VISIBLE
Light
bulb
563 THz
281 THz
u
u
503 nm
1.01 m
10.7 PHz
41.8 eV
5.36 PHz
20.9 eV
141 THz
2.01 m
35.2 THz
17.6 THz
2.68 PHz
TRUM u
VISIBLE SPEC
u
u
u
u
669 THz
2.61 eV
8.80 THz
4.40 THz
275 GHz
137 GHz
3.11 eV
423 nm
One Cycle
Per Second
Sizes of
EMR
149 nm
8.79 eV
2.25 PHz
u
u
u
u
4.02 m
8.04 m
16.1 m
68.7 GHz
32.2 m
64.3 m
129 m
257 m
515 m
1.03 mm
2.06 mm
4.12 mm
5.10 meV
2.55 meV
1.28 meV
638 eV
319 eV
12.4 THz
48.6 meV
27.1 m
10.5 THz
24.9 THz
97.1 meV
13.5 m
20.9 THz
49.8 THz
194 meV
6.76 m
41.8 THz
u
u
1.85 eV
Telecom
5.23 THz
2.62 THz
24.3 meV
108 m
100m
3TuHz
3.11 THz
V
me
12.1
777 GHz
3.03 meV
433 m
654 GHz
1.55 THz
6.07 meV
216 m
1.31 THz
6.22 THz
54.1 m
389 GHz
1.52 meV
866 m
z
GH
183
n
Water absorptio
327 GHz
1.73 mm
163 GHz
194 GHz
759 eV
97.2 GHz
379 eV
u
473 THz
ECTRUM u
VISIBLE SP
u
u
u
u
u
2.20 eV
598 nm
u
2.39 m
549 meV
2.84 m
118 THz
141 THz
462 meV
4.78 m
275 meV
5.69 m
59.2 THz
70.4 THz
231 meV
9.56 m
137 meV
11.4 m
29.6 THz
35.2 THz
115 meV
19.1 m
68.7 meV
22.7 m
14.8 THz
17.6 THz
57.7 meV
38.3 m
34.3 meV
45.5 m
7.40 THz
8.80 THz
28.9 meV
17.2 meV
91.0 m
76.5 m
153 m
8.58 meV
182 m
1.85 THz
2.20 THz
7.22 meV
306 m
4.29 meV
364 m
925 GHz
1.10 THz
3.61 meV
1.46 mm
2.91 mm
462 GHz
612 m
1.22 mm
231 GHz
GHz
.75
118
n
tio
O2 absorp
451 eV
56GHz
u
226 eV
2.45 mm
116 GHz
Hz
60G
n
tio
orp
abs
O2
57.8 GHz
4.90 mm
2.15 meV
1.07 meV
275 GHz
536 eV
137 GHz
268 eV
68.7 GHz
122
123
124
121
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
108
107
106
105
160 eV
104
8.24 mm
H
H
Absorption line
White Hot
Red Hot
Hot
CMB
Wavelength
H H H
H
R =
14388 1
5
T
600 GHz
CMB
550 GHz
190 eV
6.93 mm
urtz Above)
40.9 GHz
Microwave Ka-band (K
25GHz
27.
Hz
22G
n
tio
orp
abs
34.4 GHz
34.4 GHz
Water
u
134 eV
9.79 mm
GHz
9
28.
z)
urt
(K
and
eV
K-b
113
Microwave
11.6 mm
18GHz
24.3 GHz
94.8 eV
u
13.9 mm
urtz Under)
z
GH
4
20.
Microwave Ku-band (K
79.8 eV
16.5 mm
Hz
5G
17.2 GHz
17.2 GHz
12.
67.1 eV
rks the spot)
19.6 mm
u
z SI-time standard
14.4 GHz
Microwave X-band (X ma
eV
4
Cs-133 9,192,631,770H
56.
