EC Seminar March 2015

Design and detailing of
Prestressed Building Floors in

Singapore using Euro Code
March 18th 2015
Max Meyer
Group Technical Officer
VSL International
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors

3. Design specifics when designing and
detailing prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in
buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor
using BS8110 and EC2
Compression and tension due to

normal force
Concrete in Compression
Concrete in Tension
Concrete in Compression
Concrete in Tension
Concrete in Tension
PRECOMPRESSION
By PRESTRESSING
Compressive and tensile normal

stresses due to bending
Load
Tension
Tension
Load
Tension
Passive steel to take tension in

concrete
Tension
Tension
Steel to take tension

forces
Tension
BALANCING of external loading

by prestressing
Prestressing tendons need to be stressed not

Just for SLS
Stress-strain diagram
RC and pre-stress steel
Flexural strains over cross section:

i) Non stressed pre-stressing steel
ii) stressed pre-stressing steel
iii) RC
High strength steel must be stressed to
fully utilize
its ultimate strength
(Graphs are not to scale)
Stress-Strain Diagrams
for prestressing strands and reinforcement
Main effects of prestressing

1. Precompression
Less cracks higher stiffness
2. Balancing of external loads

Less elastic and creep deformation
Slender members
3. Use of high strength steel

Less congestions
Less material to handle
1. Prestressing

buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
Partial Prestressing Concept

Magnitude of prestressing force P can vary
from P=0 (passively reinforced concrete)
to a P large enough to balance with a
suitable tendon profile fully bending
moments due to a given external loading.
What is a sensible amount of prestressing
force P depends on type of structure and
on loading.
TYPES OF PRESTRESSING
Pretensioning
Posttensioning
Internal
External
1. Prestressing

buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
Corrosion protection of prestressing steel

(internal and bonded prestressing)
Initial approach
Pretensioning strands:
by alkaline characteristics of concrete, strands are embedded in
with structural/restraint perimeter cracks (if any) small enough
not to comprise corrosion confinement function of concrete.
Posttensioning strands:
by alkaline characteristics of grout around strands in tendon
duct and of concrete, tendons are embedded in
with structural/restraint perimeter cracks (if any) small enough
not to comprise corrosion confinement function of concrete and
grout.
Corrosion protection of prestressing steel

(internal and bonded prestressing)
Todays approach
Pretensioning strands: no improvements. Of particular
concern are still the end zones of pretensioned girders,
where cracking is a structural necessity during load
transfer.
Posttensioning strands: Provision of different hardware
configuration for three protection levels (PL 1 to PL 3)
PL1 (EC): alkaline characteristics of grout

around strands in tendon duct and of
concrete tendons are embedded in (with
structural/restraint perimeter cracks if any
small enough not to comprise corrosion
confinement function of concrete and grout).
PL2 and PL3 (state of the art PT technology
for higher exposure classes and lower
structural protection layers): conventional
metallic tendon duct is replaced by a leak
tight HDPE duct (PT Plus duct) and
provision of permanent grout cap for the
anchorages.
Increase in concrete cover or provision of compression around

tendons is not considered to be an effective and reliable method to
improve corrosion protection for internal bonded prestressing strands.
TYPE OF
PRESTRESSING
pretensioning
Strand
embedded in
crack free
concrete
PL1
Conventional
Posttensioning
(EC2)
Grout around
PL1
strands confined
by metallic duct
embedded in
crack free
concrete
Posttensioning
With unbonded
monostrands
Grease around
strand confined
by leak
Tight PE tube
State of the art

Posttensioning
PL2
Grout around
PL2
strands confined
by leak tight PT
Plus duct
PL2
1. Prestressing

buildings
Prestressed Floor Slabs in Buildings

A Singapore Success Story
Orchard Tower, 1978
Marina Bay Sands, 2011
DESIGN ADVANTAGES
More for less
Shallow structural depth: flat plates, drop
panel slabs and banded beam/1-way slab
instead of beam/slab systems:
more number of floors for given height
less enclosed space for given number of
floors (less aircon running costs)
Less obstruction for M+E
ducting/wiring
Bigger column-free spans without need for
excessive structural depth less
limitations for future potential change of
use
Better crack & deflection control
CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES
More for less
Use of high strength steel with 4 x UTS of ordinary
reinforcement (less material to be handled)
Simple geometry, which allows to cast entire floor efficiently
in situ (precasting of only part of floor does not really
improve productivity similar to bridge decks, which are only
partially precast)
Less on-site labour
Quicker turn-around of formwork
Faster construction
Labour, time and material savings

