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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 41, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2005

Secondary Selective System Residual Bus

TransferA Modern Application Approach
Roy E. Coss, Jr., Senior Member, IEEE, James E. Bowen, Senior Member, IEEE, and Stephen H. Kerr, Member, IEEE

AbstractA traditional secondary selective residual bus automatic transfer scheme is reviewed, and the basic logic necessary for
automatic transfer operation is discussed. Although many transfer
scheme documents are available, the authors believe the scheme
complexity should challenge application engineers to better understand the Whys rather than the How Tos of the application.
A modern programmable logic controller approach is proposed as
a contemporary solution to a complex control application.
Index TermsGroup motor reacceleration, programmable
logic controller (PLC), residual bus, secondary selective system,
10-Switch.

I. INTRODUCTION

SECONDARY selective residual bus automatic transfer

system with traditional discrete control and protection devices is discussed. The traditional discrete device system is also
reviewed from a control, protection, and system design viewpoints. A modern programmable logic controller (PLC) transfer
approach indicates the advantages of implementing a contemporary solution to a complex control application.
II. CONTROL SCHEME REVIEW

A. Overview
A secondary selective system is a closed main breakeropen
tie breakerclosed main breaker configuration supplied by two
transformers. Fig. 1 represents a typical secondary selective
system with residual bus automatic transfer. The purpose of the
residual bus automatic transfer scheme is to reestablish power
on one of two main buses following transient conditions and
to block transfer during through fault conditions. Transfer is
allowed during stable system conditions with normal system
voltage available to maintain or reaccelerate operating loads.
Some transient conditions are as follows:
1) loss of one utility source at the upstream main substation;
2) transformer upstream cable fault;
3) local substation transformer failure;
4) substation incoming cable or bus duct failure;
Paper PID-0308, presented at the 2002 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical
Industry Technical Conference, New Orleans, LA, September 2325, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
by the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry
Applications Society. Manuscript submitted for review September 15, 2002
and released for publication September 29, 2004.
R. E. Coss, Jr., and J. E. Bowen are with Powell Electrical Manufacturing Company, Houston, TX 77075 USA (e-mail: rcosse@powl.com;
jbowen@powl.com).
S. H. Kerr is with ExxonMobil Development Company, Houston, TX 77060
USA (e-mail: steve.h.kerr@exxonmobil.com).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2004.841014

5) substation bus fault;

6) substation downstream feeder cable fault.
Among the advantages offered, a secondary selective system
provides operational and maintenance flexibility, and enhanced
load recovery following a fault or loss of voltage.
After fault isolation of an upstream power source, transformer, or cable and resulting system stabilization, the secondary selective system automatically transfers to the remaining
stable power source.
During plant expansions and modifications, the system can be
re-configured by performing a manual transfer, with no impact
to the system operating loads. When substation transformers, incoming cable, or upstream switchgear bus require maintenance,
repair, or modification, the downstream secondary selective substations do not require a shutdown. As an example, incoming
breaker 52A can be taken out of service while incoming breaker
52B and tie breaker 52T maintain necessary bus loads.
Secondary selective system main bus faults are isolated by
tripping the main breaker and block-closing the tie breaker. Only
tie breaker failure or a bus fault with single-ended operation requires a total shutdown of the substation. Obviously, individual
feeder cable failure requires isolation of the faulted feeder.
B. Automatic Transfer and Manual Retransfer
Traditional secondary selective automatic transfer systems
with discrete relays provide both automatic and manual operating
modes. Automatic transfer restores power to either A side or
B side substation main buses. Typically, automatic transfer
operation occurs after an abnormal system condition, such as, a
fault or equipment failure. Manual make-before-break operation
is used to retransfer to the normal open tie configuration, or manually transfer the substation (closed main, closed tie, and open
main) for maintenance, repair, or modification. Automatic and
manual modes are inherent, not switch selectable, however, other
transfer schemes may require an auto-manual selector switch.
An example of automatic transfer is the loss of incoming
source A side voltage, whereby breaker 52A is tripped. After
Bus A residual voltage decays to an acceptable level and Bus
B voltage is normal and stable, breaker 52T closes, and B
side power is supplied to Bus A. (The B side responds in a
similar manner to A side abnormal conditions.)
After an automatic transfer, return-to-normal open tie
breaker operation is performed manually. The operator selects
the 10-Switch position for TRIP 52T, and manually closes 52A.
The 25 sync-check relay permissive inhibits 52A, 52T, and 52B
from being simultaneously closed, unless the two incoming
sources are in synchronism. Upon logic system confirmation

