Landscapearchitecture

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Landscapearchitectureisthe
designofoutdoorpublicareas,
landmarks,andstructuresto
achieveenvironmental,social
behavioral,oraesthetic
outcomes.[2]Itinvolvesthe
systematicinvestigationof
existingsocial,ecological,and
soilconditionsandprocesses
inthelandscape,andthe
designofinterventionsthat
willproducethedesired
outcome.Thescopeofthe
StourheadinWiltshire,England,designedbyHenryHoare(17051785),
professionincludeslandscape
"thefirstlandscapegardener,whoshowedinasinglework,geniusofthe
designsiteplanning
highestorder"[1]
stormwatermanagement
environmentalrestoration
parksandrecreationplanningvisualresourcemanagementgreeninfrastructureplanningandprovision
andprivateestateandresidencelandscapemasterplanninganddesignallatvaryingscalesofdesign,
planningandmanagement.Apractitionerintheprofessionoflandscapearchitectureiscalleda
landscapearchitect.

Contents
1Definition
2Fieldsofactivity
3Historyoflandscapearchitecture
4RelationtoUrbanplanning
5Profession
5.1Australia
5.2Canada
5.3Italy
5.4NewZealand
5.5RepublicofIreland
5.6UnitedKingdom
5.7UnitedStates
6Examplesoflandscapearchitecture
7Seealso
8Externallinks
9References

Definition

Landscapearchitectureisamultidisciplinaryfield,incorporatingaspectsofbotany,horticulture,the
finearts,architecture,industrialdesign,soilsciences,environmentalpsychology,geography,and
ecology.Theactivitiesofalandscapearchitectcanrangefromthecreationofpublicparksandparkways
tositeplanningforcampusesandcorporateofficeparks,fromthedesignofresidentialestatestothe
designofcivilinfrastructureandthemanagementoflargewildernessareasorreclamationofdegraded
landscapessuchasminesorlandfills.Landscapearchitectsworkonstructuresandexternalspaceswith
limitationstowardthelandscapeorparkaspectofthedesignlargeorsmall,urban,suburbanandrural,
andwith"hard"(built)and"soft"(planted)materials,whileintegratingecologicalsustainability.The
mostvaluablecontributioncanbemadeatthefirststageofaprojecttogenerateideaswithtechnical
understandingandcreativeflairforthedesign,organization,anduseofspaces.Thelandscapearchitect
canconceivetheoverallconceptandpreparethemasterplan,fromwhichdetaileddesigndrawingsand
technicalspecificationsareprepared.Theycanalsoreviewproposalstoauthorizeandsupervise
contractsfortheconstructionwork.Otherskillsincludepreparingdesignimpactassessments,
conductingenvironmentalassessmentsandaudits,andservingasanexpertwitnessatinquiriesonland
useissues.

Fieldsofactivity
Thevarietyoftheprofessionaltasksthatlandscape
architectscollaborateonisverybroad,butsome
examplesofprojecttypesinclude:[3]
Theplanning,form,scaleandsitingofnew
developments
ParksofGeneraldesignandpublic
infrastructure
Sustainabledevelopment
Stormwatermanagementincludingrain
gardens,greenroofs,groundwaterrecharge,
Greeninfrastructure,andtreatmentwetlands
Landscapedesignforeducationalfunctionand
sitedesignforpublicinstitutionsand
governmentfacilities
Parks,botanicalgardens,arboretums,
greenways,andnaturepreserves
Recreationfacilitiesi.e.:playgrounds,golf
courses,themeparksandsportsfacilities
Housingareas,industrialparksand
commercialdevelopments
Estateandresidencelandscapemaster
planninganddesign
Highways,transportationstructures,bridges,
andtransitcorridors
Urbandesign,townandcitysquares,
waterfronts,pedestrianschemes,andparking
lots
Naturalpark,touristdestination,and
recreatinghistoricallandscapes,andhistoric
gardenappraisalandconservationstudies
Reservoirs,dams,powerstations,reclamation
ofextractiveindustryapplicationsormajor
industrialprojectsandmitigation

RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London,established
1759
ThePalmHousebuilt18441848byRichard
TurnertoDecimusBurton'sdesigns

Urbandesignincitysquares.Waterfeaturein
London,byTadaoAndowhoalsoworkswith
landscapesandgardens

Environmentalassessmentandlandscapeassessment,planningadviceandlandmanagement
proposals.
Coastalandoffshoredevelopmentsandmitigation
EcologicalDesignanyaspectofdesignthatminimizesenvironmentallydestructiveimpactsby
integratingitselfwithnaturalprocessesandsustainability
Landscapemanagersusetheirknowledgeoflandscapeprocessestoadviseonthelongtermcareand
developmentofthelandscape.Theyoftenworkinforestry,natureconservationandagriculture.
Landscapescientistshavespecialistskillssuchassoilscience,hydrology,geomorphologyorbotanythat
theyrelatetothepracticalproblemsoflandscapework.Theirprojectscanrangefromsitesurveystothe
ecologicalassessmentofbroadareasforplanningormanagementpurposes.Theymayalsoreportonthe
impactofdevelopmentortheimportanceofparticularspeciesinagivenarea.
Landscapeplannersareconcernedwithlandscapeplanningforthelocation,scenic,ecologicaland
recreationalaspectsofurban,ruralandcoastallanduse.Theirworkisembodiedinwrittenstatementsof
policyandstrategy,andtheirremitincludesmasterplanningfornewdevelopments,landscape
evaluationsandassessments,andpreparingcountrysidemanagementorpolicyplans.Somemayalso
applyanadditionalspecialismsuchaslandscapearchaeologyorlawtotheprocessoflandscape
planning.
Greenroofdesignersdesignextensiveandintensiveroofgardensforstormwatermanagement,evapo
transpirativecooling,sustainablearchitecture,aesthetics,andhabitatcreation.

Historyoflandscapearchitecture
Mainarticle:Historyoflandscapearchitecture
Fortheperiodbefore1800,thehistoryoflandscape
gardening(latercalledlandscapearchitecture)is
largelythatofmasterplanningandgardendesignfor
manorhouses,palacesandroyalproperties,religious
complexes,andcentersofgovernment.Anexample
istheextensiveworkbyAndrLeNtreatVauxle
VicomteandforKingLouisXIVofFranceatthe
PalaceofVersailles.Thefirstpersontowriteof
makingalandscapewasJosephAddisonin1712.
Thetermlandscapearchitecturewasinventedby
GilbertLaingMeasonin1828,andJohnClaudius
OrangeryatthePalaceofVersailles,outsideParis
Loudon(17831843)wasinstrumentalinthe
adoptionofthetermlandscapearchitecturebythe
modernprofession.HetookupthetermfromMeasonandgaveitpublicityinhisEncyclopediasandin
his1840bookontheLandscapeGardeningandLandscapeArchitectureoftheLateHumphryRepton.[4]
ItwasfirstusedasaprofessionaltitlebyFrederickLawOlmstedin1863.AndrewJacksonDowning
(18151852)[5]wasanotherearlyAmericanlandscapedesigner,andeditorofTheHorticulturist
magazine(184652).SomescholarsconsiderDowningtobeTheFatherofAmericanLandscape
Architecture,althoughotherschooseFrederickLawOlmsted.In1841hisfirstbook,ATreatiseonthe
TheoryandPracticeofLandscapeGardening,AdaptedtoNorthAmerica,waspublishedtoagreat
successitwasthefirstbookofitskindpublishedintheUnitedStates.[6]Duringthelatter19thcentury,
thetermlandscapearchitectbeguntobeusedbyprofessionallandscapesdesigners,andwasfirmly
establishedafterFrederickLawOlmsted,Jr.andBeatrixJones(laterFarrand)withothersfoundedthe

AmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects(ASLA)in1899.IFLAwasfoundedatCambridge,England,
in1948withSirGeoffreyJellicoeasitsfirstpresident,representing15countriesfromEuropeandNorth
America.Later,in1978,IFLA'sHeadquarterswereestablishedinVersailles.[7][8][9]