Improved productivity
Savings in costs
Construction sequences/cycles
Taikooshing Cityplaza 3 & 4
66 m
32 m
1800 x 500 Edge Beam
300
Pour 1
Pour 2
Pour 3
Pour 4
4-Day Construction Cycle

Activities
Stressing
Flying forms
Reinforcement
Tendons
Concreting
Curing
Columns
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 1 AM: Stressing of PT tendons
Day 1 PM: Stripping of forms
Day 1 PM: Flying of table forms
Day 2 AM: Installation of rebar & tendons
Day 3 AM: Concreting
Day 4: Curing of concrete & Casting columns
Fast-Track Construction
Traditional Construction
Earlier access for follow-on trades
Prestressing of building floors is

not a technical necessity as
prestressing of concrete bridge
girders but a choice for economical
reasons.
1. Prestressing

buildings
Structural aspects of prestressed

floor slabs in buildings
Made from reinforced and prestressed
concrete, which is a non linear composite
material.
Part of the overall building frame.
Highly statically in determined.
Activated in numerous stages staggered over
long period of time.
Have always significant restraints against free
shortening of floors due to prestressing and
associated creep.
Structural aspects of prestressed

floor slabs in buildings
Not possible to accurately model
concrete floor slabs in buildings.
Need for different models to address
different aspects of design and detailing:
Gravity loading
Lateral loading
Shortening due to prestressing
Most important principles:

Equilibrium
Ductility
Prestressed floor slabs in

buildings
Deviation forces more important than
compression since difficult to predict
precisely (restraint effects).
Different to concrete bridges applied load
similar or bigger than dead load.
Prestressing is a choice for economical
reasons.
Partial Prestressing is a must!
Partial prestressing is most economical, if drape

for tendon profiles is maximized
minimum permissible concrete cover
(magnitude of cover has big impact on
achievable drape for tendon profiles in thin
members)
Design aspects
Pre-stressing losses
Friction losses
Elastic shortening,
if more than 1 cable is stressed
Relaxation of prestressing steel
Creep
Shrinkage
Design aspects:
Secondary Moment
External load (self weight)
Prestressing layout
Prestressing load case modelled
with externally applied anchor
and deviation forces
Deformation of individual spans
Secondary moment due
to prestressing moment
1. Prestressing

buildings
VSL Slab P-T systems for thin members slabs of building

floors
unbonded
bonded
bonded
VSL monostrand system
VSLab system
Vslab system
HDPE duct
Metallic galvanized duct
HDPE PT Plus duct
Permanent grout cap

PL2
Permanent grout cap

PL1
PL2
VSL multistrand P-T system for deep members beams of

floors in buildings
bonded
bonded
VSL Gc System
VSL Gc System
Metallic galvanized duct
HDPE PT Plus duct

Permanent grout cap
PL1
PL2
Design and detailing of

reinforcement in D region at
tendon anchorages
BS8110
EC2
Local zone
reinforcement
Designer
PT
supplier
General zone
reinforcement
Designer
Designer
Local zone reinforcement
General zone reinforcement
1. Prestressing

buildings
Design/detailing of a warehouse
floor using BS8110 and EC2
Design Report
prepared by
Surya Kusuma
Fabian Graber
Presented example is not an optimized

design.
For all items comprehensive sets of
formula are given with direct references to
the code.
The Structural Eurocode

Programme
EN 1990
Eurocode 0
Basis of structural design
EN 1991
Eurocode 1
Actions on structures
EN 1992
Eurocode 2
Design of concrete structures
EN 1993
Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
EN 1994
Eurocode 4
Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995
Eurocode 5
Design of timber structures
EN 1996
Eurocode 6
Design of masonry structures
EN 1997
Eurocode 7
Geotechnical design
EN 1998
Eurocode 8
Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999
Eurocode 9
Design of aluminium structures
Nationally determined parameters defined in National Annex
Design/detailing of a warehouse floor

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams
and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces
to be achieved by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and
static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
Floor Systems in Buildings
Structural
system
Loading in kN/m2
Light
LL=2.5 to 7.5
Medium
LL=7.5 to 15
Heavy
LL=15 to 30
Flat Slabs
L/38 to L/42
Flat Slabs with

drop panels
L/37 to L/43
L/30 to L/39
L/28 to L/34
beam
slab
beam
slab
beam
slab
L/25 to
L/31
L/32 to
L/37
L/15 to
L/19
L/27 to
L/36
L/12 to
L/17
L/16 to
L/20
L/15 to
l/17
L/29 to
L/36
1-way slab/beam
2-way slab/beam
PT layout
2-way flat slab