0093-9994/$20.00 2005 IEEE

COSS et al.: SECONDARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM RESIDUAL BUS TRANSFER

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Applicable Device Numbers

10-Switch
indicates breaker pre-selected for trip during manual transfer operation;
25
sync-check relay requires in-phase paralleling of two incoming sources;
25X
sync-check relay enable (not shown);
25Y
synchronizing circuit auxiliary close permissive relay (not shown);
27
incoming source undervoltage transfer initiator;
27I
incoming source voltage stable;
27R
bus voltage less than rotating machinery acceptable residual voltage magnitudes;
50/50N
blocks transfer during phase or residual neutral faults;
51G
ground overcurrent relay;
51/51N
provides phase and residual neutral overcurrent protection;
52
circuit breaker;
63
transformer sudden pressure relay (not shown);
86TA, 86TB
transformer lockout and transfer trip relay (not shown);
94
high-impedance transfer/trip auxiliary relay to/from source breaker;
96
time delay for alternate side sustaining healthy voltage;
97
time delay for transfer blocking;
98
time delay for upstream substation transfer;
AUX
breaker auxiliary contacts (shows breaker open/closed position);
TOC
truck operated contacts (shows breaker in connected position);
LRG
low-resistance ground;
MFR
multifunction relay;
open delta;
phase to phase.

Fig. 1. Abbreviated one-line diagram for traditional discrete device residual bus automatic transfer system. Note that devices 51G-1, 51G-2, 63A, 63B, 86TA,
86TB, 87TA, 87TB, 94A, 94B, metering devices, and others may not be shown for better readability.

of 52A closure, tie breaker 52T immediately trips. (Momentary closure of 52A, 52T and 52B may significantly increase the

downstream fault duty. Because of this concern, some manual

transfer operations are not make-before-break.)

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Fig. 2. High-resistance ground closed transfer permissive. Note: When high-resistance ground exists on both A side and B side, closed transition transfer is
inhibited. Transfer is blocked until 86HRGA or 86HRGB is reset.

The operator can manually transfer all online loads to one

source without power interruption by following a procedure
similar to the above description. Assume there are normal
secondary selective operating conditions, and maintenance is
required upstream of breaker 52B. The 10-Switch is selected
for the TRIP 52B position and the tie breaker control switch
is manually closed. If the 25 sync-check relay confirms both
incoming sources are in-phase and 27I confirms adequate
incoming voltage on both A and B sides, tie breaker 52T
closes (momentarily paralleling the two sources) and breaker
52B is immediately tripped without time delay. After upstream
maintenance is complete, the substation can be returned to
the normal open 52T configuration with a similar manual
make-before-break operation.
A significant number of low voltage installations use high-resistance grounding to prevent tripping during a single ground
fault; this allows operator intervention to minimize process
upsets. Interlocks between the two buses (Fig. 2) should be
considered to prevent paralleling of sources if grounds exist on
each bus.
C. 50/50N Blocking, 51/51N Tripping, and 86 Lockout
The phase 50 and residual neutral 50N instantaneous devices inhibit transfer during fault conditions and are not part
of the protection tripping scheme. Circuit breaker manual
control switch and relay(s) 51/51N trip contacts are direct
inputs into the trip coil circuit. Incoming circuit breaker phase
time-overcurrent (51) and residual neutral time-overcurrent
(51N) relaying typically provide bus fault or feeder breaker
failure protection by simultaneously tripping the associated incoming breaker and tie breaker. After a protection trip operates
the lockout relay (86), the lockout relay trips the main breaker
and blocks closing the tie breaker. Although not shown, 51/51N
protection could be included on breaker 52T.
Adding a high-impedance bus differential relay scheme
greatly reduces bus fault clearing time for main bus faults and
serves to minimize arc flash zones.
When provided, a transformer differential relay (87T) downstream zone of protection should not include 52A or 52B load
terminals. This enables tripping actions from 87T and 86 to isolate the faulted transformer, and after a typical one second time
delay the 27 initiator issues a transfer command.

