Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci., Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015. pp.

301-307

TI Journals

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences

www.tijournals.com

ISSN:
2306-7276

Copyright 2015. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

Sociological Study of Social and Cultural Factors in Traffic Accidents

in Iran (Case Study: Evaluation of Traffic Accidents in Amol)
Mostafa Akbari *
Graduate student of sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Babol, Iran.

Seifollah Farzaneh
Assistant Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Babol, Iran.

Ali Rahmani Firouzjah

Assistant Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Babol, Iran.
*Corresponding author: shamym21@gmail.com

Keywords

Abstract

Driving
Accidents
Sociological reasons
Parsons
Bourdieu
Survey

The investigations of the accidents, is the human factor to blame for about 80 percent the rest of the car and the
road. In this research, it was seen driving a social Action that AGIL using the idea of action at Parsons, the
subsystem consists of four personality, economic, cultural, social dimensions and in this context, hypotheses
were derived on the assumption that the research was undertaken. According to Bourdieu's field theory, in the
research study was conducted to investigate the drivers that their job was to simply drive up and realize there is
not an interference field theories cannot explain properly. Methods In this study, survey and data gathering tool
was a questionnaire which its validity is tested. The sample size was 103 individuals in Amol road accident due
to the low volume, the total number has been taken. The findings suggest that the life satisfaction, job
satisfaction, self-regulation, Fatalism, sense of control, Legalism, normative system, attitude toward the
infringement, Rationality, depression and procedural knowledge, the impact of regulation on accident rates.

1.

Introduction

Today, cities are the most important source of biological humans with modern phenomena such as traffic, driving and crash risk faced by entry
into the modern world. Driving and accident risk potential should be sought in the context of people's lives. [2] From a sociological perspective,
the causes of accidents arising out of the economic, social, cultural subsystems and individual personality within manifested in different ways for
different people. Now, as a social problem, traffic accidents are common in the world that each year causes large numbers of people and huge
economic costs to the community. In Iran, this issue has become a major problem; by extending the life and increasing car traffic in the cities
and roads in the last half century, the economic and welfare benefits of enhanced communications and fast transportation of goods and
passengers increased, unfortunately, the number and severity of traffic accidents has increased rapidly and life and property losses caused by the
accidents have imposed a heavy burden on societies. [4] Iran is now in the stage of growth, followed by vehicles and accidents due to its
damages, the importance of investigating the causes of accidents is very important, especially from a sociological perspective. The researcher
believes that the social causes of accidents through sociological research should examine the social origins vehicle accident exploration and
production technology is detrimental because it cannot be said that human is accidentally or intentionally committed, but it is a social roots to
discover the sociological study needed. Therefore, this study sought to examine sociological traffic accidents is to discover its causes.

2.

Method

Methods that have been used to carry out is the survey study. The aim of the study is that it considers warranted by this method compared to
other methods in the study of factors influencing the preferred category of accidents. [1] In this research study and the drivers according to
statistics from the questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire containing both open and closed questions. In total, the questionnaire
consisted of 93 questions of independent and dependent variables. The research has been Amol All drivers of motor terminals that are 103
individuals. (In this study due to the lack of population, the total number taken). After the data were collected through questionnaires, were
coded and entered into the computer. Using SPSS software to analyze data based on descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. First
data on the dependent and independent variables are detailed were described through frequency statistics (Frequency). The following data were
analyzed by uni-variate and descriptions. The research hypotheses have been proposed to explain the proper use of analytical statistics. The
nominal level of the chi-square, in the order of kendalls tau-b and Pearson statistic was used for the distance. Because the dependent variable in
the regression, nominal - is planar Operation of logistic regression, and the results are shown in different tables.
Table (2.1). Statistics of accidents
Percent
70/9
9/7
9/7
9/7
100

3.

Frequency
73
10
10
10
103

Type of Vehicle
Riding
Minibus
Bus
Truck
Total

Theoretical Framework

Note that in this study, we sought to examine the sociological traffic accidents, through a pattern (AGIL) Parsons, sub-systems, and economic,
cultural, social and character accommodation. There are several reasons for the accident from the perspective of psychology, crime, violence,

Mostafa Akbari *, Seifollah Farzaneh, Ali Rahmani Firouzjah

302

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

and... The research objective of this study was to examine the interactions and issues related to traffic accidents as is there in the sociology.
According to Bourdieu's theory and the fields are not reducible to one another, or turned into a larger field [3] Researcher uses subsystem by
Tom Parsons and attention to those who are driving their profession Bourdieu's theory of fields to help drivers focus on people who are just
interfering fields, and the results will not be exactly on the point of view of traffic accidents are drivers. According to the sociological study the
researchers also looked at accidents with Parsons, subsystems have been evaluated solely on the drivers.