(RC middle strip)
2-way flat slab
PT layout
2-way flat slab with drop panels

(RC middle strip)
Floor System PT Layout
2-way flat slab with

drop panels
PT layout
Ribbed beams & slab
Floor System PT Layout
1-way slab/beam

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Design philosophy
for design of floors in buildings
BS8110
EC2
resistance
ULS:
bending, beam and
punching shear, torsion
ULS:
Bending, beam and punching
shear, torsion
(fatigue)
serviceability
SLS
Crack control
Deformation
Not covered: Vibration
(Fatigue)
Durability
Fire resistance
SLS
Stress limitations in concrete
and steel
Crack control
Deformation
Not covered: Vibration
durability
Fire resistance
Corrosion protection of
embedded steel
Resistance of concrete to attack
X
Design philosophy ULS

Effects due to design values of actions=
Effects of (partial load factor) x (characteristic
value of actions)
Effects of the corresponding resistance, which is a

function of design value of the material
property ({characteristic value of the material
property}/{partial factor for material})
Design philosophy SLS

Effects due to design values of actions
Limiting design values of the relevant

serviceability criterion

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Partial factors for actions (ULS)

BS8110
EC2
adverse
beneficial
LC with
wind
Adverse
Beneficial
(unfavourable) (favourable)
Accompan
ying
variable
action
Self weight
1.4
1.0
1.4/1.2/1
.0
1.35 or
=.925*1.35
= 1.26
1.0
1.35
Superimposed
dead load
1.4
1.0
1.4/1.2/1
.0
1.35
1.0
1.35
Shrinkage
1.0
1.0
1.0
Prestressing
(1.2)
0.9
0.9
1.5 or
o*1.5 =
1.0*1.5 = 1.5
1.5*o=
1.5*1.0 / 0
Live load
1.6
1.2/0
Partial factors for materials

(ULS)
BS8110
EC2
ULS
ULS
Persistent/
transient
accidental
Persistent/
transient
accidental
Concrete
1.5
(bending/ normal
force)
1.3
1.5
1.2
Reinforcement
1.15
1.0
1.15
1.0
Prestressing
1.15
1.0
1.15
1.0

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
BS8110
EC2
BS8110
(cube)
EC2
(cylinder)
Design compressive stress ULS
17.9Mpa
18.1Mpa
Permissible fibre
compressive stress SLS
transfer
Min {0.5*25=12.5;0.4*40 =
16} = 12.5Mpa
0.6*20 = 12.0Mpa
service
General: 0.33*40 = 13.2Mpa

At support:
0.4*40=16Mpa
0.45*32 = 14.4Mpa
transfer
Class 2: 1.8Mpa
2.1Mpa
service
Class 2: 2.3Mpa
Class 3: 4.0Mpa
3.0Mpa
Permissible flexural fibre

tensile stress SLS
Hypothetical flexural fibre tensile

stress
Class 3, 0.2mm:
Slab (275mm):
Beam (800mm):
Shear stress (to control compressive

stress in inclined compression strut)
5.1Mpa
1.11*0.52*18.1/~2 =
5.2Mpa
BS8110
EC2
Stress limitation in
reinforcement (SLS)
BS8110
Minimum
reinforcement for crack
control
Maximum stress level
in passive
reinforcement in
cracked zone
EC2
For 16 at 200mm and
0.3mm crack width:
240MPa
(2.3+4)*0.5/1%= 315MPa
0.8*500 = 400MPa
BS8110
EC2
BS8110
EC2
Stressing force
75%*1860 = 1395Pa
90%*1636 = 1472MPa
=79%*1860
Maximum force after

transfer
70%x1860 = 1302Mpa
85%*1636 = 75%*1860 =
1391MPa
Maximum stress level

SLS in cracked zone
Not defined
0.75*1860 = 1395Mpa

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Durability
Environment
Exposure
conditions
Class
designation
Mild
Sheltered from
severe rain
Xo
Moderate
Sheltered from
severe rain,
exposed to
condensation
No risk of
corrosion or
attack
carbonation
XC1 to XC4
chlorides
XD1 to XD3
Chlorides from
sea water
XS1 to XS3
Freeze/thaw
attack
XF1 to XF4
Chemical attack
XA1 to XA3
Severe
Severe rain,
alternate wetting
and drying
Very severe
Sea water
Extreme
Abrasive actions
Nominal cover
Minimum cover
Maximum crack width
Table 7.1N gives recommended values for