D. Upstream Source Substation Trip/Block Close Control Via

86T
System tripping can be enhanced by including a transfer trip
from the downstream substation switchgear incoming breaker
to the upstream feeder breaker trip circuit. This is particularly
useful with low-resistance grounding and transfer neutral 51G
relays at the downstream substation, because the upstream
feeder phase protection cannot sense the low magnitude ground
fault on the secondary side of the downstream transformer.
Downstream secondary selective substations can provide
an upstream transfer trip via local transformer lockout 86TA
and 86TB lockout relays and upstream mounted 94A and
94B high-impedance auxiliary relays. Lockout relay 86TA
initiates a transfer trip/block closing command to the upstream
94A relay. Similarly, lockout relay 86TB initiates a transfer
trip/block closing command to the upstream 94B relay. Relays
94A and 94B are powered from upstream dc control power. If
the distance between 86TA and 94A is near, such as, inside
the same building, the 86TA dry contacts could be directly
inserted into the upstream substation trip and close circuits,
eliminating the 94A relays. A similar statement applies to the
86TB dry contacts and eliminating the 94B relay.
When transfer trip distances are significant, appropriate
methods should be implemented, such as, pilot wire relaying or
remote input/output (I/O) connected via fiber-optic cable.
III. PROTECTION RELAY SETTINGS CRITERIA
A. 50/50N Blocking and 51/51N Protection
Incoming breaker 51 relay provides main bus overcurrent protection and downstream feeder breaker backup protection. The
51 relay should maintain selectivity with the most significant
downstream feeder protection, allow large motor starting with
one transformer powering the entire substation bus, and allow
group motor reacceleration.
During downstream feeder or bus phase faults, the instantaneous 50 blocks transfer via the 97 auxiliary time-delay relay.
Relay 50 blocking is included as a backup function to inhibit
transfer if either the 27 relay setting is not selective in time
with the 51 relays, or the 27 relay has not been plotted on a
timecurrent curve with the main breaker 51 relay. When the
27 relay issues a transfer command before the 51 relay has sufficient time to operate for a bus fault or a feeder fault with a

COSS et al.: SECONDARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM RESIDUAL BUS TRANSFER

stuck feeder breaker, the 50 relay inhibits a transfer operation.

Exclusion of the 50 blocking function and a lack of selectivity
between 27 and 51 relays during phase faults could result in a
transfer system operation into a phase fault.
The application engineer may block transfer during any 50
or 50N operation. The 50 pickup should be greater than the
motor fault current contribution at the transformer secondary
terminals.
Similarly, the 51N residual neutral overcurrent relay should
be selective with the most significant downstream feeder breaker
50G or 51G protection. If downstream 50G or 51G protection
is not provided, the 51N setting may not be selective with the
downstream phase overcurrent 51 protection. When low-resistance grounded system configurations are implemented, the 51N
setting should be thoroughly reviewed to ensure the ground fault
current is sensed by the 51N relay. If a more sensitive pickup is
needed, a one amp current input relay may be used for the 51N
application; however, the relay must be suitable for continuous
currents greater than one amp. Ground time-overcurrent coordination should also be reviewed.
Incoming breaker fault tripping times vary, depending
on the selected protective device tripping characteristic and
downstream protection considerations. To minimize fault
burning time when downstream 50GS or 51GS devices utilize
definite-time tripping characteristics, the incoming breaker
time-overcurrent 51N relay characteristic should be a definite-time (horizontal) type.
The main breaker 50N relay blocks transfer during main
bus ground faults or feeder ground faults. The blocking action
inhibits transferring into a fault, allowing downstream feeder
breakers adequate fault clearing time. The 50N pickup setting
is slightly greater than the ground pickup setting of the feeder
ground protection. The 50N relay philosophy and time setting
is similar to the 50 phase blocking relay discussion.
Transformer neutral 51G relay provides primary protection
for ground faults upstream of the 51N relay. Transformer neutral
51G relay also provides back-up protection to the main breaker
51N relay. Relay 51G trips both the upstream substation feeder
breaker and the incoming breaker via the 86T lockout relay.
Therefore, the transformer 51G relay must be selective with
main breaker 51N relay unless transformer, grounding resistors,
switchgear or MCC equipment short-time withstand ratings are
exceeded. If 51N and 51G are not selective, confirm 50N blocks
transfer during the nonselective period to assure the tie breaker
is inhibited from closing into an uncleared fault on the main bus.