RelationtoUrbanplanning
Throughthe19thcentury,urbanplanning
becameamoreimportantneed.The
combinationofthetraditionoflandscape
gardeningandemergingcityplanningthatgave
LandscapeArchitectureitsuniquefocusto
servetheseneeds.Inthesecondhalfofthe
century,FrederickLawOlmstedcompleteda
seriesofparkswhichcontinuetohaveahuge
influenceonthepracticesofLandscape
Architecturetoday.AmongthesewereCentral
ParkinNewYorkCity,ProspectParkin
Thecombinationofthetraditionallandscapegardening
Brooklyn,NewYorkandBoston'sEmerald
andtheemergingcityplanningcombinedtogethergave
Necklaceparksystem.JensJensendesigned
landscapearchitectureitsuniquefocus.FrederickLaw
sophisticatedandnaturalisticurbanand
Olmstedusedtheterm'landscapearchitecture'usingthe
regionalparksforChicago,Illinois,andprivate
wordasaprofessionforthefirsttimewhendesigningthe
estatesfortheFordfamilyincludingFairLane
CentralPark.
andGauklerPoint.Oneoftheoriginalten
foundingmembersoftheAmericanSocietyof
LandscapeArchitects(ASLA),andtheonlywoman,wasBeatrixFarrand.Shewasdesignconsultantfor
overadozenuniversitiesincluding:PrincetoninPrinceton,NewJerseyYaleinNewHaven,
ConnecticutandtheArnoldArboretumforHarvardinBoston,Massachusetts.Hernumerousprivate
estateprojectsincludethelandmarkDumbartonOaksintheGeorgetownneighborhoodofWashington,
D.C..[10]Sincethattime,otherarchitectsmostnotablyRuthHaveyandAldenHopkinschanged
certainelementsoftheFarranddesign.
Landscapearchitecturecontinuestodevelopasadesigndiscipline,andtorespondtothevarious
movementsinarchitectureanddesignthroughoutthe20thand21stcenturies.ThomasChurchwasa
midcenturylandscapearchitectsignificantintheprofession.RobertoBurleMarxinBrazilcombined
theInternationalstyleandnativeBrazilianplantsandcultureforanewaesthetic.Innovationcontinues
todaysolvingchallengingproblemswithcontemporarydesignsolutionsformasterplanning,landscapes,
andgardens.
IanMcHargwasknownforintroducingenvironmentalconcernsinlandscapearchitecture.[11][12]He
popularizedasystemofanalyzingthelayersofasiteinordertocompileacompleteunderstandingof
thequalitativeattributesofaplace.Thissystembecamethefoundationoftoday'sGeographic
InformationSystems(GIS).McHargwouldgiveeveryqualitativeaspectofthesitealayer,suchasthe
history,hydrology,topography,vegetation,etc.GISsoftwareisubiquitouslyusedinthelandscape
architectureprofessiontodaytoanalyzematerialsinandontheEarth'ssurfaceandissimilarlyusedby
UrbanPlanners,Geographers,ForestryandNaturalResourcesprofessionals,etc.

Profession

Inmanycountries,aprofessionalinstitute,comprisingmembersoftheprofessionalcommunity,existsin
ordertoprotectthestandingoftheprofessionandpromoteitsinterests,andsometimesalsoregulatethe
practiceoflandscapearchitecture.Thestandardandstrengthoflegalregulationsgoverninglandscape
architecturepracticevariesfromnationtonation,withsomerequiringlicensureinordertopracticeand
somehavinglittleornoregulation.InNorthAmerica,Europe,AustraliaandNewZealand,landscape
architectureisaregulatedprofession.[13]

