelled to choose an option they dont really want to take, maybe due to feelings of
helplessness or lack of family support. If we stopped caring for the terminally ill at all where
would we draw the line? Is treating the elderly also a waste of resources because they are
nearing the end of their lives anyway? Isnt that against the very roots of the right to live?
Let us take the case of Professor Stephen Hawking who is the world-famous theoretical
physicist. Diagnosed with a motor-neuron disease at 21, he was given two years to live. Now
he has been terminally ill for 52 years. From singularities in gravitational collapse to a
quantum theory of gravity, imagine what the world would have been deprived of if Stephen
Hawkings life had been terminated soon after the terminal diagnosis was made. True, we
are not all brilliant scientists. But we are all human beings, deserving of utmost respect
regardless of our physical or mental condition. I do agree on the point that if a patient is
suffering unbearable pain which cannot be treated, Euthanasia is a valid option, but when
not, shouldnt we give them a chance to live?
Shouldnt our mantra be of killing the pain and not the patient?

s far as legal #osition on euthanasia in India is concerned it is 'uite e!ident thateuthanasia is illegal. In
case of acti!e euthanasia there is an intention on the #art of thedoctor to kill the #atient which would
attract clause first of section ()) of the Indian*enal +ode ,-). /owe!er there is a !alid consent of the
#atient here again the doctorcannot esca#e from liability and his case would fall under the E%ce#tion 0
to the saidsection.1urther the cases of #assi!e euthanasia or non2!oluntary euthanasia would be struck
by #ro!iso one to section 34 of the I*+ and thus be rendered illegal. It is not out of conte%tto mention
here that one should not be confused euthanasia with assisted suicide.So far as law in India on the as#ect
of assisted suicide is concerned it is clear like crystal
that abetment of suicide is an offence e%#ressly #unishable under sections ()0 and () of the I*+ and
after the Su#reme +ourt5s landmark 6udgment in Gian 7aur !. State of*un6ab it is now settled that the
right to life guaranteed under &rticle 4, of the+onstitution does not by any stretch of imagination
include the right to die.The #osition in this regard in other countries is different from India. In
8etherlandseuthanasia is legalised. Same is the case in &ustralia. In England also euthanasia
isallowed while laws in 9.S.&. maintain distinction between #assi!e and acti!eeuthanasia. :hile the
former is #rohibited the latter is allowe