4.

Discussion

4.1 Descriptive analysis of data

Table (4.1.1). Distribution of sample by accident
Descriptions
63/1 and 36/9 percent of drivers said that no accidents have been accidental.

Percent
63/1
36/9
100

Frequency
65
38
103

Accident
Yes
No
Total

Table (4.1.2). Distribution of the sample according to the number of accident

Descriptions
40 percent of those accidents have been hit 2 times, 23/1 of three , 16/9 of a degree,
10/8 of four, 6/1 percent to five times, 1/55 percent, seven times, 1/55 percent,
ten times, and have an accident.

Percent
16/9
40
23/1
10/8
6 /1
1/55
1/55
100

Frequency
11
26
15
7
4
1
1
65

Accident frequency
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
Total

Table (4.1.3). Distribution of the sample according to the number of accidents in the past year
Descriptions
In the past year a total of 13 drivers hit by 84/6 of one Crash have
been committed, 7/7 percent to twice and 7/7 percent thrice
committed an accident.

Percent
84/6
7/7
7/7
100

Frequency
11
1
1
13

The number of accidents in the past year

1
2
3
Total

Table (4.1.4). Distribution of the sample in terms of life satisfaction

Descriptions
53/4 percent of respondents were satisfied with their lives, on average,
15/5 percent satisfied, Dissatisfied 10/7 percent, 10/7 percent very satisfied and
9/7 percent have been fully satisfied.

Percent
10/7
10/7
53/4
15/5
9/7
100

Frequency
11
11
55
16
10
103

Satisfaction levels
Perfectly Dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Medium
Satisfied
Perfectly satisfied
Total

Table (4.1.5). Distribution of the sample according to the drivers of job Satisfaction levels
Descriptions
42/7 percent of respondents were satisfied with their jobs, on average, 19/4
percent Dissatisfied, 18/45 percent satisfied, 14/6 completely Dissatisfied and 4/85
percent were very satisfied with their jobs.

Percent
14/6
19/4
42/7
18/45
4/85
100

Frequency
15
20
44
19
5
103

Satisfaction levels
Perfectly Dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Medium
Satisfied
Perfectly satisfied
Total

Table (4.1.6). Distribution of the sample in terms of self-regulation

Descriptions
Located between the 103 drivers surveyed, 36 percent of its value is set too high
There, 34% of the excess amount, 12/6 of the average amount, 11/6 of the
Amount Low and very low 5/8 percent of its value has been set.

Percent
5/8
11/6
12/6
34
36
100

Frequency
6
12
13
35
37
103

Amount of self- regulation

Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Table (4.1.7). Distribution of the sample in terms of Fatalism

Descriptions
Of the 103 drivers studied, 26% were oriented too much appreciation,23/3 %
of the low dose, 19/4 percent in quantity, 17 percent of the amount is too low.
14/3% of the average value appreciation been oriented.

Percent
17
23/3
14/3
19/4
26
100

Frequency
17/5
24
14/75
20
26/75
103

Amount of Fatalism
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

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Sociological Study of Social and Cultural Factors in Traffic Accidents in Iran (Case Study: Evaluation of Traffic Accidents in Amol)
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Table (4.1.8). Distribution of the sample according to the Amount of control felt by the police (Official)
Descriptions
A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 27% of the average amount of
sense Are controlled by the police, 26% as low, 18/58% of the Amount
of High, too low a rate of 15/11 percent and 13/31 percent of the lot
Have a sense of control by the police driving.

Percent
15/11
26
27
18/58
13/31
100

Frequency
15/57
26/71
27/85
19/14
13/73
103

Amount of feeling of formal control

Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Table (4.1.9). distribution of the sample in terms of the Legalism

Descriptions
A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 39/3% of a lot of law-oriented Have a high ,30/3
percent, 19/2 percent on average, 7/2 percent of the Amount of Low and very low
Amount of 4% has been oriented.

Percent
4
7/2
19/2
30/3
39/3
100

Frequency
4/2
7/4
19/8
31/2
40/4
103

Amount of legalism
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Table (4.1.10). Distribution of the sample according to Amount of normal orientation (normative system)
Descriptions
A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 29/2 percent of the lot
norm-oriented Have a high rate of 24%, 17/7% on average, 15/3 percent of
the low And 13/8 percent rates are too low normative circuit.