23.3 mm
12.1 GHz
47.4 eV
8GHz
27.7 mm
z
GH
2
10.
u
39.9 eV
romise)
32.9 mm
mp
(Co
and
C-b
ve
8.59 GHz
8.59 GHz
wa
Micro
33.5 eV
mm
2
39.
z
GH
2
7.2
N
eV
2
LA
28.
ss
Wirele
46.6 mm
4GHz
6.07 GHz
22 24
23.7 eV
12 14 16 18 20
55.4 mm
02 04 06 08 10
z
GH
1
5.1
21 23
eV
9
11 13 15 17 19
19.
09
07
05
mm
)
03
9
ort
01
65.
ITFS
4.29 GHz
4.29 GHz
Microwave S-band (Sh
16.8 eV
W-LAN
78.3 mm
3.61 GHz
en
Ov
ve
wa
eV
cro
1
Mi
14.
93.2 mm
Cordless phone
3.04 GHz
2.45GHz
11.9 eV
2.4GHz
111 mm
2GHz
GPS
z
GH
5
3G
2.5
3G
u
L4 Ion.
9.97 eV
CP
132 mm
GPS (Long)
CP
5 GHz
2.15 GHz
2.1
and
Civil
3G
L1
eV
L-b
8
ve
8.3
wa
GPS
cro
157 mm
L3 Nuc.
1.81 GHz
H Mi
S
GP
eV
S
5
GP
7.0
PP P
P
186 mm
GPSe
L2 Mil.
1GHz
[L5 SoL]
1.52 GHz
Spac
83
5.93 eV
76 77 78 79 80 81 82
222 mm
z
69 70 71 72 73 74 75
GH
68
8
67
1.2
66
65
64
63
62
u
4.98 eV
56 57 58 59 60 61
264 mm
50 51 52 53 54 55
1.07 GHz
1.07 GHz
44 45 46 47 48 49
4.19 eV
38 39 40 41 42 43
mm
one
313
Ph
33 34 35 36 37
ll
32
Ce
31
z
30
MH
29
94
903
CP
90 91 92 93
25 26 27 28
89
24
eV
88
2
23
87
3.5
22
86
GMRS
373 mm
81 82 83 84 85
17 18 19 20 21
P
P
15 16
14
76 77 78 79 80
759 MHz
FRS
74 75 76
ous)
m
eV
evi
6
Ha
(Pr
2.9
m
3/4
and
69 70 71 72 73
P-b
mm
68
v
ve
67
443
wa
Go
66
cro
65
Mi
64
SOS
63
62
638 MHz
61
60
59
58
2.49 eV
57
56
55
54
527 mm
53
52
51
50
537 MHz
537 MHz
49
48
Military
47
2.10 eV
46
45
44
627 mm
43
42
41
MHz
40
451
39
38
eV
6
37
1.7
36
35
745 mm
34
33
32
380 MHz
Military
1.48 eV
SOS
0.3GHz
886 mm
1 41 m
z
31
MH
30
319
29
28
eV
5
13
1.2
27
12
m
26
5
1.0
25
11
24
10
23
268 MHz
9
268 MHz
13
8
eV
5
12
1.0
7
11
m
1.25
10
PP
09
P
226 MHz
Marine Mobile
08
07
881 neV
22
2m
1.49 m
W
20
z
W 21
MH
190
19
Aeronautical
neV
18
741
SOS
17
1.77 m
16
FM Radio
160 MHz
15
107.9
.1
104
neV
14
623
.1
100
m
1
99
2.1
96.1
98
92.1
134 MHz
134 MHz
7
97
87.
neV
524
m
96
2.51
6
MHz
95
113
5
neV
441
06
2.98 m
4
05
94.9 MHz
Remote Ctrl
370 neV
3
4
3.55 m
z
MH
8
2
79.
3
312 neV
(In) Baby
6m Ham Radio
4.22 m
mon.
2
Cordless Phone (Out)
67.1 MHz
67.1 MHz
neV
262
T-14
m
5.01
56.4 MHz
T-13
neV
220
5.96 m
T-12
47.5 MHz
185 neV
7.09 m
T-11
10m Ham
z
MH
9
39.