maximum crack width for different exposure
classes
With regard to prestressing recommended values
shall be use in absence of more detailed
requirements
FIB has defined and published such more
detailed requirements, which ensure, that
internal prestressing tendons exposed to higher
exposure classes are well protected against
corrosion without need for increased concrete
cover and need for compression (of questionable
effect in buildings due to restraint effects).
Exposure
class
Reinforced
members
Prestressing
Plastic ducts
providing leak tight
encapsulation
Unbonded
in plastic
ducts
Steel ducts
Bonded
in PT
Plus
ducts
Quasi permanent LC
Quasi
permanent
LC
Frequent LC
X0, XC1
0.4mm
0.4mm
0.2mm
0.2mm
XC2, XC3,
XC4
0.3mm
0.3mm
Compression
check
0.2mm
Compression
check
Compression
check
XD1, XD2,
XS1, XS2,
XS3
Modified table 7.1N (EC2 1992-1-1 page 119)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Four storey warehouse building

floors do not have to be designed for transfer of horizontal
loading
Design working life: 50 years

Exposure:
Location: Singapore, inland (tropical, but not coastal)
Non air conditioned (average relative humidity in
Singapore 85%)
Exposure class XC3 (concrete inside building with high air
humidity sheltered from rain)
Loading:
Selfweight: 25kN/m3
SDL: 2kN/m2
LL (warehouse): 15kN/m2
Fire rating: 2 hours

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Beam
Slab
BS8110
EC2
Type of PT
GC 6-12, PL1
GC 6-12, PL2
Duct
Corrugated metal
duct, circular
80/87
PT Plus plastic
duct, circular
76/81
Friction coefficient
0.18rad-1
0.12rad-1
Wobble factor
0.005m-1
0.005m-1
Type of PT
VSLab 6-4 and 6-5, VSLab 6-4 and 6-5,

PL1
PL2
Duct
Corrugated metal
duct, flat
20x90
PT Plus
plastic duct,
Flat
25x90
Friction coefficient
0.18rad-1
0.12rad-1
Wobble factor
0.005m-1
0.005m-1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Typical cross-section BS8110
Typical cross-section EC2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
tendon profile beam
tendon profile slab
BS8110
EC2
Beam
Slab
Beam
Slab
Drape
615mm
180mm
510mm
153mm
Short term losses
13.9%
15.8%
11.4%
12.3%
Shrinkage strain
220
280
260
290
Creep coefficient
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.3
Relaxation
49MPa
49MPa
67MPa
67MPa
Long term losses
14.9%
12.9%
8.9%
8.7%
Uplift/DL
105%
170%
110%
150%

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Equivalent frame analysis
This model is only for the calculation of static forces from vertical loading and
for calculation of secondary effects due to primary moment from load case
prestressing.
beam effective flange width BS8110
beam effective flange width EC2
Loading
Selfweight
Prestressing
T=0
T=inf
Superimposed dead load

Live load (pattern loading)
Concrete fibre stresses

For concrete strength at 20Mpa (fck)
For concrete strength at t=28 days
BS8110
SLS
SLS-1
T0
EC2
transfer
Fibre
stresses
SLS-1
T0
transfer
Fibre stresses
SLS-2 Pattern
Tinf
loading
Fibre
stresses
SLS-2
/SLS-5
Tinf
Characteristic LC
Fibre stresses; Check,

where sections are
crackedreinf. to
limit crack width
Deflection
SLS-3
Tinf
Quasipermanent
LC
min reinforcement
due to crack control;
Deflection
SLS-4
Tinf
Quasipermanent
LC
Deflection
0.75*LL
ULS-bending
Maximum bending
ULS-shear
Maximum shear
ULS-torsion
Maximum torsion
ULS-support
reactions
(column
loading)
Moment and normal force

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
SLS top fibre stresses for beam BS8110
SLS bottom fibre stresses for beam BS8110
SLS top fibre stresses for beam EC2
SLS bottom fibre stresses for beam EC2
SLS top fibre stresses for slab BS8110
SLS bottom fibre stresses for slab BS8110
SLS top fibre stresses for slab EC2
SLS bottom fibre stresses for slab EC2
beam BS8110
slab BS8110
beam EC2
slab EC2
MULS for beam BS8110
VULS for beam BS8110
MULS for beam EC2
VULS for beam EC2
MULS for slab BS8110
VULS for slab BS8110
MULS for slab EC2
VULS for slab EC2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Design philosophy
Partial factors
Material properties
Durability
Design input
and slab
12. ULS checks
Applied
Bending
[kNm]
BS8100
EC2
BS8100
EC2
support
face
-3458
-3572
-4080
-4072
midspan
4347
4055
4825
4623
support
face
-1957
-2051
-2459
-2416
midspan
1488
1422
1833
1792
Beam
support
face
2270
2177
Stirrups:
1.89mm
Stirrups:
7.17mm
Slab
support
face
1860
1827
Beam
Slab
Shear
[kN]
Capacity
THE END
Content
1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
Transfer Plate - Function
Transfer of high concentrated forces

