Background Information
FD&C Blue 1, which is used in this study, is a dye commonly found in foods and
drinks.
Dyes can cause allergic reactions in individuals who suffer from allergies or asthma
and they are also harmful when consumed in high concentrations.
Due to the fact that many people consume sports drinks which are colored with
dyes, I have decided to build a electronic device that functions as a colorimeter to
determine the unknown concentration of blue dye in sports drinks.
Background Information
Background Information
An LED and a photoresistor are aligned on a breadboard in a straight
line & they are covered in cuvettes. Cuvettes containing orange dye
solution (which acts as a filter) and the blue dye sample are placed
between them.
The filter is used because it makes the light from LED orange colored
and the color orange is strongly absorbed by the blue-colored
solution
The electronic device constructed in this experiment measures
resistance, instead of absorbance.
The resistance measured is proportional to the absorbance of light by
the solution, and therefore proportional to the concentration of blue
dye. As more light is absorbed, less light is detected by the
photoresistor so its resistance is larger.
Materials
Variables
Procedure
Procedure
Procedure
D. Measuring Concentrations
1. For all measurements, set the multimeter to measure the resistance in kilo ohms
2. Fill a cuvette w/ the orange dye and place it in front of the LED
3. Fill cuvettes w/ a sample from cups #1-8
4. To measure resistance, place the cuvette containing the sample between the
filter & photoresistor and make sure all sources of light except the LED are
turned off.
5. Measure & record the resistance for all eight concentrations
6. Repeat this process with sports drinks
Procedure
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
Average
Standard
Deviation
Most
Concentrated
( 68 M )
8.59
8.61
8.75
8.66
8.74
8.67
0.00535
Dilution
( 34M )
6.12
6.01
5.99
6.07
6.13
6.064
0.00398
Dilution
( 17 M )
4.53
4.48
4.35
4.39
4.52
4.454
0.00517
1/8 Dilution
( 8.5 M)
3.66
3.62
3.56
3.66
3.56
3.612
0.0252
1/16 Dilution
( 4.25M )
3.3
3.24
3.23
3.19
3.45
3.282
0.01037
1/32 Dilution
( 2.125 M )
3.02
3.09
3.00
3.04
3.03
3.036
0.00113
1/64 Dilution
( 1.0625 M )
2.66
2.67
2.74
2.63
2.62
2.664
0.00223
Water Only
2.51
2.41
2.45
2.44
2.53
2.468
0.00252
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
Average
Standard
Deviation
Most
Concentrated
( 68 M )
6.122
6.142
6.282
6.192
6.272
6.202
0.00535
Dilution
( 34M )
3.652
3.542
3.522
3.602
3.662
3.596
0.00398
Dilution
( 17 M )
2.062
2.012
1.882
1.992
2.052
2.00
0.00517
1/8 Dilution
( 8.5 M)
1.192
1.152
1.092
1.192
1.092
1.144
0.0252
1/16 Dilution
( 4.25M )
0.832
0.772
0.762
0.722
0.982
0.814
0.01037
1/32 Dilution
( 2.125 M )
0.552
0.622
0.532
0.572
0.562
0.568
0.00113
1/64 Dilution
( 1.0625 M )
0.192
0.202
0.272
0.162
0.152
0.196
0.00223
Subtracted Resistance Values Measured for Blue Dye (kilo ohms) versus
Known Concentrations of Blue Dye ( Micromolar )
7
y = 0.2458x0.762
R = 0.9716
10
20
30
40
50
Concentration of Blue Dye ( Micromolar )
60
70
80
Resistance ( kilo ohms ) measured for unknown concentrations of blue dye in sports
drinks
Gatorade G
Series
Gatorade G2
Series
Powerade
MVP
Trial 1
2.76
3.03
3.41
3.72
Trial 2
2.83
2.91
3.52
3.67
Trial 3
2.84
2.98
3.45
3.7
Trial 4
2.93
2.97
3.46
3.69
Trial 5
2.87
2.98
3.43
3.73
Average
2.846
2.974
3.454
3.702
Resistance ( kilo ohms ) measured for unknown concentrations of blue dye in sports drinks minus