115

selected 51 relay characteristic, hence, low magnitude faults

and reduced voltage depressions do not cause a 27 time out
and transfer. A simultaneous loss of voltage on both incoming
sources should not result in a 27 transfer command.
Timing relay 98 is added when upstream transfer systems
require transfer before the downstream transfer systems. Upstream transfer operation not only re-establishes power to both
upstream distribution buses, but also prevents operators from
retransferring multiple downstream substation transfer systems.
Adding relay 98 may change the time setting of relay 97.
C. 27I RelayAlternate Bus Undervoltage Block Transfer
The 27I undervoltage inhibit relay blocks transfer to the
switchgear alternate bus if the alternate source incoming
voltage is less than 90% voltage. When 27I-B conditions are
satisfied and time delay relay 96 assures that the alternate
source voltage is healthy for the last 3 s, transfer to Bus B
is allowed.
D. 27RResidual Bus Undervoltage Transfer Relay and
Transient Motor Torque Monitoring
The 27R bus residual voltage relay monitors the bus voltage
to inhibit transfer until the bus voltage is within safe motor
limits and to prevent transient torque damage to online motors. Once the incoming breaker is open and the bus is isolated, the isolated bus voltage decrement is a function of the
connected motors open-circuit time constants and the isolated
system impedance. Reference [2] indicates the importance of
reviewing the motor open-circuit time constant, i.e., the application of terminal voltage with internal voltage present may result in a transient torque magnitude from two to 20 times rated
torque. References [10][12], and [3] explain in detail the theory
and practice of applying reclosing voltage on a de-energized rotating motor. These references reinforce the need for the 27R relays. Typically the relay setting allows transfer after the residual
voltage is less than 20%25% of nominal voltage.
According to NEMA MG1-1993, paragraph 20.85.1, the slow
transfer or reclosing voltage guideline before applying voltage
to the motor terminals is a minimum of 1.5 open-circuit time
constants. This is approximately 22.3% voltage at the motor terminals. A traditional 27R setting of 20% of nominal motor design voltage complies with the MG1 open-circuit time constant
guidance.
E. 25Sync-Check Relay (Optional Device)

B. 27 Relay-Undervoltage Transfer Initiator

The 27 undervoltage transfer initiator relay detects an undervoltage on the source (typically 70% to 80% of system voltage)
and after a one second delay by timing relay 97 initiates a
transfer signal; this is contingent upon fault current not flowing
through the main breaker for one second before the transfer.
The 27 setting should be less than the minimum nominal
voltage the upstream substation supply expects to experience
during normal operation, or motor starting depressions. The 27
undervoltage transfer initiator should be plotted on timecurrent curves to confirm selectivity with the overcurrent relays.
Typically, the 27 characteristic is above and to the right of the

The 25 relay permits momentary paralleling of the incoming

sources. The sync-check 25 relay confirms the A side and
B side incoming power sources are synchronized. The
sync-check relay is not required when both incoming sources
originate from the same upstream synchronized substation. The
initial system configuration may not require implementing a 25
device, however, future upstream industrial system or utility
system modifications or operating methods may cause two
incoming sources to be vulnerable to out-of-phase conditions.
This may demand synchronism checking before paralleling
two incoming sources. The 25 device could conservatively be
implemented for all system transfer conditions.

