Data:

Temperatu
re (C)
1
2
4
5
10
29
55
60
69
87
92

Voltage
(mV)
0
0
0
0
1.7
0.2
1.7
0.8
1.2
2.8
2.7

Table 1.3 : Temperature and Voltage of

Thermocouple

Figure 1.3 : Temperature and Voltage graph of Thermocouple

Temperatu
re (C)
1
2
2.5
5
10
29
45
59
75
82
85

Voltage
(mV)
23
32
33
40
75
297
410
480
600
690
740

Table 1.4 : Temperature and Voltage of LM 35

Figure 1.4 : Temperature and Voltage graph of LM 35

Analysis:

3. Thermocouple s a sensor that is used for measuring temperatures that is very hot
or very cold, volcanic lava and liquid nitrogen as an example, which cannot be
measured by typical thermometers. It is made up of two different types of wires
which are enclosed in a protective sheath to isolate it from the local atmosphere.
The experiment used Type J of thermocouple which has a grade wire of 270 to 1260C
and accuracy of +/- 2.2C or +/- .75%. From the obtained data, the slope of the attained is S =
0.025056355. Given the temperature from the experiment, the equivalent
theoretical values for voltage are obtained using the table for temperature to EMF
conversion. From the theoretical values, a slope of 0.05246 was obtained thus
having a percent error of e% = 52.23756. The possible source of error f the
experiment is due to the difference f the temperature of the sensor and the
surrounding medium to be measured. One of the possible solution for this error is
using smaller diameter of thermocouple. This method can provide accurate
measurement of air temperature by extrapolating simultaneous measurements from
progressively smaller beads to an infinitely small bead (Shannon and Butler, 2003).

4. LM35 is a precision centigrade temperature sensor with a proportional linear

output voltage to the Centigrade Temperature. The devices forward-biased PN
voltage increases with temperature. The device id directly calibrated in Celsius
centigrade and has a linear scale factor of + 10-mV/C.From the experimental data
obtained, a slope of S = 8.280482607 can be computed. A linear transfer function of
VOUT = 10 mv/C T can be inferred from the datasheet of LM35. Theoretically, the slope of the voltage and
Temperature of the device should be 10. The percent error of the data obtained from the experiment is %e =
17.19517%. The placement of the device in the hot and cold source could be the possible source of error. LM 35
presumes the surface temperature is similar with the ambient temperature. If there is a great difference between the
air and surface temperature, the devices temperature might be closer to the air temperature rather than the surface
temperature. One possible solution for this problem is to coat the wires of the LM35 with epoxy which will ensure that
the device will not be affected by the air temperature.