Anatomy Lab Week 1 Objectives

1. Discuss the anatomical position.

Identify the anatomical planes
coronal, sagittal, transverse,
oblique.

2. Skin identify the skin, note its

thickness in different parts of the
body.
Superficial part- Epidermia

Thick, wear and tear

Dermis
Dense connective tissue,
blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, nerves
Superficial Fascia
(subcutaneous tissue)
Loose areloar, adipose
between skin and underlying organs
Deep Fascia
Dense connective tissue
devoid of fat
investing fasicia

 muscles, neurovascular bundles, fascial compartments, intermuscular septum

3.

Identify the subcutaneous

layer (superficial fascia),
note its thickness.
one layer thick in ADAM,
mostly adipose tissue

4. Identify the deep fascia and its

modifications.
bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments
8 layers thick in adam, after the layer of
adipose tissue until you hit muscle

5. Identify some of the skeletal muscles and their origins,

insertions, tendons, and aponeuroses.
Origin/ Proximal Attachment- relatively fixed during
contraction
Insertion/ Distal Attachment- end which moves
Belly- fleshy and contractile part of the muscle

6. Discuss the different types of

muscles.
Smooth
Long spindle shaped cells
arranged in bundles
Capable of show and
sustained contraction
non-striated
involuntary
innervated by visceral
motor nerves
walls of blood vessels
GI tract, respiratory,
urogenital systems, skin
Skeletal
voluntary, striated
Cardiac
striated
involuntary
innervated by visceral motor nerves
form the conducting system of the heart
7. Observe the sequence of layers from skin down to the muscle.

Anatomy Lab Week 2 Objectives

1. Identify the different types of bones.
Long Bones
has a body which is longer than it is wide
has a growth plate (epiphysis) at either end

 has a hard outer surface of compact bone, spongy inner cancellous

bone containing bone marrow
both ends are covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone
and aid shock absorption
Humerus, phalanges
Short Bones
wide as they are long
primary fxn of providing support and stability with little movement
only a thin layer of compact
hard bone with cancellous bone on the inside along with a relatively
large amount of bone marrow.
Carpals and Tarsals
Flat Bones
provide protection to the bodies vital organs and are a base for
muscle attachment
Sternum, Cranial bones
Irregular Bones
Non-uniform shape
Cancellous bone
A thin outer later of compact bone
Facial Bones, vertebrae
Sesamoid Bone
short or irregular bones
imbedded in a tendon
Usually present in a tendon where it passes
over a joint which serves to protect the
tendon
Patella
2. Discuss the parts of a long bone.
Diaphysis
Long central shaft
Epiphysis
Forms the larger rounded end of long bones
Metaphysis
area between the diaphysis and epiphysis at
both ends of the bone
Epiphyseal Plate
Plates of cartilage, also known as the growth
plates which allow the long bones to grow in length during childhood
Once we stop growing, cartilage plates stop producing cartilage cells
and are gradually replaced by bone
3. Identify the different types of cartilage. LOOK IN HISTOLOGY BOOK!

 is a form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are

embedded in a cell-like matrix, latter is responsible for its firmness and
resilience
on the exposed surfaces in joints, a fibrous membrane called the
perichondrium covered the cartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage
has fine collagen fibers (TYPE II-> helps with strength)
has perichondrium, is the weakest of the three
Fibrocartilage
strongest kind of cartilage
has alternating layers of hyaline cartilage matrix
and thick layers of dense collagen fibers oriented in
the direction of functional stress
doesn't have a perichondrium as its transition layer
between hyaline cartilage and tendon or ligament
Elastic Cartilage
Chondrocytes are found in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within
the matrix
provides strength, elasticity, and maintains shape of certain structure

4. Identify the different types of joints and discuss the parts of a synovial
joint.
Fibrous joints (synarthrodial)
articulating surface of bones are joined by fibrous tissue
Sutures
usually found in skull
usually immovable (synarthrosis)
thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
Syndesmosis
movement is possible
bones are attached by fibrous connective tissue
intermediate radioulnar joint (where radius and ulna need in the
wrist), above the ankle joint where the tibia and fibula converge
Gomphosis
the shape of the socket at which one solid structure is firmly
attached to another
peg like fibrous process fits into a socket
articulations of teeth in jaw bones (mandible and maxillae)
Cartilaginous Joints- united by hyaline or fiber cartilage
Primary Cartilaginous

 synchondrosis
hyaline cartilage usually temporary and is replaced completely by
bone (synostosis)
First chondrosternal joint- joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of
long done
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint (Symphysis)
fibrocartilage
surfaces are lined by hyaline cartilage
median plane
permanent joints
Symphysis pubis, manubriosternal joint,
and intervertebral joints
Synovial Joints
Most evolved
Hyaline Cartilage
Synovial Membrane
Synovial fluid
Fibrous capsule
ligament-fibrous bands that connect Bone to Bone or cartilage or are
folds of peritoneum serving to support visceral structures
Plane Joint
Usually uniaxial
permit gliding or sliding
surface flat
intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joint,
acromiocavicular joints
Hinge Joint
uniaxial
permits flexion and extension only
strong collateral ligament
elbow joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joints
Pivot Joint
uniaxial
bony pivot (Peg_ surrounded by osseous ligamentous ring
permits rotation
superior radio-ulnar joint, atlanto-axial joint
Condyloid Joint
biaxial
convex surface articulating against a concave surface
permits flexion and extension, abduction adduction, and
circumduction

 metacarpophalangeal joint
Saddle Joint
biaxial
surfaces are concavo-convex
first carpometacarpal (thumb)
Ball and Socket Joint
multiaxial
a rounded head fits into a concavity permitting movement on
several axes

hip, shoulder
5. Demonstrate and discuss the anatomical movements flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation,
supination, pronation, opposition, inversion and eversion.


6.

Identify the major arteries,

veins, and nerves and
discuss how to differentiate
between them.
Artery
blood from Heart
oxygenated blood
under high pressure
has braches
Nutrient arteriesmedullary cavity,
periosteal arteries, metaphysial arteries, epiphysial arteries
Vein
deoxygenated blood
blood back to heart
right atrium of the blood
has valves- unidirectional flow
Capillary
microscopic vessel form network between arterioles to the venues

 sinusoids
Nerve???????????
periosteal nerves- carry pain fibers
7. Identify the location of the major groups of lymph nodes axillary,
cervical and inguinal.

Anatomy Lab Week 3 Objectives

1. Identify the parts of the central nervous system; cerebrum, cerebellum,
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Spinal cord and parts of the spinal
cord.
2. Identify the layers of meninges of the brain and spinal cord.
3. Identify the Ventricular system.
4. Discuss parts of the peripheral nervous system. Spinal nerves and cranial
nerves.
5. Discuss the autonomic nervous system. Identify and compare
radiographic Images (X- ray, CT, and MRI).
6. Identify the plane of the given radiograph (AP, PA, Lateral, Coronal,
sagittal, Axial/Transverse).