CB
11m
156 neV
8.43 m
33.6 MHz
e
33.6 MHz
Marin
T-10
131 neV
15m 13m
10.0 m
Aero
2 MHz
28.
neV
110
16m
11.9 m
T-9
Marine
23.7 MHz
19m
92.6 neV
20m
14.2 m
T-8
z
MH
0
22m
20.
77.9 neV
Marine
25m
16.9 m
Aero
T-8
16.8 MHz
16.8 MHz
65.5 neV
20.1 m
International
Intnl. and relays
14.1 MHz
Aero
neV
Marine
1
55.
23.9 m
T-7
11.9 MHz
46.3 neV
28.4 m
40m Ham
z
MH
8
9.9
Aero
38.9 neV
Marine
33.7 m
49m
8.39 MHz
8.39 MHz
32.7 neV
40.1 m
Aero
7.05 MHz
60m
neV
5
27.
47.7 m
Tropics
5.93 MHz
23.2 neV
Marine
56.7 m
Marine
z
MH
9
4.9
80m Ham Radio
19.5 neV
67.5 m
90m
Aero
4.19 MHz
4.19 MHz
16.4 neV
80.2 m
z
Aeronautical
MH
3
3.5
neV
8
e
13.
Marin
95.4 m
120m Tropics
SOS
2.97 MHz
11.6 neV
Marine
113 m
z
MH
9
2.4
Marine
160 Meters Ham Radio
9.74 neV
135 m
1600
ns
2.10 MHz
aco
2.10 MHz
0
Be
150
neV
9
and
8.1
X-B
0
140
160 m
0
MHz
6
130
1.7
neV
8
0
6.8
120
191 m
1100
1.48 MHz
5.79 neV
1000
227 m
z
MH
5
1.2
900
4.87 neV
AM Radio
270 m
800
1.05 MHz
1.05 MHz
4.09 neV
700
321 m
882 kHz
neV
4
3.4
600
382 m
540
741 kHz
SOS W
2.89 neV
454 m
z
kH
623
Beacons
neV
3
2.4
m
e
540
Morse cod
524 kHz
524 kHz
neV
5
2.0
642 m
kHz
441
ns
aco
Be
l
neV
ona
EU&Asia AM
2
ati
1.7
Navig
763 m
Marine Radio
371 kHz
1.45 neV
908 m
Marine Radio
z
kH
rope and Asia AM
312
Eu
1.22 neV
ns
1.08 km
aco
Be
l
ona
ati
262 kHz
262 kHz
vig
Na
1.02 neV
1.28 km
kHz
220
peV
rk
860
two
y Ne
1.53 km
Ground Wave Emergenc
185 kHz
Maritime Mobile
724 peV
Maritime Mobile
1.82 km
z
kH
156
608 peV
Radiolocation
2.16 km
131 kHz
131 kHz
512 peV
7 km
2.5
LORAN-C navigation
z
kH
110
peV
430
3.05 km
92.7 kHz
362 peV
3.63 km
Maritime Mobile
z
kH
9
77.
Maritime Mobile
304 peV
4.32 km
65.5 kHz
65.5 kHz
peV
256
5.13 km
kHz
1
55.
Hz
peV
75k
215
40.
6.11 km
46.3 kHz
b
181 peV
b b b b
b
z
b b
7.26 km
b b
30.0kH
b b b
z
b b
kH
0
Maritime Mobile
39.
b b b b b b
b b b
b b b b
152 peV
b b b b
b
b
8.64 km
Hz
32.8 kHz
24k
32.8 kHz
z
128 peV
10.3 km
21.4kHz 22.3kH
6 kHz
27.
bile
Mo
me
riti
peV
Ma
z
108
12.2 km
17.8kHz 18.6kH
23.2 kHz
90.4 peV
14.5 km
z
14.7kHz
kH
5
Maritime Mobile
19.
13.6kHz
15.5kHz
76.1 peV
17.3 km
Maritime Mobile
16.4 kHz
16.4 kHz
64.0 peV
km
5
20.
z
kH
n
8
13.
Radionavigatio
peV
8
53.