Thick plates or beams with high rebar content
Shear Controlled
Layered Construction
Stage 1: Casting 1st layer (~ 1/3 d)
Stressing bottom tendons
Stage 2: Casting remaining plate

(supported by 1st layer)
Stage 3: Stressing middle and top
tendons
Stage 4: Construction of floors above

can proceed
MATERIAL & COST COMPARISON

PT VS RC
TRANSFER PLATE
120
100
80
RC
PT
60
40
20
0
Concrete
Rebars
Fmwk
Cost
Pacific Place
Plate area: 1,400m2
Plate thickness: 4.5m thick
Concrete volume: 6,300m3
Layered construction: 3 x 1.5m
thk
Reinforcement ratio:
RC @ 480 kg/m3 to 180 kg/m3
PT ratio: 27kg/m3
Technical Paper:
Design of Concrete Slabs for Transverse Shear,
Peter Marti, ACI Journal 87-S19
Pacific Place Transfer Plate
Arrangement of Load Bearing Wall & Columns
Pacific Place
Completed
During Construction
Design Advantages
Thinner Plate reduced
selfweight
Better crack control
Better deflection control
Enhanced shear strength
Reduced shear at support
Construction Advantages
Thinner Plate - less concrete

Less reinforcement, less congestion
Layered construction
Lighter supporting false work
Faster construction
Content
1. Transfer plates
3. Foundations
Special Applications:
ICC: PT Out-Rigger VSL AF6-31
International Commerce Center Hong Kong

(ICC)
PLAN
ELEVATION
Integrated Resort Sands

Singapore
Prestressed shear walls

Singapore
Temporary Props
Max Cap. 8000kN
Prop Length up to ~40m
Temporary Post Tensioning

AF 6-19

Singapore
Content
1. Transfer plates
3. Foundations
PT foundation rafts assure load

transfer in soft ground and
water tightness below water table
Warehouse, Switzerland
Raffle City, Singapore
PT provides material and labour savings,

and reduces congestion in 5 m deep raft
10,000 m2 Bur Juman raft, Dubai
PT raft beats RC raft in competitive bid in Dubai

and provides improved serviceability
Note: Conventional raft had up to 5 layers of 50 mm reinforcing

bars each way. The PT raft had typically 2 layers of 40 mm,
and used 21 kg/m3 PT bonded PT tendons.

EC Seminar March 2015

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Design and detailing of

Prestressed Building Floors in

2. Why to prestress building floors

Compression and tension due to

Compressive and tensile normal

Passive steel to take tension in

Steel to take tension

BALANCING of external loading

Prestressing tendons need to be stressed not

Flexural strains over cross section:

Main effects of prestressing

2. Balancing of external loads

3. Use of high strength steel

2. Why to prestress building floors

Partial Prestressing Concept

2. Why to prestress building floors

Corrosion protection of prestressing steel

Corrosion protection of prestressing steel

PL1 (EC): alkaline characteristics of grout

Increase in concrete cover or provision of compression around

State of the art

2. Why to prestress building floors

Prestressed Floor Slabs in Buildings

Marina Bay Sands, 2011

Labour, time and material savings

1800 x 500 Edge Beam

4-Day Construction Cycle

Day 1 AM: Stressing of PT tendons

Day 1 PM: Stripping of forms

Day 1 PM: Flying of table forms

Day 2 AM: Installation of rebar & tendons

Day 3 AM: Concreting

Day 4: Curing of concrete & Casting columns

Earlier access for follow-on trades

Prestressing of building floors is

2. Why to prestress building floors

Structural aspects of prestressed

Structural aspects of prestressed

Most important principles:

Prestressed floor slabs in

Partial prestressing is most economical, if drape

2. Why to prestress building floors

VSL Slab P-T systems for thin members slabs of building

VSL monostrand system

Metallic galvanized duct

HDPE PT Plus duct

Permanent grout cap

Permanent grout cap

VSL multistrand P-T system for deep members beams of

Metallic galvanized duct

HDPE PT Plus duct

Design and detailing of

Local zone reinforcement

General zone reinforcement

2. Why to prestress building floors

Presented example is not an optimized

The Structural Eurocode

Basis of structural design

Design of concrete structures

Design of steel structures

Design of composite steel and concrete structures

Design of timber structures

Design of masonry structures

Design of structures for earthquake resistance