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IV. SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

A. Switchgear Short-Circuit Rating
Traditionally, the practice of calculating switchgear short-circuit magnitudes was based on one transformer contribution and
the combined Bus A and Bus B motor contributions with
52T closed. Because manual transfer is a make-before-break operation, it is considered a remote possibility that a feeder fault
would occur during momentary closure of both main breakers
and the tie breaker.
The responsible application engineer should thoroughly review this system condition for compliance with, or exception
from, operating company, local, and national codes and regulations. The application engineer should completely understand
the applicable risks or liabilities associated with all aspects of
the transfer system application.
During manual transfer, the traditional practice of temporarily permitting momentary closure of 52A, 52T, and
52B should be reviewed for modern operating conditions
and parameters. The application engineer should thoroughly
review equipment ratings to assure the switchgear short-circuit
close-and-latch and interrupting ratings are adequate for maximum fault current magnitudes and comply with national and
local regulatory requirements.
B. Transformer MVA Sizing Criteria
Transformer sizing philosophy should be reviewed for new
project preliminary and final loads with one transformer supplying both the A bus and B bus loads. Loads increase
as new projects evolve, and the maximum preliminary loading
should be evaluated. During normal open 52T configuration,
transformer loading should not exceed the base rating. During
abnormal conditions with the entire load supplied by one substation transformer, the extended rating should not be exceeded.
Typically, the normal open 52T configuration does not exceed
the transformer base rating. However, a closed 52T configuration with one transformer powering both Bus A and Bus B
loads, may require the transformer to operate above the base
rating, such as, the fan cooled 65 degree centigrade rise portion
of the design. The application engineer should confirm this operating method is acceptable. (Obviously, transformer impedance
and
limits should also be considered for motor starting
considerations.)
C. Group Motor Reacceleration
When electrical system disturbances cause process upsets,
online motors may drop out and slow down. However, the
process system has a residual capability. This permits restarting
motors dropped out due to a disturbance and the possibility of
automatically returning to full production without process shutdown or producing off spec product. Reacceleration load priority considerations are required to prevent equipment damage,
prohibit safety valves from operating, and maintain on spec
process production.
To automatically reaccelerate offline motors, the reacceleration motor groupings are based on priority and the ability
to maintain substation bus voltages greater than 85% voltage
during the restarting period. The design intent should inhibit

contactors from dropping out, provide adequate motor torque

for restarting loads, and prevent stalling online motors. Although the process has a residual capability, the process time
constant is generally limited to several minutes. If priority
motors cannot be restarted within the process time constant, a
major process upset may occur and the process may shutdown.
However, process, mechanical, and electrical engineers typically work within the process system residual parameters and
successfully maintain the process via electrical motor group
reacceleration. As an example, if the motor group reacceleration time is six seconds per group, a maximum of ten separate
motor groups can be reaccelerated in the first minute after a
voltage depression drops out contactors.
V. MODERN APPROACH
The traditional automatic transfer and manual retransfer
method, using discrete electromechanical, static analog, or
static digital relays, is evolving. Some protective relay manufacturers incorporate protection, metering and automatic
transfer control into one black box [4], putting all your relay
eggs in one basket.
While these are possible solution methods, the authors
believe a more practical technical approach (Fig. 3) is the
separation of protection, metering, and control into specific application modules, using typical industry accepted and proven
devices. Each device is specifically designed for the application with flexibility and modification capabilities. Metering
is accomplished with multifunction meters, and protection
is achieved with multifunction protection relays. However,
modern residual bus transfer control is performed by a PLC
with self-powered voltage transducer inputs, interposing relay
outputs, and a sync-check 25 relay. The authors propose the
PLC as an application improvement for the following reasons.
A. Reliability
1) The PLC can provide online diagnostics, such as,
alarming when one normally open AUX a contact
and one normally closed AUX b contact indicate the
same position. Similar statements apply to TOC contacts,
voltage versus breaker position comparisons, and loss
of voltage sensing. These are conditions that are not
considered with traditional discrete device or black box
multifunction relay transfer systems.
2) The PLC can be accessed via a communications data
highway, allowing users to receive alarms from the
transfer system in the event of device failure or error.
This approach also allows users to monitor the health
of communicating protection and metering devices. If a
communicating meter, protection or control device fails,
an early indication can allow a scheduled repair before a
nuisance trip or failed transfer occurs.
3) The PLC approach recommends separating metering,
protection, and control devices. When multifunction
meter/protection/transfer control devices are selected,
some users add separate metering to provide a greater
degree of security and permit quick observation of overall
system status.