24.4 km
11.6 kHz
45.2 peV
29.0 km
z
kH
4
9.7
38.0 peV
34.5 km
8.19 kHz
8.19 kHz
32.0 peV
41.1 km
6.89 kHz
peV
9
26.
48.8 km
5.79 kHz
22.6 peV
58.1 km
z
kH
7
4.8
19.0 peV
69.1 km
4.10 kHz
4.10 kHz
16.0 peV
82.2 km
3.44 kHz
peV
4
13.
97.7 km
2.90 kHz
11.3 peV
116 km
z
kH
4
2.4
9.51 peV
138 km
2.05 kHz
2.05 kHz
7.99 peV
164 km
1.72 kHz
peV
2
6.7
195 km
1.45 kHz
5.65 peV
232 km
z
kH
2
1.2
4.75 peV
276 km
1.02 kHz
1.02 kHz
4.00 peV
329 km
861 Hz
peV
6
3.3
391 km
724 Hz
2.83 peV
465 km
Hz
A
609
400Hz
2.38 peV
553 km
512 Hz
512 Hz
Airplane Power
2.00 peV
657 km
431 Hz
peV
8
1.6
782 km
362 Hz
1.41 peV
929 km
Hz
304
1.19 peV
1.11 Mm
180Hz
256 Hz
256 Hz
999 feV
1.31 Mm
3rd harmonic
150Hz
215 Hz
feV
840
1.56 Mm
3rd harmonic
120Hz Lights
181 Hz
707 feV
1.86 Mm
hts
Lig
Hz
Hz
152
100
p=
594 feV
2.21 Mm
128 Hz
128 Hz
p=
500 feV
2.63 Mm
108 Hz
feV
420
76Hz
3.13 Mm
90.5 Hz
60Hz Power
353 feV
3.72 Mm
r
Hz
we
1
Po
z
76.
50H
v=
297 feV
4.42 Mm
64.0 Hz
64.0 Hz
v=
250 feV
5.26 Mm
S
8 Hz
53.
)
feV
ves
wa
210
in
S
6.25 Mm
(Gamma bra
45.3 Hz
177 feV
S
30Hz
7.44 Mm
Hz
1
38.
149 feV
)
8.84 Mm
ves
wa
in
S
bra
ta
Be
32.0 Hz
32.0 Hz
(High
125 feV
10.5 Mm
9 Hz
26.
feV
105
S
) 18Hz
12.5 Mm
22.6 Hz
(Mid Beta brain waves
88.3 feV
15Hz
14.9 Mm
Hz
0
19.
)
74.3 feV
S
(Low Beta brain waves
17.7 Mm
12Hz
16.0 Hz
16.0 Hz
62.5 feV
21.0 Mm
13.5 Hz
(Alpha brain waves)
feV
5
52.
25.0 Mm
11.3 Hz
8Hz
8Hz
44.2 feV
29.7 Mm
S
Hz
1
9.5
feV
1
37.
Mm
35.4
8.00 Hz
8.00 Hz
(Theta brain waves)
31.2 feV
42.1 Mm
6.73 Hz
feV
3
26.
50.0 Mm
5.66 Hz
22.1 feV
59.5 Mm
Hz
6
4.7
18.6 feV
70.7 Mm
3Hz
4.00 Hz
4.00 Hz
15.6 feV
84.1 Mm
3.36 Hz
feV
1
13.
100 Mm
2.83 Hz
11.0 feV
119 Mm
Hz
8
2.3
9.28 feV
141 Mm
2.00 Hz
2.00 Hz
7.81 feV
168 Mm
1.68 Hz
feV
6
6.5
200 Mm
1.41 Hz
5.52 feV
238 Mm
Hz
9
1.1
4.64 feV
283 Mm
1.00 Hz
1.00 Hz
(Delta brain waves)
3.90 feV
337 Mm
841 mHz
feV
8
3.2
400 Mm
707 mHz
2.76 feV
476 Mm
z
mH
595
2.32 feV
566 Mm
500 mHz
500 mHz
1.95 feV
673 Mm
420 mHz
feV
4
1.6
800 Mm
354 mHz
1.38 feV
952 Mm
z
mH
297
1.16 feV
1.13 Gm
250 mHz
250 mHz
976 aeV
1.35 Gm
210 mHz
aeV
821
1.60 Gm
177 mHz
690 aeV
1.90 Gm
z
mH
149
580 aeV
0.1Hz
2.26 Gm
125 mHz
125 mHz
488 aeV
2.69 Gm
105 mHz
aeV
410
3.20 Gm
88.4 mHz
345 aeV
3.81 Gm
z
mH
3
74.