Percent
13/8
15/3
17/7
24
29/2
100

Frequency
14/25
15/75
18/25
24/75
30
103

Amount of norm-oriented
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Table (4.1.11). Distribution of the sample in terms of attitudes towards Infringement

Descriptions
Percent
A total of 103 drivers were investigated, a great attitude to 42/2 of violations 7/3
In other words, the percentage of drivers have a tendency to abuse their
8 /2
42/2, 22/3percent To a large degree, by an average of 20 percent, 8/2 percent 20
to as low as 7/3 percent The very low Amount of attitude (desire) to
42/2
have been violated.
22/3
100

Frequency
7/5
8/5
20/5
43/5
23
103

Amount of attitude towards Infringement

Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Table (4.1.12). Distribution of the sample according to Amount of Rationality

Descriptions
103 drivers were investigated, 32/4 of a lot Amount of micro tillage Have
31/2 of the Amount of is too high, the average Amount of 16/9 percent,
13/2 percent, Low Amount of 6/3 per cent was too little Rationality.

Percent
6 /3
13/2
16/9
32/4
31/2
100

Frequency
6 /5
13/6
17/4
33/4
32/1
103

Amount of Rationality
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Table (4.1.13). Distribution of the sample in terms of Amount of depression

Descriptions
A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 39/1 per cent too low
Been depressed, 32/9 of the average, 13/3 of the low, 8 Percent
and 6/7 percent, a rate much too high to have been depressed.

Percent
39/1
13/3
32/9
8
6 /7
100

Frequency
40/3
13/7
33/9
8/3
6/8
103

Amount of depression
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Table (4.1.14). Distribution of the sample in terms of procedural knowledge

Descriptions
103 drivers were investigated, 36/9 of procedural knowledge to
Have enjoyed a lot, 27/3 of a large Amount of, 25/2 of On average,
5/8 percent to 4/8 percent low and very low levels of knowledge
Regulations have been benefited.

Percent
4/8
5/8
25/2
27/3
36/9
100

Frequency
5
6
26
28
38
103

Amount of procedural knowledge

Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

Mostafa Akbari *, Seifollah Farzaneh, Ali Rahmani Firouzjah

304

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Table (4.1.15). Distribution of the sample according to the Amount of economic income
Descriptions
A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 64/1 of low economic income
Have had 14/6 of a very small Amount of, 14/6 of the average Amount
of, 4/8 percent The high Amount of 1/9 percent economic income levels
are too high.

Percent
14/6
64/1
14/6
4 /8
1 /9
100

Frequency
15
66
15
5
2
103

Amount of economic income

Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Total

4.2 Analysis of statistical data

Below the level of correlation and significance level independent variable and of each independent variable in the table below Amount of
estimated by SPSS statistic has been recorded.

Table (4.2.1). determine the significance and correlations of variables

Significance level
0/000
0/009
0/031
0/018
0/001
0/038
0/012
0/016
0/027
0/004
0/033
0/490

correlation coefficient
-0/035
-0/267
-0/052
0/170
-0/244
-0/076
-0/024
0/183
-0/038
0/099
-0/188
0/025

Name of variable
Satisfaction with life and accident
Job satisfaction and accident
Self-regulation and accident
Fatalism and accident
Sense of control and accidents
Legalism and accidents
norm -Oriented and accidents
Attitude to infringement and accidents
Rationality and accidents
Depression and accidents
procedural knowledge and accidents
economic Income and accidents

Hypothesis No.
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth

4.3 Multivariate statistical analysis

In the discussion of the statistical analysis of variables in social investigation, if the dependent variable is the nature of the
nominal planar (E.g., yes or no, membership or non-membership) in the form of a set of independent variables that have the
characteristics of sequential or distance, one can see the influence of these variables on the dependent variable as the probability is
predicted. Is desired. The results show the following output:
Logistic Regression
Table (4.3.1). Case Processing Summary
N
Percent
Included in Analysis
103
100.0
Selected Cases
Missing Cases
0
.0
Total
103
100.0
Unselected Cases
0
.0
Total
103
100.0
a. If weight is in effect, see classification table for the total number of cases.
UnweightedCasesa

As follows from the above results, Total of 103 subjects with no missing data, 100 percent of people in there that have been entered in the
analysis.
Table (4.3.2). Dependent Variable Encoding
Original Value
Internal Value
No
0
Yes
1

As the table indicates, the dependent variable is coded"1" for "accident", the dependent variable is coded "0" for "no accidents".
BLOCK0: Beginning Block
Table (4.3.3). Classification Table a,b
Observed

Step 0

If you have any accidents up to now?