resistance measured for water ( 2.468 kilo ohms )
Gatorade G Series Gatorade G2 Series
Powerade
MVP
Trial 1
0.292
0.562
0.942
1.252
Trial 2
0.362
0.442
1.052
1.202
Trial 3
0.372
0.512
0.982
1.232
Trial 4
0.462
0.502
0.992
1.222
Trial 5
0.402
0.512
0.962
1.262
Average
0.378
0.506
0.986
1.234
Equation used
y = 0.2458x0.762
Drink
Average concentration
(Micromolar)
MVP
8.31
Powerade
6.19
Gatorade G2 Series
2.58
Gatorade G Series
1.76
Resistance ( kiloohms ) measured over a period of time for blue dye mixed with bleach
1 Drop of
Bleach
2 Drops of
Bleach
4 Drops of
Bleach
Initial
1 min
2 min
3 min
4 min
5 min
7 min
8.08
6.82
5.51
4.83
4.27
3.84
3.26
2.94
2.85
2.77
2.74
2.73
8.52
7.03
6.28
5.58
4.99
4.52
3.84
3.43
3.17
3.01
2.91
2.86
8.27
7.93
6.86
5.98
5.28
4.73
3.97
3.55
3.31
3.18
3.11
3.07
8.65
6.03
4.51
3.66
3.2
2.97
2.78
2.74
8.41
6.35
4.84
4.00
3.46
3.18
2.91
2.84
8.81
6.23
4.79
3.89
3.38
3.11
2.88
2.86
8.67
4.55
3.31
2.96
2.88
2.86
8.99
4.41
3.16
2.83
2.74
2.73
8.96
4.48
3.20
2.86
2.77
2.75
Resistance ( kiloohms ) measured over a period of time for blue dye mixed with bleach minus resistance measure for
water( 2.7267 kilo ohms )
Initial
1 min
2 min
3 min
4 min
5 min
7 min
5.353 4.093 2.783 2.103 1.543 1.113 0.213 0.213 0.123 0.043 0.013 0.003
1 Drop of
Bleach
5.793 4.303 3.553 2.853 2.263 1.793 1.113 0.703 0.443 0.283 0.183 0.133
5.543 5.203 4.133 3.253 2.553 2.003 1.234 0.823 0.583 0.453 0.383 0.343
5.923 3.303 1.783 0.933 0.473 0.243 0.053 0.013
2 Drops of
Bleach
Average Concentration ( micromolar ) of blue dye mixed with bleach over a period of time
Initial 1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min 7 min 9 min 11 min 13 min 15 min 17 min
1 Drop
of
Bleach
2
Drops
of
Bleach
4
Drops
of
Bleach
68 45.38 32.37 23.64 17.00 12.17 5.25 3.19 1.86 1.13 0.77 0.60
68
Concentration( Micromolar )
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
8
10
Time ( Minutes )
12
14
16
Dt = Do e-at
Dt = the concentration of dye at time, t (1
minute, 2 minutes, etc.)
Do = starting concentration of dye
e = Eulers Number: 2.718
a = slope, determined by experiment
t = time, measured in minutes
18
Conclusion
The resistance measured in this experiment was directly
proportional to the blue dye concentration proving that this
colorimeter works in accordance with the Beer Lambert law.
The calculated concentrations of blue dye mixed w/ bleach over
time, correctly modeled the exponential decay equation, further
proving that the homemade colorimeter is reliable.
From the results, it can be seen that the store brand MVP sports
drinks had the highest blue dye concentration, 8.31M
The results confirm the hypothesis, which stated that the
homemade colorimeter can be successfully used in determining
the unknown concentrations of blue dye.
Possible Errors
The photoresistor might have been slightly moved over the course of this
experiment, which would have caused the values measured by the
multimeter to have differed slightly
The voltage of the battery could have decreased over time, causing a
change in the intensity of the light and therefore could have slightly altered
the resistance measured by the multimeter. To counter this the battery was
changed halfway through the experiment
Future Ideas
A lab colorimeter could be used to determine the concentration of blue
dye in sports drinks and to see how the results compare with the results
of this experiment.
To analyze the concentration of other dyes using different colored
filters, such as analyzing the concentration of red dye in sports drinks
using a blue-green filter.