UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR

EXAMEN DE"SUFICIENCIA DE IDIOMA INGLS

7

Medicina

NOMBRE Y APELLIDO: ...................................................................................................... .

LU ................................ ..

FECHA: ...........................

TEXTO 1

A. Lee rpidamente el texto, sin usar diccionario, para obtener una idea general.
B. Vuelve a leer cada prrafo detenidamente y responde las preguntas en espaol:

1. Qu sucede cuando la sangre fluye a travs de los pulmones?

2. Completa la oracin: "Cuando la sangre llega al tracto gastrointestinal, ... ".

3. Qu hace el hgado con las sustancias que no son utilizadas por las clulas?

4. Cmo colabora el sistema msculo-esqueltico con las funciones homeostticas?

5. Describe la funcin de los riones.

6. Cmo se compone el sistema nervioso central? Cul es la funcin del cerebro?

7. "El sistema nervioso y el sistema hormonal no cumplen las mismas funciones." Indica
si esta afirmacin es verdadera o falsa. Justifica tu respuesta.

8. De qu manera la reproduccin ayuda a mantener las condiciones estticas?

"HOMEOSTATIC" MECHANISMS OF THE MAJOR FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS

ORJGIH OF NUTRIENTS IN THE

EXTRAC~J.1.ULAR FLUID

The Respiratory System. Figure 1-1 shows that

each time the blood passes through the body it also
fiows through the lungs. The blood picks up oxygen in
the alveoli, thus acquiring the o:rygen needed by the
cells. The membrane between the alveoli and the
lumen of the pulmonary capillaries is only 0.4 to 2.0
micrometers in. thickness, and oxygen diffuses
through this membrane into the blood in exactly the
same manner that water and ions diffuse through the
tissue capillaries.
The Gast rointestinal Tract. A large portian of
the blood pumped by the heart passes also through the
walls of the gastrointestinal organs. Here di.fferent
dissolved nutrients, including carbohydrates, fatty
acids, amino acids, and others, are absorbed into the
ertracellular fluid.
The Liver and Other Organs That Perform
Primarily Metabolic Function.s. Not all substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract can
be used in their absorbed form by the cells. The liver
changes the chemical compositions of many of these
to more usable forms, and other tissues of the bodythe fat cells, the gstrointestinal mucosa, the kidneys,
and the endocrine glands- help to modify the absorbed substances or store them until they are needed
at a later time.
T he Musculoskeletal System. Sometimes the
question is asked: How does the musculoskeletal system fit into the homeostatic functions of the body?
The answer to this is obvious and simple: Were it not
for this system, the body could not move to the appropriate place at the appropriate time to obt:ain the
foods required for nutrition. The musculoskeletal
systcm also provides motility for protection against
advcrse surroundings, without which t:he en tire body,
and al.ong with it al! the homeostatic mechanisms.
could be destroyed instantaneously.
REMO VAL OF METABOUC
ENP PRODUCS

Removal of Carbon Dioxide by the Lungs. At

the same time that biood picks up oxygen in the lung"s,
carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the alveoli, and the respiratory movement of air into and
out of the alveoli carries the carbon dioride to the
atmosphere. Carbon dio:ride is the most abundant of
all the end products of metabolism.
The Kidneys. Passage of the blood through the
kidneys removes most substances from the plasma
that are not needed by the cells. These substances
include especially di.fferent end products of cellular
metabolism and excesses ofions and water that miaht
"
have accumulated in the ertracellular fluid. The kidneys perform t:heir function by' fusi ' filterinat:7 lar"e
o
quantities of plasma through the glomeruli into the
tubules and then reabsorbing into the blood those

substances needed by the body, such as glucose, aminc.

acids, appropriate amounts ofwater, and many ofthE.
ions. However, most of the substances not needed by
the body, especially the metabolic end products such
as urea, are poorly reabsorbed and, instead, pass on
through the renl tubules into the urine.