0
1

Overall Percentage
a. Constant is included in the model.
b. The cut value is .500
Considering the above data it is clear that 63/1 cent of motorists have had accidents.

Predicted
VAR00022
Percentage Correct
0
1
0
38
0
65
100.0
63.1

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Sociological Study of Social and Cultural Factors in Traffic Accidents in Iran (Case Study: Evaluation of Traffic Accidents in Amol)
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Since the forward stepwise method was used in each steps, according to this equation is zero for all variables included in the output summary
schedule was incomplete "score", "degrees of freedom" and "significance level" is listed in the next steps to validate its entry significant variable
in the equation and a computational steps will be created.
Table (4.3.4). Variables not in the Equationa
Life satisfaction
Self-regulation
Fatalism
Formal control
Legalism
Attitudes toward Infringement
Norm-oriented
Rationality
Job satisfaction
Depression

Score
1.727
.590
1.727
.590
1.727
.017
1.177
1.177
.253
1.806

df
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Sig.
.000
.031
.018
.001
.038
.016
.012
.027
.009
.004

Table (4.3.5). Variables in the Equation

Step 0

B
.537

Constant

S.E.
.204

Wald
6.910

df
1

Sig.
.009

Exp(B)
1.711

Since the forward stepwise method was used,thus, at step zero all variables in the equation are considered. Beta value is 0/537 This figure means
that for every one-unit change in standard deviation (SE) as the independent variable, size 0/537 in the standard deviation of the dependent
variable (the number of traffic accidents) a change is made.
Wald test, the significance of the variables entered to the regression equation is considered,in other words, the role of T is determined in an
ordinary regression equation, and because the value is 6/910, indicating the significance of the independent variables.
The standardized regression coefficient whose value is 1/711, the net effect of independent variables or the correlation coefficient is shown as
the dependent variable. Due to the number indicates the relative importance of its role in predicting the dependent variable indicated a
significant. The significance of all variables entered into the regression equation is evaluated.
Block1: Method=Forward Stepwise (Conditional)
Table (4.3.6). Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients

Step 1

Chi-square
22.918
22.918
22.918

Step
Block
Model

df
1
1
1

Sig.
.027
.027
.027

The logistic regression is a statistical index that is used in a distribution "Chi-Squire". The first step in the above table is in "Variable
Rationality" into the equation.
Table (4.3.7). Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients

Step 2

Chi-square
12.573
12.573
12.573

Step
Block
Model

df
1
2
2

Sig.
.001
.000
.000

In the second step, the variable of "formal-controlled sense by police" was entered into the equation.
Table (4.3.8). Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients

Step 3

Chi-square
12.573
12.573
12.573

Step
Block
Model

df
1
3
3

Sig.
.000
.000
.000

In the third step, the variable "satisfaction with life" is considered into the equation. At each step up the "chi Square", "degrees of freedom" and
"significance level" is reported.
Table (4.3.9). Model Summary
Step
1

-2 Log likelihood
470.028a

Cox & Snell R Square

.035

Nagelkerke R Square
.049

a. Estimation terminated at iteration number 5 because parameter estimates changed by less than .001.

Table (4.3.10). Model Summary

Step
2

-2 Log likelihood
460.415a

Cox & Snell R Square

.059

Nagelkerke R Square
.082

a. Estimation terminated at iteration number 4 because parameter estimates changed by less than .001.

Mostafa Akbari *, Seifollah Farzaneh, Ali Rahmani Firouzjah

306

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Table (4.3.11). Model Summary

Step
3

-2 Log likelihood
453.413a

Cox & Snell R Square

.075

Nagelkerke R Square
.106

a. Estimation terminated at iteration number 4 because parameter estimates changed by less than .001.

-2LOG Likelihood of results, which can be used to the model, has appeared in three stages. The first is related to the first step where only one
independent variable is shown in the equation. The difference between these values is equal to a value that is known to improve Chi Squire
represents the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable scale resolution. The characteristics of the improved specificity effect
shows the introduction of a new variable to the value of the reduced chi-Squire.

Step 1

Table (4.3.12). Classification Tablea

Predicted
VAR00022
Observed
Percentage Correct
0
1
0
20
18
VAR00022
1
12
53
Overall Percentage

52.6
81.5
70.9

a. The cut value is .500

The agreement table above shows the dimensions of the dual variables. The percent of the population of a state is determined by the sensitivity
of the model in the show. The percent of the total in this table indicates that the model is accurate to a few percent of the people are separated
from each other. Based on this table, the sensitivity of the model to determine the "accident" and the only reason rather variable in this study is
52/6 of the sensitivity of the model to determine "not accidents" is 81/5 respectively. The topic for the next independent variable is interpreted
similarly.

