Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
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55
Technical Note
, A. Mimet , M. Perez-Garca
A. El Fadar
8
9
Energetics Laboratory, Sciences Faculty, BP 2121, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 93000 Tetouan, Morocco
b
Dpto. de Fsica Aplicada, Universidad de Almera, Spain
OO
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Article history:
Received 8 April 2008
Accepted 8 March 2009
Available online xxx
The aim of the current paper is to propose a study of a novel solar adsorptive cooling system, using
activated carbonammonia pair, coupled with a parabolic trough collector (PTC) and a water-stainless
steel heat pipe. A theoretical model, based on the thermodynamics of the adsorption process, heat and
mass transfer within the porous medium and energy balance in the hybrid system components, is
developed and a simulation code, written in FORTRAN, is carried out. This model, which has been
validated by experimentation results, computes the temperature, pressure and adsorbed mass inside the
adsorbent bed. The performance is assessed in terms of specic cooling power (SCP) and solar coefcient
of performance (COPs). Furthermore, the effect of some important parameters on the system performance is discussed, and an optimization of these parameters is given.
The simulation results have shown that there exists, for each aperture width value of the collector (W),
an optimum external radius of adsorbent bed (R2). Under the operating and design conditions of
evaporation temperature Tev 0 C, condensing temperature Tcon 28 C, adsorption temperature
Tads 24 C, W 0.70 m, R2 0.145 m and reactor length of 0.5 m, an optimal corresponding COPs is
found to be of the order of 0.18.
2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
PR
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17
a b s t r a c t
Keywords:
Solar energy
Parabolic trough collector
Heat pipe
Adsorption
Modelling
Refrigeration
ED
14
15
a r t i c l e i n f o
CT
12
13
24
25
26
27
34
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CO
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1. Introduction
UN
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31
RR
E
28
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The most commonly working pairs used in this eld are zeolite
water; active carbonmethanol; active carbonammonia; silica
gelwater. In this regard, some units of solar adsorption refrigerators have been commercialized using activated carbonmethanol
system manufactured by BLM Co. of France and zeolitewater
system manufactured by Zeopower Co. of USA. These units were
technically successful, but their costs are not competitive with the
conventional vapour compression system [4].
In addition to their high costs, adsorption refrigeration systems
have some other drawbacks, such as low specic cooling power and
low coefcient of performance, due to the weak heat transfer within
the adsorbers. Thus, in order to overcome these limitations and attain
higher performance, several approaches have been undertaken such
as enhancement of heat transfer properties in the adsorbent beds
[5,6], design and investigation of advanced cycles, and improvement
of regenerative heat and mass transfer between beds, [712].
On the other hand, the solar power technology employing the
parabolic trough collector (PTC) has been used in various applications, such as electricity generation, desalination, heating, etc.
Parabolic trough collectors are regarded as the most developed and
deployed type of solar concentrators [13] and their technology is
the most-veried solar technology through deployment and
construction testing [14]. Moreover, Bird and Drost [15] have
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with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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175
110
113
114
123
124
A
Ac
C
Dgi
Dgo
Di
Do
Dwi
h
H
Ib
Lc
125
126
Le
127
128
L(Tev)
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
m
ma
P
Qc
q
r
R1
R2
t
tcycle
T
u
U
W
x
Greek letters
a
absorptivity
150
151
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
UN
152
153
171
172
2. System description
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185
186
187
188
189
Subscripts
a
adsorbed, adsorbate
ab
absorber
ads
adsorption
amb
ambient
con
condensation, condenser
e
equivalent
ev
evaporation, evaporator
g
gas, glass
gl
global
hp
heat pipe
l
liquid
s
solid (activated carbon)
sat
saturation
w
wick
wa
wall (stainless steel)
190
191
Abbreviations
AC
activated carbon
COPs
solar coefcient of performance
HP
heat pipe
PTC
parabolic trough collector
SCP
specic cooling power (W kg1)
207
208
DP
121
122
3
3w
r
s
q
DHads
Dx
TE
119
120
EC
117
118
CO
RR
115
116
b
g
d
OF
Nomenclature
RO
111
112
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
Please cite this article in press as: Fadar AE, et al., Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled
with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
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250
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315
251
252
316
317
OF
240
253
254
255
256
261
262
Fig. 1. (a) Simplied scheme of the hybrid system: 1. PTC; 2. Heat pipe; 3. Adsorber; 4. Evaporator; 5. Condenser; 6. Valves; 7. Ammonia liquid tank; 8. Expansion valve. (b) Cross
section of the receiver assembly: 9. Reective surface; 10. Glazing; 11. Absorber; 12. Wick.