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117

Fig. 3. Abbreviated one-line diagram for modern PLC residual bus automatic transfer system. Note that devices 63A, 63B, 86TA, 86TB, 87TA, 87TB, 94A, 94B,
metering devices and others may not be shown for better readability. For device numbers and abbreviations, refer to Fig. 1.

4) Using meter/protection/transfer control black box devices may result in accidental operation trips during periods of manually reviewing metering data.
5) Although the PLC approach recommends separate metering, protection and control devices, multifunction
meter/protection/transfer control devices provide increased reliability because fewer devices are required.
B. Flexibility
1) PLC logic enables users to perform software modifications rather than hardware additions or changes. One
example is adding a transfer pushbutton (or control
switch) to perform manual transfers in conjunction with
the 10-Switch. By prudent design, the transfer pushbutton
could be located across the room from the switchgear,

thereby keeping the operator remote from the breaker

during close and trip operations.
2) Before a transfer command is permitted, the PLC approach determines stable bus voltage from bus VT information, rather than the traditional method of using the
27I relay contact status and main breaker position status.
The traditional method does not include the additional
bus relays (which indicate 90% or greater voltage) because of additional relay costs and the potential of added
front-door space.
3) PLC logic is flexible and allows custom tailored transfer
system configurations for users with special needs, such
as, existing switchgear without bus VTs, or other unique
control requirements.
4) PLC software is a cost effective, configurable approach;
it meets customers changing operational requirements by

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providing easily modified logic, and virtual-type voltage

or time delays.
C. Troubleshooting
1) Organized software ladder logic format eliminates the
need for extensive back-and-forth reading of switchgear
protection/control drawings. The PLC offers a more
straightforward overview of the system condition via a
monitor.
2) The complexity of multifunction relays to perform
transfer logic typically exceeds the normal working
knowledge of plant electricians and requires trained,
specialized factory relay technicians or engineers, to
troubleshoot system problems while compromising the
protective relay system. The PLC solution offers a more
user friendly approach.
D. Cost
1) When using a PLC, traditional undervoltage relays,
timers, and auxiliary relays are not required. This allows
mounting the PLC transfer system inside 22-in-wide
low-voltage switchgear. Traditional discrete relay transfer
system layouts with switchgear front door mounted devices may require cubicles wider than 22 in (as much
as 34 in wide). The increase affects not only the size
and cost of the switchgear, but also requires additional
building floor space.
2) Spare parts cost is less and availability better for PLCs and
transducers versus discrete or multifunction devices.
3) Cost comparisons may show the PLC approach is less
costly than traditional discrete device transfer schemes.
The PLC approach with separate external protection and
added metering devices may also be less costly than
some black box multifunction meter/protection/control
devices.

VI. SUMMARY
Secondary selective systems are a proven, effective method of
enhancing system availability, however, the purpose and device
setting philosophy are rather complex and are often overlooked.
Design of a secondary selective residual bus automatic transfer
system is typically implemented by using the Company Standard. Through right sizing, company standards have not been
revised to incorporate modern technology developments and
trends.
Transfer system implementation may be in the form of discrete relays, multifunction relays, or a PLC-based system.
1) The discrete system is the original method, but it is space
intensive, requires significant intercompartment wiring,
cannot perform diagnostics, and cannot be confirmed before switchgear is assembled and ready for checkout.
2) Multifunction black box relays can provide additional
diagnostics and sensing, while requiring less space
than discrete devices, but may not be flexible to system
modifications and changes. Multifunction relays may