290 aeV
4.53 Gm
62.5 mHz
62.5 mHz
244 aeV
5.38 Gm
52.6 mHz
aeV
205
6.40 Gm
44.2 mHz
173 aeV
7.61 Gm
z
mH
2
37.
145 aeV
9.05 Gm
1
31.2 mHz
31.2 mHz
Hz
122 aeV
10.8 Gm
26.3 mHz
aeV
m
103
12.8 Gm
1
22.1 mHz
86.3 aeV
eV
Energy
15.2 Gm
velength
Wa
ncy
Freque
u
Johann Balmer created this formula defining the photon emission wavelength ();
where m is the initial electron energy level and n is the final electron energy level:
m2
= 364.56nm
2
2
m n
Much of the interstellar matter is made of the simplest atom hydrogen. The hydrogen
visible-spectrum emission and absorption lines are shown below:
4.40 THz
3.70 THz
902 eV
When a photon hits an atom it may be absorbed if the energy is just right. The
energy level of the electron is raised essentially holding the radiation. A new photon
of specific wavelength is created when the energy is released. The jump in energy is
a discrete step and many possible levels of energy exist in an atom.
Emission line
14.4 meV
728 m
As EMR passes through elements, certain wavelength bands get absorbed and some
new ones get emitted. This absorption and emission produces characteristic spectral
lines for each element which are useful in determining the makeup of distant stars.
These lines are used to prove the red-shift amount of distant stars.
65 GHz
ur c
e
Sp
Sp
-E
ace
ace
Particle Nature
The particle nature of EMR is exhibited when a solar cell emits individual electrons when struck with very dim light.
The wave nature of EMR is demonstrated by the famous double slit
experiment that shows cancelling and addition of waves.
Much of the EMR properties are based on theories since we can only
see the effects of EMR and not the actual photon or wave itself.
Albert Einstein theorized that the speed of light is the fastest that
anything can travel. So far he has not been proven wrong.
EMR can have its wavelength changed if the source is receding or
approaching as in the red-shift example of distant galaxies and stars
that are moving away from us at very high speeds. The emitted
spectral light from these receding bodies appears more red than it
would be if the object was not moving away from us.
We only have full electronic control over frequencies in the microwave
range and lower. Higher frequencies must be created by waiting for
the energy to be released from elements as photons. We can either
pump energy into the elements (ex. heating a rock with visible EMR
and letting it release infrared EMR) or let it naturally escape (ex.
uranium decay).
We can only see the visible spectrum. All other bands of the spectrum
are depicted as hatched colours
.
563 THz
281 THz
1.80 meV
A bumblebee can see light in the UVA range which helps them identify certain
flowers.
1.10 eV
Microwave V-band
5.82 mm
48.6 GHz
46GHz
u
u
The sun produces a wide range of frequencies including all the ultraviolet light,
however, UVB is partially filtered by the ozone layer and UVC is totally filtered out
by the earths atmosphere.
1.13 PHz
4.39 eV
1.20 m
100GHz
Microwave W-band
3.46 mm
81.7 GHz
299 nm
237 THz
Far Infrared
Microwave Q-band
36GHz
99.5 THz
The CIE originally divided UVA and UVB at 315nm, later some photo-dermatologists
divided it at 320nm.