Australia
TheAustralianInstituteofLandscapeArchitects(AILA)providesnonstatutoryprofessionalrecognition
forlandscapearchitects.Oncerecognizedby(AILA),landscapearchitectsusethetitle'Registered
LandscapeArchitect'.AcrosstheeightstatesandterritorieswithinAustralia,thereisamixof
requirementsforlandscapearchitectstobe'Registered',howeveritisnotalwaysastatutoryrequirement
toberegisteredwithAILAtopracticeusetheterm"LandscapeArchitect".
Anyregulationsorrequirementsarestatebased,notnational.TheAILA'ssystemofprofessional
recognitionisanationalsystemoverseenbyAILA'sNationalOfficeinCanberra.Non(AILA)
LandscapeArchitectsareprofessionalswhoarealsopaidtoundertakeaspecialisedsetoftasksandto
completethemforafee.
SomeagenciesrequireAILAprofessionalrecognitionorregistrationaspartoftheprerequisitefor
contracts.LandscapearchitectswithinAustraliafindthatsomecontractsandcompetitionsrequirethe
AILArecognitionor'registration'asthebasisofdemonstratingaprofessionalstatus.ToapplyforAILA
Registration,anapplicantusuallyneedstosatisfyanumberofprerequisites,includinguniversity
qualification,twoyearsofpracticeandarecordofcontinuingprofessionalpractice.Theapplicationisin
twostages:(1)Aminimum12monthsofmentoringandassessmentand(2)oralassessment/interview.
Professionalrecognitionincludesacommitmenttocontinueprofessionaldevelopment.AILARegistered
LandscapeArchitectsarerequiredtoreportannuallyontheircontinuingprofessionaldevelopment.[14]

Canada
InCanada,landscapearchitecture,likelawandmedicine,isaselfregulatingprofessionpursuantto
provincialstatute.Forexample,Ontario'sprofessionisgovernedbytheOntarioAssociationof
LandscapeArchitectspursuanttotheOntarioAssociationofLandscapeArchitectsAct.Landscape
architectsinOntario,BritishColumbia,andAlbertamustcompletethespecifiedcomponentsofL.A.R.E
(LandscapeArchitectureRegistrationExamination)asaprerequisitetofullprofessionalstanding.
Provincialregulatorybodiesaremembersofanationalorganization,theCanadianSocietyofLandscape
Architects/L'AssociationdesArchitectesPaysagistesduCanada(CSLAAAPC),andindividual
membershipintheCSLAAAPCisobtainedthroughjoiningoneoftheprovincialorterritorial
components.[15]

Italy
AIAPP(ItalianAssociationofLandscapeArchitecture)istheItalianassociationofprofessional
landscapearchitectsformedin1950andisamemberofIFLAandIFLAEurope(formerlyknownas
EFLA).AIAPPisintheprocessofcontestingthisnewlawwhichhasgiventheArchitects'Association
thenewtitleofArchitects,LandscapeArchitects,PlannersandConservationistswhetherornotthey
havehadanytrainingorexperienceinanyofthesefieldsotherthanArchitecture.InItaly,thereare
severaldifferentprofessionsinvolvedinlandscapearchitecture:

Architects
Landscapedesigners
DoctorlandscapeagronomistsandDoctorlandscapeforesters,oftencalledLandscape
agronomists.
AgrarianExpertsandGraduatedAgrarianexperts.

NewZealand
TheNewZealandInstituteofLandscapeArchitects(NZILA)istheprofessionalbodyforLandscape
ArchitectsinNZwww.nzila.co.nz(http://www.nzila.co.nz).
InApril2013,ILAjointlywithAILA,hostedthe50thInternationalFederationofLandscapeArchitects
(IFLA)WorldCongressinAuckland,NewZealand.TheWorldCongressisaninternationalconference
whereLandscapeArchitectsfromallaroundtheglobeattend.
WithinNZ,MembersofNZILAwhentheyachievetheirprofessionalstanding,canusethetitle
RegisteredLandscapeArchitectNZILA.
NZILAprovidesaccreditationreviewofeducationcourseprovidersandcurrentlytherearethree
accreditedLandscapeArchitecturecourseprovidersinNewZealand.

