E .

M u s i c i n t h e R e n a i s s a n c e 1
.
D
u
f
a
y
a.(1400-1474)
t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o m p o s e r o f h i s t i m e . H e w a s t h e f i r s t t o use secular tunes to replace
Gregorian chants as the fixed melody thatserved as a basis for the Mass.2 . M a d r i g a l
a.
The chief form of secular music. The Renaissance madrigal was a poemset to music, and its origins were in the 14
th
century Italian courts.V I . E u r o p e a n
S t a t e
i n
t h e
R e n a i s s a n c e A . N e w M o n a r c h i e s 1.Renaissance States was
t h e t i m e i n w h i c h r e c o v e r y s e t i t , a n d a t t e m p t s w e r e made to reestablish the centralized power
of monarchial governments.B . G r o w t h o f t h e F r e n c h M o n a r c h y
1.
Charles VII and the
Taille
a . ( 1 4 2 2 - 1 4 6 1 ) H e w a s c r o w n e d k i n g a t R e i m s . H e e s t a b l i s h e d a r o y a l a r m y composed of
cavalry and archers. b . A t a i l l e i s a n a n n u a l d i r e c t t a x u s u a l l y o n l a n d o r p r o p e r t y, w i t h o u t
a n y need for further approval from the Estates-General. Losing control of the purse meant less power for
this parliamentary body.2 . L o u i s X I a n d C o m m e r c e a . ( 1 4 6 1 - 1 4 8 3 ) H e w a s
k n o w n a s t h e S p i d e r b e c a u s e o f h i s w i l y a n d devious ways. By retaining taille, he secured a sound,
regular source of income.C . E n g l a n d : C i v i l W a r a n d N e w M o n a r c h y 1 . W a r
o f
t h e
R o s e s a.Broke out in 1450s. It pitted the ducal house
o f L a n c a s t e r , w h o s y m b o l was a red rose, against the ducal house of York, whose symbol was awhite
rose.2 . H e n r y V I I a n d t h e T u d o r s a . ( 1 4 8 5 - 1 5 0 9 ) H e n r y V I I w o r k e d
t o r e d u c e i n t e r n a l d i s c u s s i o n a n d establish a strong monarchial government. He ended private wars
of thenobility by abolishing livery and maintenance, the practice by whichwealthy aristocrats maintained private
armies of followers dedicated tothe service of their lord.D . U n i f i c a t i o n o f
S p a i n 1 . F e r d i n a n d a n d I s a b e l l a a.The marriage between the two was a
d y n a s t i c u n i o n o f t w o r u l e r s , n o t a political union. They recognized the importance of controlling
theCatholic Church, with its vast power and wealth. b . T h e y a l s o p u r s u e d a p o l i c y o f s t r i c t
r e l i g i o u s u n i f o r m i t y. 2 . E x p u l s i o n o f M u s l i m s a n d J e w s
a.
The increased persecution in the 14
th
century led the majority of SpanishJews to convert to Christianity. They were largely tolerated in
medievalSpain.3 . I n q u i s i t i o n a . C o m p l a i n t s a b o u t t h e s i n c e r i t y o f t h e s e
J e w i s h c o n v e r t p r o m p t e d Ferdinand and Isabella to ask the pope to introduce the Inquisition intoSpain in
1478. b . I t w o r k e d w i t h c r u e l e f f i c i e n c y t o g u a r a n t e e t h e o r t h o d o x y o f t h e converts, but had
no authority over practicing Jews.
E.Hol y Roman Empire: Success of the Habsburgs1.Unlike France, England, and
S p a i n , t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e f a i l e d t o d e v e l o p a strong monarchial authority. The Habsburg,
though, was very successful. Notmilitary, but because of well-executed policy of dynastic
marriages.2 . M a x i m i l i a n a t t e m p t e d t o c e n t r a l i z e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b y c r e a t i n g
n e w institutions common to the entire empire.F . S t r u g g l e f o r S t r o n g M o n a r c h y i n E a s t e r n
Europe1.In Eastern Europe, rulers struggles to achieve the centralization of
t h e i r territorial states but faced serious obstacles.2 . T h r o u g h t h e i r c o n t r o l o f t h e S e j m o r n a t i o n a l
d i e t , t h e m a g n a t e s r e d u c e d t h e peasantry to serfdom by 1511 and established the right to elect their kings.
ThePolish kings proved unable to establish a strong royal authority.
3.
Since the 13
th
century, Russia had been under the domination of the Mongols.Gradually, the princes of Moscow rose
to prominence by using their closerelationship to the Mongol khans to increase wealth.G . O t t o m a n

Turks and the End of B yz antium1.The ste adil y advan cing Ottoman Turks inc re asingl y
t h r e a t e n e d E a s t e r n E u r o p e . The Byzantine Empire had, of course, served as a buffer between the
MuslimMiddle East and the Latin West for centuries. It was severely weakened by thesack of Constantinople in
1204 and its occupation by the West.V I I . C h u r c h
i n
t h e
R e n a i s s a n c e A . H e r e s y a n d
R e f o r m 1 . J o h n W y c l i f s L o l l a r d s a.(1328-1384) His disgust with
c l e r i c a l c o r r u p t i o n l e d h i m t o a f a r - r a n g i n g attack on papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs
and practices. b . W yc l i f a l l e g e d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o b a s i s i n S c r i p t u r e f o r p a p a l c l a i m s
o f temporal authority and advocated that the popes be stripped of their authority and advocated that the popes be
stripped of their authority andtheir property. The followers were named
Lollards.2 . J o h n
H u s a.(1374-1415) He urged the elimination of the
w o r l d l i n e s s a n d c o r r u p t i o n of the clergy and attacked the excessive power of the papacy within theCatholic
Church.
3.
The Doctrine of
Sacrosancta
a . I t s t a t e d t h a t a g e n e r a l c o u n c i l o f t h e c h u r c h r e c e i v e d i t s a u t h o r i t y f r o m God; hence
every Christian, including the pope, was subject to itsauthority.
4.
Pius II and
Execrabilis
a.
Pope Pius II issued the papal bull
Execrabilis
, condemning appeals to acouncil over the head of a pope as heretical.B . R e n a i s s a n c e
P a p a c y 1 . S i x t u s I V a n d A l e x a n d e r V I a.Pope Sixtus IV (1471-1484)
m a d e f i v e o f h i s n e p h e w c a r d i n a l s a n d g a v e them an abundance of church offices to build up their
finances. b . A l e x a n d e r V I ( 1 4 9 2 - 1 5 0 3 ) w a s a m e m b e r o f t h e B o r g i a f a m i l y w h o w a s known
for his debauchery and sensuality.2 . J u l i u s I I a n d t h e N e w S a i n t P e t e r s a . ( 1 5 0 3 - 1 5 1 3 )
W a s m o s t i n v o l v e d i n w a r a n d p o l i t i c s . K n o w n a s t h e f i e r y warrior-pope, and seen as
a spiritual leader.3 . L e o X a n d R a p h a e l
a . L e o X ( 1 5 1 3 - 1 5 2 1 ) w a s a p a t r o n o f R e n a i s s a n c e c u l t u r e , n o t a s a m a t t e r of policy, but
as a deeply involved participant. b . R a p h a e l w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d t o d o p a i n t i n g s , a n d t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f S a i n t Peters was accelerated, as Rome became the literary and artistic center of the
Renaissance.