280nm
UV-B
924 meV
Thermal Infrared
81.7 meV
10.2 meV
711 nm
Near Infrared
1.42 m
199 THz
388 meV
3.38 m
83.7 THz
163 meV
20.4 meV
14.8 eV
u
u
7.57 PHz
3m
327 meV
40.8 meV
18.7 nm
Short-term UV-A exposure causes sun-tanning which helps to protect against sunburn. Exposure to UV-B is beneficial to humans by helping the skin produce vitamin
D. Excessive UV exposure causes skin damage. UV-C is harmful to humans but is
used as a germicide.
UVA is subdivided into UVA1 and UVA2 for DNA altering effects at 340nm.
EDFA EDFA
777 meV
1.69 m
167 THz
653 meV
100
RADIO WAVES
HF High Frequency
VLF Very Low Frequency
3Hz
Earth
12,756
km
30Hz
Induction
Heating
Human
Brain
1.89 PHz
7.39 eV
178 nm
1.59 PHz
315nm
320
340nm
UV-A
UV-A2
UV-A1
947 THz
eV
0
3.7
355 nm
796 THz
R
9.34 nm
15.1 PHz
29.6 eV
88.9 nm
398 THz
1.55 eV
H
102
MICROWAVE
Microwave mm-band
550 GHz
3kHz
30kHz
LF Low Frequency
MF Medium Frequency
3MHz
300kHz
Radio
tower
1.10 THz
300MHz
30MHz
People
1.8m
Microwave mm-band
Terahertz rays
2.20 THz
Football
308mm
Sources
of EMR
845 nm
101
3THz
300GHz
30GHz
3GHz
Radar
Football
Field
100m
74.7 nm
4.50 PHz
Datacom I
335 THz
1.31 eV
u
u
30m
House
12m
3.79 PHz
17.6 eV
3.18 PHz
6.22 eV
400nm
211 nm
1.34 PHz
Power
Lines
(50,60Hz)
100nm
12.4 eV
110
People
Cell
phone
35.2 eV
52.8 nm
109
INFRARED
Single
Cell
10m
Microwave
oven
37.4 nm
9.01 PHz
t)
EUV (Extreme Ultraviole
44.4 nm
6.37 PHz
24.9 eV
10nm
30.3 PHz
59.1 eV
22.2 nm
12.7 PHz
49.7 eV
70.4 THz
Honey
Bee
1.2cm
70.3 eV
18.0 PHz
11.1 nm
26.4 nm
106 nm
Bacteria
3m800nm
36.0 PHz
118 eV
4.67 nm
60.6 PHz
So
ur c
e
Syst`
eme International dunit
e prefixes (SI unit prefixes)
Symbol Name Exp.
Multiplier
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
yotta
zetta
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
n
p
f
a
z
y
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
1024
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
100
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
1
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
0.000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001
Symbol
c
h
h
Speed of Light
Plancks Constant
Plancks Constant (freq)
Frequency (cycles / second)
Wavelength (meters)
Energy (Joules)
Formulas
E = hf
= c
f
f = c
Value
Gamma Rays
Gamma radiation is the highest energy radiation (up to 1020 eV)
that has been measured. At this energy, the radiation could be from
gamma-rays, protons, electrons, or something else.
Alpha, beta, and delta radiation are not electromagnetic but are actually parts of the atom being released from a radioactive element.
In some cases this can cause gamma radiation. These are not to be
confused with brain waves of similar names.
Visible Spectrum
Television
05
Satellite channels broadcast in the C-Band are depicted as 05 . These stations are
broadcast in alternating polarities (Ex. Ch 1 is vertical and 2 is horizontal and vice
versa on neighbouring satellites).
The 15.7 kHz horizontal sweep signal produced by a TV can be heard by some young
people. This common contaminant signal to VLF listening is depicted as
.
Infrared Radiation
Radio Bands
The radio spectrum (ELF to EHF) is populated by many more items than can be
shown on this chart, only a small sampling of bands used around the world have
been shown.
IR remote control signals are invisible to the human eye but can be
detected by most camcorders.
OR
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Each country has its own rules and regulations for allotting bands in this region.
For more information, look up the radio communications authority in your area (Ex.
FCC in the US, DOC in Canada).