require significant onsite expertise for maintenance and

troubleshooting.
3) PLC-based systems may be less costly and more flexible, while providing more data and system diagnostics.
PLC substation control applications are not new for automatic transfer and reacceleration [1]. However, PLC reliability has improved, enhanced programming is more
user friendly, acceptance has increased, hardware and
software diagnostics are commonplace, and cost is competitive with other control methods.
VII. CONCLUSION
For the reasons provided above, PLC-based transfer schemes
should be considered a preferred option to discrete or multifunction relay systems. The modern petrochemical industry approach is the use of non-inhouse standards; consequently, the
authors recommend the development of an IEEE guide for this
application.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank M. Alford, L. Gabriel, and C. Mouton for
their helpful suggestions.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Jamrogowicz and D. Bliss, Microprocessor application in substation
control, in IEEE PCIC84, 1984, pp. 5561.
[2] T. A. Hauck, Motor reclosing and bus transfer, IEEE Trans. Ind. Gen.
Appl., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 266271, May/Jun. 1970.
[3] T. A. Hauck and R. L. Auxer, Timing motor reclosure or bus transfer,
Allis Chalmers Eng. Rev., vol. 05 B 5045, pp. 15.
[4] D. L. Rosen, R. E. Coss Jr., J. Bowen, N. T. Stringer, T. R. Malone, and
B. Wood, Do you want to put all your relay eggs in one basket?, in
Conf. Rec. IEEE PCIC99, 1999, pp. 195206.
[5] Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear, IEEE
C37.20.1-1993.
[6] Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear, IEEE C37.20.2-1999.
[7] Motors and Generators, NEMA MG-1-1998.
[8] National Electrical Code, NFPA 70, 1999.
[9] Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear. IEEE C37.20.2-1999.
[10] A. Kelly, Relay response to motor residual voltage during automatic
transfer, AIEE Trans., pp. 245252, Sep. 1955.
[11] J. R. Dunki-Jacobs, Transient stability criteria of industrial power systemsA qualitative analysis, presented at the AIEE Petroleum Industry
Conf., Oklahoma City, OK, Sept. 2528, 1960, Paper CP 60-1176.
[12] R. H. Daugherty, Analysis of transient electrical torques and shaft
torques in induction motors as a result of power supply disturbances,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Gen. Appl., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 28262836, May/June
1970.

Roy E. Coss, Jr. (S66M68SM99) received the

B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. degrees from the University
of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, in 1968 and
1972, respectively.
He is currently with Powell Electrical Manufacturing Company, Houston, TX, where he is Powell
Apparatus Service Division Technical Director. He
has over 30 years of electrical engineering experience
in the petrochemical, marine, pipeline, cogeneration,
and IPP Industries. His experience encompasses
conceptual design, detailed engineering, training,
startup, maintenance, and operations. His specialty is power system analysis.
Mr. Coss is one of the original organizers of the IEEE Houston Continuing
Education On Demand series, and he has presented technical seminars for this
program. He has coauthored and presented IEEE conference technical papers.
He is a Registered Professional Engineer in the States of Texas and Louisiana.

COSS et al.: SECONDARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM RESIDUAL BUS TRANSFER

James E. Bowen (M83SM04) received the

B.S.E.E. degree from Texas A&M University,
College Station, in 1976.
After working for S.I.P. Engineering as a Power
Engineer for three years, he joined Exxon Chemicals
in 1979. His duties included maintenance, project
design, construction follow-up, and commissioning
for petrochemical and cogeneration processes. In
1997, he joined Powell Electrical Manufacturing
Company, Houston, TX, as Technical Director,
where he provides leadership in the design development of medium-voltage switchgear and circuit breakers.
Mr. Bowen has presented numerous technical seminars for the IEEE Houston
Section Continuing Education On Demand. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas and an active member of the IEEE.

119

Stephen H. Kerr (A92M97) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, in 1976.
After working for an engineering contractor for
three years, he joined Exxon at the Baton Rouge
Chemical Plant as Project Engineer for facility
design projects. In 1983, he transferred to the
Exxon Production department as LaBarge project
Lead Electrical Engineer. After project completion,
he transferred to the LaBarge Operations on-site
engineering group, where he was responsible for
surveillance, project development, and design. In 1991, he transferred to the
Production Technology Department, where he was involved in large project
development and execution, including a 15-month stint to the Santa Ynez
project to assist in construction completion and startup. In 1997, he transferred
to Houston, TX, as Lead Electrical Engineer for the Diana project, and he is
presently Lead Electrical Engineer for the ExxonMobil Kizomba Project.

Copyright 2005 IEEE.

Reprinted from IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 41, NO. 1,
JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2005, PAGES 112-119.
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