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BK ID-B1700
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Q.1 What do you mean by Focus Group Discussion? Explain the key elements of a focus
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group.
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Answer:
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Focus group discussion (FGD) is a highly versatile and dynamic method of collecting primary
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data from a representative group of respondents. The process generally involves a moderator
who steers the discussion on the topic under study. There are a group of carefully selected
respondents who are specifically invited and gathered at a neutral setting.
Key elements:
Size: Ideal recommended size for a group discussion is 8 to 12 members. Less than eight
would not generate all the possible perspectives on the topic and the group dynamics
required for a meaningful session. And more than 12 would make it difficult to get any
meaningful insight.
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Nature: Individuals who are from a similar backgroundin terms of demographic and
psychographic traitsmust be included; otherwise disagreement might emerge as a
result of other factors rather than the one under study.
Acquaintance: It has been found that knowing each other in a group discussion is
disruptive and hampers the free flow of the discussion. It is recommended that the
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group should consist of strangers rather than subjects who know each other.
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Setting: The space or setting in which the discussion takes place should be as neutral,
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informal and comfortable as possible. In case one-way mirrors or cameras are installed,
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there is a need to ensure that these gadgets are not directly visible.
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Time period: The discussion should be held in a single setting unless there is a before
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and after design, which requires group perceptions, initially before the study variable is
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introduced; and later in order to gauge the groups reactions. The ideal duration of
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The moderator: The moderator is the one who manages the discussion. He might be a
participant in the group discussion or he might be a non-participant. He must be a good
listener and unbiased in his conduct of the discussions.
Q2. Discuss the concepts involved in Testing of Hypothesis. Also discuss the steps involved in
testing the hypothesis.
Answer:
Concepts in testing the hypothesis:
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A
hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study. For
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example, a study designed to look at the relationship between sleep deprivation and test
performance might have a hypothesis that states, "This study is designed to assess the
hypothesis that sleep deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are
not sleep deprived."
Steps for procedure of testing hypothesis:
Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
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5. Drawing a Conclusion
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The null hypothesis (H0) is a statement of no effect, relationship, or difference between two or
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more groups or factors. In research studies, a researcher is usually interested in disproving the
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Examples:
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null hypothesis.
The intervention and control groups have the same survival rate (or, the intervention
does not improve survival rate).
There is no association between injury type and whether or not the patient received an
IV in the pre hospital setting
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The intubation success rate differs with the age of the patient being treated (twosided).
The time to resuscitation from cardiac arrest is lower for the intervention group than for
the control (one-sided).
There is an association between injury type and whether or not the patient received an
IV in the pre hospital setting (two sided).
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The significance level (denoted by the Greek letter alpha a) is generally set at 0.05. This
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means that there is a 5% chance that you will accept your alternative hypothesis when your null
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hypothesis is actually true. The smaller the significance level, the greater the burden of proof
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needed to reject the null hypothesis, or in other words, to support the alternative hypothesis.
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In another section we present some basic test statistics to evaluate a hypothesis. Hypothesis
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testing generally uses a test statistic that compares groups or examines associations between
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1. P-value <= significance level (a) => Reject your null hypothesis in favor of your
alternative hypothesis. Your result is statistically significant.
2. P-value > significance level (a) => Fail to reject your null hypothesis. Your result is not
statistically significant.
Hypothesis testing is not set up so that you can absolutely prove a null hypothesis.
Q.3 What do you mean by Exploratory research design? Explain the types of exploratory
research design.
Answer:
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Secondary Resource Analysis: Secondary sources of data, as the name suggests, are
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data in terms of the details of previously collected findings in facts and figureswhich
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have been authenticated and published. It is a fast and inexpensive way of collecting
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information.
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Case Study Method: Another way of conducting an exploratory research is the case
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study method. This requires an in-depth study and is focused on a single unit of analysis.
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analysis. They are by their nature, generally, post-hoc studies and report those
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incidences which might have occurred earlier. The scenario is reproduced based upon
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Focus Group Discussions: Another way to conduct a exploratory analysis is carry out
discussions with individuals associated with the problem under study. This technique,
though originally from sociology, is actively used in business research. In a typical focus
group, there is a carefully selected small set of individuals representative of the larger
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Q 4. Explain the Structure of the Research Report. What are the guidelines for effective report
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writing?
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Q 5. Explain the any three types of comparative and non-comparative scales of each in detail.
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Q.6 What do you mean by Research Problem? Explain the steps involved in research problem
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identification process.
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ALL OF OUR ASSIGNMENTS ARE IN WORD FORMAT AND AS PER NEW GUIDELINES OF
SMU
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