Not all references agree on the ULF band range, the HAARP range is used here.
Fiber-optic based infrared communication signals are sometimes amplified with Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers EDFA
RAdio Detecting And Ranging (RADAR) uses EMR in the microwave range to detect
the distance and speed of objects.
Citizens Band Radio (CB) contains 40 stations between 26.965-27.405MHz.
LASER
Schumann resonance is produced in the cavity between the Earth and the ionosphere.
The resonant peaks are depicted as S
xxHz
Submarine communications
Time / frequency standards
Pager
W Weather stations
Short wave radio
Wireless Microphone
CP Cellular Phones
Polarization
As a photon (light particle) travels through space, its axis of electrical
and magnetic fluctuations does not rotate. Therefore, each photon
has a fixed linear polarity of somewhere between 0 to 360 . Light
can also be circularly and elliptically polarized.
Some crystals can cause the photon to rotate its polarization.
Sound
Although sound, ocean waves, and heartbeats are not electromagnetic, they are included on this chart as a frequency reference. Other
properties of electromagnetic waves are different from sound waves.
Sound waves are caused by an oscillating compression of molecules.
Sound cannot travel in a vacuum such as outer space.
The speed of sound in air at sea level is 1240kph (770mph).
Humans can only hear sound between 20Hz to 20kHz.
Infrasound (below 20Hz) can be sensed by internal organs and touch.
Frequencies in the 0.2Hz range are often the cause of motion sickness.
Bats can hear sound up to 50kHz.
The 88 piano keys of the Equal Temperament scale are accurately
located on the frequency chart.
Over the ages people have striven to divide the continuous audio frequency spectrum into individual musical notes that have harmonious
relationships. Microtonal musicians study various scales. One recent
count lists 4700 different musical scales.
The musical note A is depicted on the chart as A
A polarized filter (like PolaroidTM sunglasses) can be used to demonstrate polarized light. One filter will only let photons that have one
polarity through. Two overlapping filters at right angles will almost
completely block the light that exits; however, a third filter inserted
between the first two at a 45 angle will rotate the polarized light
and allow some light to come out the end of all three filters.
Light that reflects off an electrical insulator becomes polarized. Conductive reflectors do not polarize light.
Perhaps the most reliably polarized light is a rainbow.
Moonlight is also slightly polarized. You can test this by viewing the
moonlight through a PolaroidTM sunglass lens, then rotate that lens,
the moonlight will dim and brighten slightly.
Refraction
Refraction of EMR is dependent on wavelength as can be seen by the
prism example below.
By using a glass prism, white light
can be spread by refraction into a
spectrum of its composite colours.
All wavelengths of EMR can be refracted by using the proper materials. Not all glass prisms behave alike; a right-angle prism will
act as a mirror instead of a light
refractor. The critical angle of a
true light-refracting prism is 42 .
Source
Convex lenses make objects appear closer and are used to correct
far-sightedness.
Source
Concave lenses make objects appear farther away and are used to
correct near-sightedness.
Focal point
Gravity Waves
Gravity is the mysterious force that holds large objects together and
binds our planets, stars, and galaxies together. Many people have
unsuccessfully theorized about the details of gravity and its relationship to other forces. There have been no links between gravity waves
and electromagnetic radiation.
Gravity is theorized to warp space and time. In fact, gravity is responsible for bending light as observed by the gravity-lens example of
distant galaxies.
Gravity waves would appear as ripples in space-time formed by large
objects moving through space that might possibly be detected in the
future by very sensitive instruments.
The speed that gravity propagates through space has been theorized
to be the same as the speed of light.
Heartbeats
Brain Waves
By connecting electrodes from the human head to an electroencephalograph (EEG), it is possible to measure very small cyclic electrical signals.
There has been much study on this topic, but like all effects on
humans, the findings are not as sound as the science of materials.
Generally, lower brain wave frequencies relate to sleep, and the higher
frequencies relate to alertness.