RE~ULAT10N

OF BODY FUNC710NS

The Nervous System. The ner...-ous svstem is

composed of three majar parts: the sensory- portian,
the central neruous system (or integratiue portian).
and the motor portian. Sensory receptors detect the
state ofthe body or the stateofthe surroundings. For
instance, receptors present everywhere in the skin
apprise one every time an object touches that person
at any point. The eyes are sensory organs that give one
a visual image of the surrounding area. The ears also
are sensory organs. The central nervous svstem is
composed of the brain and spinai.cord. The brain can
store information, generate thoughts, create ambition, and determine reactions the body performs in
response to the sensations. Appropriate signals are
then transmitted through the motor portian of the
nervous system to carry out the person's desires .
A large segment of the nervous system is called the
autonomic system. It operates at a subconscious leve!.
and controls many functions of the interna! oraans
including the action of the heart, the moveme;ts
the gastrointestinal tract, and the secretion by dilferent glands.
The Hormonal System of Regulation. Located
in the body. are eight majar endocrine glands that
secrete chemical substances,. the hormones. Hormones are transported in the extrace!lular fluid to ai!
parts of the body to help regulate cellular function.
For instance, thyroid hormone increases the rates of
rnost chemical reactions in all cells. In t his wav thvroid hormone heips to set the tempo ofbodil:.: ac~ivit~.-.
Insulin controls glucose metabolism, adrenoco rtic~J
hormones control ion and protein metabolism, a r.
parathyroid hormone contrnls bone metaho!iscL
Thus, the hormones are a system of regular. ic>n tn;_, ,
cumplemenr.s t hc: nerV(JUS system. T he ner'lc;us ;;:,
te m, n general, re,n.1lates mainly muscular and sec~~ .
tory activities of the body, whereas the hormonal :; v~ tem regulates mainiy the metabolic functions. .

ot

REPRODUCT10N

Reproduction sometimes is not considered to be a

homeostatic function. However, reproduction does
help to maintain static conditions by generating new
beings to take the place of ones that are dying. This
perhaps sounds like a permissive usage of the term
homeostasis, but it does illustrate that, in the final
analysis, essentially all structures of the body are so
organized that they help maintan the automaticity
and the continuity of life.

TF.XTO 2

Lee cada prrafo y subraya las ideas principales. Elabora un resumen.en espaol que
exprese esas ideas.en..forma clara y coherente.-NO-se-acepta-el-:.empleo-de-abreviaturas
ni trminos en ingls_

LIVING VS. NONLIVJNG MATTER

Most living thlngs and organisms can be distinguished readily form nonliving materials by a few
simple criteria: form and size, chemical cornposition. and organization, among others_
FORM AND SIZE. Each kind ofliving organism usually has a defmite fonn and characteristic size,
within certain limits; most of them are also arranged as definite.individuals. A whale, a lea, or any
com.mon plant is recognized by such features. Nonliving materials vary widely in such respects, as
from a sand grain to a mountain ora drop of water to an ocean.
CHEWCAL CO:MPOSffiON. Living organisms are composed chiefly of carbon, hydrogen,
ox:ygen, and nitrogen in various but defmite proportions, together with small amounts of oth~r
chemical elements. These materials are organized into complex organic molecules, often of great
molecular weight, and collectively form the living substance or protoplasm. The same and other
chernical elements occur as compounds in nonliving minerals, but the molecular weights are small.
ORGANIZATION. The parts of each living organism are composed of complex microscopic cells,
and these are assembled into interrelated systems for performing the life processes. The living plant
or animal rearranges and recombines the chemical elemertts for its needs. Roclcs and minerals
cannot recombine materials like a living system; any of their structural features such as crystal
pattem depend pn the chemicals present and mode of formation.
lYfETABOLISM_ Various vital processes, collectively known as metabolism, are constantly taking
place within living organisrns - intake and use of food, r~spiration, secretion, and others_ Nonliving
things have no metabolic changes.
IRRITABILITY. The living organism and its parts react to changes in the environment. These act
as stimuli that produce responses by the organism. Stimuli may be externa!, such as heat, light,
moisture, pressure or contact, or else interna!. The degree of response is often disproportionate to
that of the stimulus, and the organism is not permanently altered by the stimulus. Wben inanimate
rnaterials react, there is a definite quantitative relation between the intensity of the environmental
change and the reaction produced, as in the expansion of a metal by heat.
REPRODUCTION. Each kind of living organism has the ability to duplicate itself in kind - pine
seeds produce pine trees and not oaks, and chicken eggs yield little chicles and not ducklings or
puppies. Organisms reproduce by using rnaterials within their bodies_ Nonliving things cannot
reproduce_
GROWTII AND LIFE CYCLE. Living organisms grow by developrnent of new parts between or
within older ones and may replace parts during life_ Each individual has a defmite Iife cycle- birth,
growth, maturity, life span, and death. If nonliving things increase, they do so by externa! addition,
as with crystals, and there is no orderly cycle of change_