5.

Conclusion

During our evaluation of the hypothesis, the results of the study are as follows:
* First hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between life satisfaction and accidents amount at a significance level (0.000). The amount of
negative correlation in the opposite direction, is an indication of an inverse relationship, in other words, whatever the satisfaction levels of the
driver is less likely to accidents into him further.
Second hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between job satisfaction and accidents amount at a significance level (0/009), but this
relationship is reversed, i.e. the amount of job satisfaction is less and amount of car accident is much higher. Some experts consider the case of
an accident, as a suicide. Those who are not satisfied with life and obsession, they are usually driving with too many mistakes.
* Third hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between self-regulation and accidents with a significance level (0/031), but there is in reverse
order. Whatever the self-regulation amount of most drivers that have accidents amount of is lower than this. The tendency to monitor one's inner
self-regulation whatever a person's desire to be more self-monitoring is less likely to accidents him.
* Hypothesis IV: The Fatalism and the amount of accidents was a significant relationship between the level of significance (0/018) and exists in
a reverse order to. In other words, by increasing the amount of appreciation has been driven more accidents. The fate of the appreciation gay
man anything and everything is predetermined And you cannot do anything to change it or not, people-oriented person who is praised for his
actions are not rational calculations.
* The fifth hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between the sense of control by the police, the accidents amount with significant level
(0/001) but in the opposite direction. In other words, whatever the amount of sense of control by the police (sense of control), is higher in a
person will be less likely to accidents.
* The sixth hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between the legalism and the accidents amount with significant level (0/038) but this
relationship is reversed that is what the amount of law is more driver oriented person will be less likely to accidents. Most accidents by at least
one party is disobedience.
* The seventh hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between the normative and the accidents amount with significant level relationship
(0/012), but is in the reverse form, in other words, whatever the amount of norm is more person Oriented and in compliance with the norms of
society have become less an accident.
* The eighth hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between attitude towards infringement and accidents at a significance level (0/016) and
correlation (0/183). In other words, the drivers who violate traffic laws have been adopted to correct the current and they tend to have been more
accidents and those who do not accept any violation of traffic rules and Respect the rules will have their legacies have been fewer accidents.
* The ninth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between the rationalism and the accidents amount that is statistically significant at a
significance level (0/027), but is the reverse order, in other words, those actions are the reason for less accidents. Who is the human Rational,
usually calculated for all rational behavior does not leave your fate and destiny.
* Hypothesis X: The accidents have a significant correlation between depression and level of significance (0/004) and this is related to whatever
higher rates of depression in men accidents amount of is also higher.
* Eleventh hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between the amount of procedural knowledge and accidents with a significance level
(0/033) but is in the reverse order, in other words, whatever the amount of procedural knowledge of the driver is less likely he will be in
accidents.
* Hypothesis twelve: the economic income amount of the drivers is high and there was no accidents. Most drivers are close together and the
drivers of economic income, economic income measures have not resulted in accidents.
Suggestions
According to the results obtained in this study can be used to reduce accidents according to the following topics:
Related factors such as Fatalism, rationalism, legalism and normative systems indicate that these factors cannot be changed except through
education, People who have norm mental orientation, rationalism and legalism are lower but will not change with training. Therefore, it is
recommended that education authorities and the media trying to set humane education, rationality, law and order of the circuit are norm oriented.

307

Sociological Study of Social and Cultural Factors in Traffic Accidents in Iran (Case Study: Evaluation of Traffic Accidents in Amol)
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

The survey showed satisfaction with life, People who have high accident rates are lower life satisfaction, therefore, it is suggested Family
involvement is going after people who are driving or travel this would avoid the time and driving comfort to the family.
The study was conducted in a specific research, Accidents can be reduced sense of control by police. Therefore, it is suggested Police are
particularly abundant Rahvar police presence on the roads and country roads prevent the increase in the accident rate.
Due to the impact of depression in traffic accidents researcher suggests Drivers who want to be public, Tests of intelligence, psychology,
depression and ... received, and if successful, a certificate is issued for the driving public.

Acknowledgments
At the end of the Almighty God for the success of the research and study of Imam Mahdi (AS) that can double as a petty appreciated my
attention in this study.

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Sydman, S., (2012), contention votes in sociology, Jalili, Hadi, Tehran, Nashr-e- Ney
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