RepublicofIreland
TheprofessionalbodyinIrelandforlandscapearchitectsistheIrishLandscapeInstitute(ILI)
www.irishlandscapeinstitute.com(http://www.irishlandscapeinstitute.com).TheILIisanaffiliatebody
totheEuropeanFederationforLandscapeArchitecture(EFLA)andIFLA.TheILIwasformedin1993
tomergethedisciplinesoflandscapearchitectureandlandscapehorticulture.Itcontinuestopromotethe
professionbyitsaccreditationofthedegreeprogrammeinDublin,certificationofContinuing
ProfessionalDevelopment(CPD)forlandscapearchitects,administrationofprofessionalpractice
examinations,adviceondevelopmentofpolicyatnationallevelandorganisationofconferences,
lecturesanddesignawards.TheILIisamemberinstituteoftheUrbanForum,representingprofessional
bodiesinvolvedinurbanspatialdisciplinesofengineering,architecture,planning,quantitysurveying
andlandscapearchitecture.
Theprofessionhasgainedinstatusandnumbersduetotheconstructionboomofthepastdecadeand
raisingofstandardsofIrishdesign.ThereisstillnoregistrationoftitleinIrelandandtheprofessionis
unregulated,butthereisincreasingawarenessoftheprofessionandofstatusoftheILI.Landscape
architectsinIrelandworkinprivatepractice,publicsectorbodiesatlocalgovernmentlevelandinsome
bodiessuchtransportandnationalheritageandintheacademicsector.Thedemandforlandscape
architectsisoftenassociatedwithstrategicinfrastructureprojectsduetoIreland'srecentmajor
infrastructuralinvestments.Landscapearchitectsareemployedindesignof:greeninfrastructure,public
realm,institutional/medical/industrialcampusesandsettings,parks,playfacilities,transport
(road/rail/cycle/port)corridors,retailcomplexes,residentialestates(includingplansforremediationof
nowabandonedhousing'ghost'estates),villageimprovements,accessibilityaudits,graveyard
restorationschemes,windfarms,wetlanddrainagesystemsandcoastalzones.Theyarealso
significantlyemployedinpreparation/reviewofstatutoryimpactassessmentreportsonlandscape,visual
andecologicalimpactsofdesignproposals.

UnitedKingdom

TheUK'sprofessionalbodyistheLandscapeInstitute(LI).Itisacharteredbodywhichaccredits
landscapeprofessionalsanduniversitycourses.Atpresenttherearefifteenaccreditedprogrammesinthe
UK.MembershipoftheLIisavailabletostudents,academicsandprofessionals,andthereareover
3,000professionallyqualifiedmembers.
TheInstituteprovidesservicestoassistmembersincludingsupportandpromotionoftheworkof
landscapearchitectsinformationandguidancetothepublicandindustryaboutthespecificexpertise
offeredbythoseintheprofessionandtrainingandeducationaladvicetostudentsandprofessionals
lookingtobuildupontheirexperience.
In2008,theLIlaunchedamajorrecruitmentdriveentitled"IwanttobeaLandscapeArchitect"to
encouragethestudyofLandscapeArchitecture.Thecampaignaimstoraisetheprofileoflandscape
architectureandhighlightitsvaluableroleinbuildingsustainablecommunitiesandfightingclimate
change.[16]

UnitedStates
InmostUSjurisdictionssuchasstatesandmunicipalities,alldesignsforpublicspacemustbereviewed
andapprovedbylicensedlandscapearchitects.IntheUnitedStates,LandscapeArchitectureisregulated
byindividualstategovernments.Foralandscapearchitect,obtaininglicensurerequiresadvanced
educationandworkexperience,pluspassageofthenationalexamination.Severalstatesrequirepassage
ofastateexamaswell.IntheU.S.licensingisoverseenbothatthestatelevel,andnationallybythe
CouncilofLandscapeArchitecturalRegistrationBoards(CLARB).Landscapearchitecturehasbeen
identifiedasanaboveaveragegrowthprofessionbytheUSBureauofLaborStatisticsandwaslistedin
U.S.News&WorldReport'slistofBestJobstoHavein2006,2007,2008,2009and2010.[17]The
nationaltradeassociationforU.S.landscapearchitectsistheAmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects.
TheaveragesalaryforlandscapearchitectureprofessionalsintheU.S.is$71,000.[18]

Examplesoflandscapearchitecture

Potager(Dordogne,France)

BebenhausenAbbeymonastery
garden(BadenWrttemberg,
Germany)

Entrancetowalledkitchengarden
(Norfolk,England)

Medievalgarden(reconstruction)
(ledeFrance,France)

Woodland(Saihji,Japan)

Japanesegarden(tsu,Japan)

Chinesegarden

Gardenlighting(Pinjore,India)

Topiary(Helsingborg,Sweden)

AsiansculpturegardenTexas,USA.