Devices have been made for measuring and stimulating brain waves
to achieve a desired state.
unihedron.com
2008-9-8
Reflection
Reflection of EMR is dependent on wavelength as demonstrated when
visible light and radio waves bounce off objects that X-Rays would
pass through. Microwaves, which have a large wavelength compared
to visible light, will bounce off metal mesh in a microwave oven
whereas visible light will pass through.
Source
Ocean Waves
Mechanical
Waves
Receivers that expect polarized photons will not accept photons that
are in other polarities. (ex. satellite dish receivers have horizontal and
vertical polarity positions).
Photo by STScI
300
NUV
141 eV
UV-A, UV-B and UV-C were introduced in the 1930s by the Commission Interna
tionale de lEclairage
(CIE, International Commission on Illumination) for photobiological spectral bands.
237 eV
Power
13.2 nm
21.4 PHz
83.6 eV
5.23 eV
251 nm
1.13 PHz
281 eV
Physicists have divided ultraviolet light ranges into Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV), Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV), Far Ultraviolet (FUV), Medium Ultraviolet (MUV), and
Near Ultraviolet (NUV).
5.55 nm
So
Ultraviolet Light
72.1 PHz
2.33 nm
121 PHz
473 eV
2.78 nm
25.5 PHz
99.4 eV
288 PHz
1.13 keV
T=2.725K
6.60 nm
42.8 PHz
167 eV
UV-C
MUV
946 eV
Values on the chart have been labelled with the following colours: Frequency measured in Hertz, Wavelength measured in meters, Energy measured in electronVolts.
144 PHz
51.0 PHz
199 eV
1.17 nm
242 PHz
576 PHz
2.25 keV
563 eV
102 PHz
398 eV
584 pm
0 MJy/sr
85.7 PHz
335 eV
10.5 eV
126 nm
2.25 PHz
485 PHz
+E
There is no limit to either end of this chart, however, due to limited space, only the
known items have been shown here. A frequency of 0Hz is the lowest possible
frequency but the method of depicting octaves used here does not allow for ever
reaching 0Hz, only approaching it. Also, by the definition of frequency (Cycles per
second), there is no such thing as negative frequency.
Intensity
62.8 nm
4.50 PHz
694 pm
1.89 keV
Soft XRay
3.30 nm
1.15 EHz
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
ULTRAVIOLET
FUV
31.4 nm
9.01 PHz
969 PHz
1.39 nm
204 PHz
796 eV
1.65 nm
3.78 keV
127
128
129
400
Virus 17300nm
200nm
100nm
VUV
EUV
826 pm
292 pm
4.50 keV
The horizontal bars wrap around from far right to far left as the frequency increases
upwards.
Ultrasonic
15.7 nm
18.0 PHz
408 PHz
1.59 keV
347 pm
125
126
10nm
36.0 PHz
7.85 nm
815 PHz
9.00 keV
3.93 nm
72.1 PHz
144 PHz
413 pm
171 PHz
669 eV
1.96 nm
1.94 EHz
7.57 keV
Hard XRay
3.18 keV
146 pm
2.31 EHz
174 pm
1.63 EHz
18.0 keV
4.61 EHz
73.0 pm
3.88 EHz
15.1 keV
86.8 pm
3.26 EHz
6.36 keV
206 pm
343 PHz
1.34 keV
Gamma Ray
B
+
X-Ray
machines
1nm
982 pm
288 PHz
2.74 EHz
0.1nm
12.7 keV
103 pm
9.22 EHz
-B
576 PHz
51.6 pm
686 PHz
2.68 keV
491 pm
5.48 EHz
1.37 EHz
5.35 keV
245 pm
1.15 EHz
X-RAYS
10.7 keV
123 pm
2.31 EHz
Water
Molecule
0.3nm
21.4 keV
61.4 pm
4.61 EHz
36.0 keV
36.5 pm
Subsonic - Infrasound
GAMMA RAYS
Radioactive
elements
30.3 keV
43.4 pm
6.52 EHz
25.5 keV
Hz
1
m
eV
7.76 EHz
400 MJy/sr
Sizes of
EMR
103
Sources
of EMR
Reflector