The sum of the exterior angles of

any polygon is equal to 360

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is

Co-ordinate Geometry
Straight line
Gradient form: y = m + b
General form: A + By + C = 0

Distance: d = (1-2)2 + (y1-y2)2

Midpoint: mp = (1 + 2 , y1 + y2 )
2

Gradient: m = y2-y1
2-1

Perpendicular distance

P=

A1 + By1 + C
A2 + B2

m = tan

Geometrical Properties

Complementary angles add to 90

Supplementary angle add to 180
Vertically opposite angles are equal
Angles at a point add to 360
Angle sum of a triangle is 180
The exterior angle of a triangle is
equal to the sum of the opposite
interior angles
An isosceles triangle has equal base
angles
Equilateral triangles have all angles
60
Alternate angles on parallel lines are
equal
Corresponding angles on parallel
lines are equal
Co-interior angles between parallel
lines are supplementary
The angle sum of a polygon is
(n-2)x180

360

Tests for special quadrilaterals:

Parallelograms:
Two opposite sides equal and
parallel or
Opposite sides are equal or
Opposite angles are equal or
Diagonals bisect each other
Rhombus:
All sides equal or
Diagonals bisect each other at right
angles
Rectangle:
All angles are right angles or
Parallelogram with equal diagonals
Square:
All sides equal and one angle right
or
All angles right and two adjacent
sides equal.
Tests for congruent triangles

SSS
SAS
AAS
RHS

Tests for similar triangles

AA
Corresponding sides proportional
(SSS)
Two sides are proportional and
included angles are equal (SAS)

Applications of Differentiation

First derivative dy/d

- Stationary point when equals 0
- Curve increasing>0

- Curve decreasing<0
-Max turning point if second
derivative negative
-Minimum turning point if second
derivative positive
Second derivative d2y/d2

e = e

- Point of inflexion when equals 0

-Concave up when >0
-Concave down when <0
Horizontal point of inflexion if both
first and second derivative equals
zero.

ef() = f() ef(x)

ec = cec

e d = e + k
ec d =

ec + k

8
7

Integration
n d =

1
n+1

6
5

n+1 + c

4
3
2

A = ba f() d

Area between curve and axis

Volume of revolution

0
-4

-3

loge =

Area between two curves

A = top curve - bottom curve

-1

Logarithmic Functions

V = ba [ f() ]2 d

-2

logef() =

Volume between two curves

A = (top curve)2 (bottom curve)2

Approximating integrals

d = loge = c
d = logef() + c

Simpsons Rule

A = h [ f(a) + 4 x f((a+b)/2) + f(b) ]

3

Log laws
logee2 = 2logee = 2

Trapezoidal Rule

logek = logek + loge

loge = loge = loge

loge/k = loge - logek

A = h [ f(a) + f(b) ]

Logarithmic and Exponential

Functions
Exponential functions

2.5

=1

1.5
1

0.5

Derivatives
sin = cos

0
0

10

cos = -sin

Trigonometric Functions

tan = sec2

Arc length
l = r
area of sector
A = r2
y = sin

Integrals

sina d = -1/a cos + c

cosa d = 1/a sin + c
sec2a d = 1/a tan + c\

1.5
1
0.5

180

Degrees to radians:

Radians to degrees:

0
7

-0.5
-1
-1.5

Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
y = cos

Rates of Change

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

-0.5
-1

Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
y = tan
-1.5

180

The rate of change of some physical

quantity Q is defined as dQ/dt
Given Q = f(t) then rate of change,
dQ/dt = f (t)
Given the rate of change, R = dQ/dt,
then Q = R dt

Kinematics
Displacement =
Velocity = v = d/dt
Acceleration = a = dv/dt = d2/dt2
= v dt
v = a dt

Period =

Exponential Growth and Decay

If e = a, then = logea
3

Growth y = aek

Decay y = Ae-k

If $P is invested at the beginning of each

year in a superannuation fund earning
interest at r% pa, the investment after n
years will amount to T
A1 = P

2.5
2
1.5

A2 = P

1
0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

xponential Growth
If the rate of change is proportional
to P, ie dP/dt = kP
Then P = Poekt
Exponential Decay
If dP/dt = -kP
Then P = Poe-kt
Where Po is the initial value of P
k is the constant of proportionality
P is the amount of quantity present at
time t

Series and Applications

Arithmetic Series

Tn = a + (n-1)d
Sn = n/2 (a+l) or
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]

And so on, so that investment = A1 +

A2
=P
+P

forms a geometric series with

a=P

n = number of years

and r =

Time payments

A person borrows $P at r% per term,

where the interest is compounded per
term on the amount owing. If they pay
off the loan in equal term instalments
over n terms, their equal term instalment
is M, where

Geometric Series
M=

Tn = arn-1
Sn =

if r > 1

Sn =

if r < 1

S =

where

Compound Interest

A=P
Superannuation

Deriving the equation:

An = P (rate)n M (1 + rate + rate2)
<1

After fully paid An = 0

Rearrange to find M, using (1 + rate +
rate2) as a geometric series.

Probability
Probability of an event occurring =

Parabolas

The probability of two events A and B

occurring is given by:
P(AB) = P(A) x P(B)

(-b)2 = 4a(y-c)
where (b,c) is the vertex
a is the focal length

Sum and Difference of Two Cubes

X 3+ Y 3 = (x + y)(X 2 - XY + Y 2 )
X 3 -Y 3 = (X - Y)(X 2 + XY + Y 2 )