Vigelandsculpturegarden(Frogner
Park,Oslo,Norway)

Roofterracegarden(Ventimiglia,
Italy)

FormalpalacegardenEscorial
(Madrid,Spain)

Mediterraneangarden(Alpes
Maritimes,France)

Herbgarden(Warwickshire,
England)

UseofstepsatVillalaMagia,in
Quarrata,Italy.

Seealso
JohnClaudiusLoudon(17831843)
Energyefficientlandscapedesign
Environmentalgraphicdesign
Gardendesign
Greenroof
Hardlandscapematerials
Landscapeassessment
Landscapedetailing
Landscapeengineering
LandscapeInstitute
Landscapeplanning
Landscapeproducts
Landscapeurbanism
Listoflandscapearchitects
Listofschoolsoflandscapearchitecture
Plantingdesign
PrinciplesofIntelligentUrbanism
Softlandscapematerials
Sustainablelandscapearchitecture
Urbanforestry
Urbanreforestation

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoLandscape
architecture.

Externallinks
FrederickLawOlmsted(http://www.fredericklawolmsted.com/)

References
1. Hyams,Edward(1971).AHistoryofGardensandGardening.NewYork,Washington:PraegerPublishers.
p.239.
2. SirGeoffreyJellicoe,SusanJellicoe,TheLandscapeofMan:ShapingtheEnvironmentfromPrehistorytothe

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

PresentDayISBN9780500274316
"LandscapeArchitectureYourEnvironment.Designed"(http://www.asla.org/design).Asla.org.Retrieved
20130406.
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FindaGrave(http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6412257)
"HistoryofHorticulture"(http://www.hcs.ohiostate.edu/hort/history/159.html).OhioStateUniversity.
RetrievedJuly24,2012.
IFLAPast,Present,FutureApublicationaboutthehistoryofIFLA.ISBN3952208000
UNCESCODocumentsandPublications(http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgibin/ulis.pl?
catno=123501&set=48C9DF56_2_0&gp=0&lin=1)
TheInternationalFederationofLandscapeArchitects(IFLA)(http://www.iflaonline.org/)
NationalParkService(2000).CulturalLandscapeReport:DumbartonOaksPark,RockCreekPark.
Washington,D.C.:U.S.Dept.oftheInterior.
Corbett,John."IanMcHarg:OverlayMapsandtheEvaluationofSocialandEnvironmentalCostsofLand
UseChange"(http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/23).CenterforSpartiallyIntegratedSocialScience.
Retrieved4June2014.
Ozio,Ron(6March2001)."Obituary:IanMcHargDies"(http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/university
pennsylvaniaprofianmchargdies).PennNews.UniversityofPennsylvania.Retrieved4June2014.
"TheOntarioAssociationofLandscapeArchitects"(http://www.oala.on.ca).Oala.on.ca.Retrieved
20130406.
AustralianInstituteofLandscapeArchitects(AILA)(http://www.aila.org.au)
CanadianSocietyofLandscapeArchitectsOfficialSiteEnglish(http://www.cslaaapc.ca/cslaaapc)
"CCPositionStatement"(http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/media/CCPositionStatement.php).
landscapeinstitute.org.2011.Retrieved30May2011.
"CareerAdviceandGuideforJobSearchesUSNewsBusiness"
(http://money.usnews.com/money/careers/articles/2009/12/28/landscapearchitect2.html).
Money.usnews.com.Retrieved20130406.
"AverageSalaryforLandscapeArchitectureProfessionalsis$71,100,SurveySays"
(http://www.asla.org/NewsReleaseDetails.aspx?id=30041).asla.org.20101105.Retrieved20130406.

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