mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Element
Matter
Anything that
occupies space & has
mass.

Substance that
consists of only one
type of atom.

Compound
Substance that contains
two or more elements
that are chemically
bonded together.

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Type of Particles
Atom
Molecule
Ion
Atom
Smallest particle of
an element that can
take place in chemical
reaction.

Ion
Is a positive charged
or negative charged
particle.

Matter is made up of
tiny & discrete particle.
Particle vibrate, moving
& collide with each other.
Particles move randomly.
There are forces between
the particle. Stronger the
forces, particle close to
each other.
Higher the temperature,
higher the kinetic energy
of particle.

Molecule
A group of two or
more atoms which are
chemically bonded
together.

Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Subatomic Particles
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Diffusion
Is a random movement
between different
particles from high
concentration to lower
concentration.

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Atom, Molecule & Ion

Molecule (ELEMENT)
Atom

Atom

+
Atom

Molecule (COMPOUND)
Atom

+ -

+ + Cation

Ionic Compound

Anion

Example: Formation of WATER

Water Molecule

+
Oxygen Atom

Hydrogen Atom

A Glass of Water
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Diffusion in Solid: Test tube is filled with a hot jelly and copper(II) sulphate crystal.

Difussion Rate:
Reason:

Diffusion in Liquid: A beaker is filled with water & potassium manganate (VII).

Difussion Rate:
Reason:

Diffusion in Gas: A gas jar is filled with few drop of bromine liquid.

Difussion Rate:
Reason:

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Particles
Arrangement

States

SOLID

Forces between
particles

Particles Motion

Held together
very strong

Vibrate and rotate at

fixed position

Strong but weaker

than solid

Vibrate, rotate and

move through liquid &
collide against each
other

weak

Vibrate, rotate and

move freely

Packed closely in
orderly manner

LIQUID
Packed closely not in
orderly arrangement

GAS
Far apart from each
other

Solid
Shape :

Liquid

Gas

Shape :

Shape :

Ability to be
compressed:

Ability to be
compressed:

Ability to be
compressed:

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Change in the State of Matter

Changes in the Heat Energy

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Heating of Naphthalene

Cooling of Naphthalene

1. Why is solid naphthalene, C10H8 not heated directly with Bunsen burner?
2. Why is water bath used to heat the naphthalene?
3. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why
a) the boiling tube must place in a conical flask?

b) the naphthalene must stirred continuously?

4. What happens to the temperature of naphthalene during

a) melting? Give a reason.

b) freezing? Give a reason.

5. The melting point of sugar is 184oC. The melting point of sugar cannot be
determined using same apparatus. Why? What apparatus can be used
instead?

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Heating Curve of Naphthalene

Temperature (oC)
D

Time (min)

Melting Point
Is the temperature at
which a solid changes into
a liquid at a particular
pressure.

Physical State
AB =
BC =
CD =

Why the temperature

remains constant at BC?
Heat energy ___________
by the particles is used to
overcome the force
between the particles so
that the solid turn into
liquid.

Also known as
latent heat of
fusion.

Why the temperature

increase from A to B?
When solid is heated,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and vibrate __________.

Why the temperature

increase from C to D?
When liquid is heated,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and move __________.

* label the melting point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as MP.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Cooling Curve of Naphthalene

Temperature (oC)
E

H
Time (min)

Freezing Point
Is the temperature at
which a liquid changes
into a solid at a particular
pressure.

Why the temperature

remains constant at FG?
Heat energy ___________
to the surroundings is
exactly same as the heat
energy released by
particle to form the
forces to become a solid.

Physical State
EF =
FG =
GH =

How to avoid supercooling?

Why the temperature

decrease from E to F?
When liquid is cooled,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and move __________.

Why the temperature

decrease from G to H?
When solid is cooled,
heat energy is
________________.
This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and vibrate __________.

* label the freezing point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as FP.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Atomic Structure

[Draw the atomic model & briefly explain]

(1) John Dalton

(1766 1844)

(2) J.J. Thomson

(1856 1940)

(3) Ernest Rutherford

(1871 - 1937)

(5) James Chadwick

(1891 - 1974)

(4) Neils Bohr

(1885 - 1962)

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Subatomic Particles of an Atom

NEUTRON
PROTON
Symbol : p
Relative electric
charge : +1
Relative mass: 1

Symbol : n
Relative electric
charge : 0
Relative mass: 1

ELECTRON
Symbol : e
Relative electric
charge : -1

NUCLEUS
Proton + Neutron

Relative mass: 0.0005

NUCLEON NUMBER =
Proton +
Number

Number of
Neutron

Definition
NEUTRAL ATOM

Atom Q has a proton number

of 11 and a nucleon number of
23. How many protons,
electrons and neutrons are
present in the atom?

Number of proton
is equal to the
number of electron.

Nucleon number is
the total number of
proton and neutrons
in its atom.

Definition
Proton number is the
number of protons in
its atom.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Symbol of Elements
Element

Symbol

Element

Symbol

Element

Symbol

Element

Hydrogen

Carbon

Sodium

Sulphur

Helium

Nitrogen

Magnesium

Chlorine

Lithium

Oxygen

Aluminium

Argon

Beryllium

Fluorine

Silicon

Potassium

Boron

Neon

Phosphorus

Calcium

23
11

Na

Also represented
by sodium-23

Symbol

A fluorine atom has 9 protons and

10 neutrons. What is the proton
number and nucleon number of
the atom? Represent the atom in
the form of
.

Bromine-80 has 45 neutrons.

What are the proton number
and nucleon number of the
atom? Represent the atom
in the form of
.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same
element has same
proton number but
different number of
neutron

Nucleon
Number

Element
Hydrogen-1

Proton
Number
1

No. of
Electron

Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
Carbon-12

Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Oxygen-16

Why isotopes element

has similar chemical
properties?

No. of
Neutron

Oxygen-17
Oxygen-18
Chlorine-35

17

Chlorine-37
Bromine-80

35

Bromine-81

To determine the
rate of absorption
of fertilisers by
plants.

To determine
the age of
artifact.

USES OF
ISOTOPES
To detect the
location of a
tumor in the brain.

To detect leaks in
underground
petroleum pipe.

To treat
cancer.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Electronic Structure of an Atom

Maximum number
of electron filled in
the shell:
1st = 2 electrons
2nd = 8 electrons
3rd = 8 electrons
4th = 8 electrons

Valence Electrons
Electrons in the
outermost
occupied shell.

For atoms with

more than 20
electrons, the third
shell can filled up
to 18 electrons.

Electron
Configuration
Chlorine has
proton number 17.

The last shell filled

with electrons
known as the
outermost
occupied shell.

Write the electron

arrangement for
potassium & state the
valence electrons.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Element

Proton
Number

Number of
Electron

Electron
Configuration
& Valence
Electron

Electronic Structure

E.C =
Hydrogen

1
V.E =

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Element

Proton
Number

Oxygen

Fluorine

Number of
Electron

Electron
Configuration
& Valence
Electron

Electronic Structure

Neon

10

Sodium

11

Magnesium

12

Aluminium

13

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Element

Proton
Number

Silicon

14

Phosphorus

Sulphur

Chlorine

Argon

Number of
Electron

Electron
Configuration &
Valence
Electron

Electronic Structure

15

16

17

18

20

mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Element

Proton
Number

Potassium

19

Calcium

20

Number of
Electron

Electron
Configuration &
Valence
Electron

Electronic Structure

21