DP
259
260
RO
257
258
263
270
271
3. Mathematical modelling
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295
296
297
298
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300
301
302
303
304
EC
276
277
CO
RR
274
275
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
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330
331
332
333
334
335
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337
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340
341
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343
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345
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349
350
351
352
353
354
UN
266
267
TE
268
269
264
265
318
319
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
Fig. 2. Comparison of predicted and measured temperatures.
Please cite this article in press as: Fadar AE, et al., Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled
with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
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369
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385
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419
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424
425
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427
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431
432
433
434
leff
l lw 1 3w ll lw
ll l
ll lw 1 3w ll lw
(1)
rg Cg Ag
vTg
gag bWIb t pDgi Uabg Tab Tg
vt
pDgo Ugamb Tg Tamb
(2)
vT
rab Cab Aab ab gsaab bWIb t pDo Uabg Tab Tg
vt
pDo hT Tab Thp
RT 1=2pLe
lwa
(6)
(3)
#
lnDi =Dwi
leff
In Eqs. (2) and (3), Ugamb and Uabg denote the heat transfer
coefcients between the glazing envelope and ambient air, and
between the absorber and glazing envelope, respectively. The
convective and radiative heat transfer coefcients are obtained from
correlations given in the literature [2628].
3.2.3. Heat and mass transfer equations in the adsorbent bed
3.2.3.1. Mass conservation equation. Heat transfer within the
porous medium induces a mass transfer and vice versa. Indeed, the
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
X
ddU X
qout Hout
qin Hin f z
dt
out
463
464
(7)
in
where Hin and Hout are the enthalpies of adsorbate entering and
leaving the layer under consideration, respectively; qin and qout
designate the mass ow rates of adsorbate entering and leaving the
same layer, respectively; f represents heat ux exchanged with
surrounding medium, it is expressed according to the law of Fourier,
while z refers to mechanical power exchanged with surrounding
medium which is nil in the present case.
The differential internal energy, dU, in Eq. (7) may be expressed
as a function of different phases (i.e. solid, gaseous and adsorbed
phases) in the porous reactive medium as:
i
h
dU 1 3rs us 3 qrg ug qra ua
(8)
i
vh
Vl 1 3rs us 3 qrg ug qra ua
vt
qr dr; tHg Tr dr; p
#
"
v2 T 1 vT
qr; tHg Tr; p le Vl
vr 2 r vr
461
462
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
where
(4)
436
437
"
lnDo =Di
(5)
Vl 2prdrLc
435
446
447
i
vh
vqr; t
V 3 qrg qra
dr
qr; t qr dr; t
vt l
vr
OF
381
382
RO
379
380
DP
377
378
hotter layers in adsorbent bed desorb the ammonia gas, which will
be adsorbed on colder layers. This mass transfer contributes to the
heat transfer process, since the gas that will be adsorbed on cold
layers is hot, and also because of the exothermal character of
adsorption.
Therefore, if we consider a layer of radial coordinate, r, and
thickness, dr, in the adsorbent bed, the difference between mass
ow rates of ammonia gas entering and leaving this layer is equal to
the adsorbed and gaseous ammonia remaining in the same layer,
per unit of time. The ammonia mass conservation equation is
expressed as follows:
TE
375
376
Furthermore, the isobaric assumption is widely adopted in literature and, under some working conditions, this assumption was
found to be consistent with the experimental and simulated results
[22,23].
Regarding the uniformity of vapour temperature along the HP,
the validation of this assumption has been performed experimentally by Huang and El-Genk [24]; they measured the axial vapour
temperature distributions of a copperwater heat pipe. As for the
assumption relating to the convection heat transfer, we will discuss
this point later (Section 3.2.3). The other assumptions have been
made to simplify the model; they are commonly adopted in literature. Consequently, we can conclude that the assumptions made in
this work could be considered as acceptable.
]Besides, under the condition of the metal screen wick, which
is assumed to be saturated with the working uid, the effective
wick thermal conductivity is evaluated by the following formula
[25].
EC
373
374
CO
RR
371
372
UN
370
ARTICLE IN PRESS
(10)
489
490
491
496
497
Hg P; T Ha P; T DHads
Please cite this article in press as: Fadar AE, et al., Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled
with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
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503
504
505
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511
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515
516
vug
vus
v
us 1 3rs 3 qrg
2prLc 1 3rs
vt
vt
vt
v
v
vua
ug Hg 3 qrg ua Hg qra qra
vt
vt
vt
#
"
!
vHg
v2 T
1 vT
11
qr; t
2pr le Lc
r vr
vr
vr 2
r
du Cv dT Cp dT
(12)
517
518
ug Hg
519
520
521
522
ua Hg
DHads
(14)
526
527
532
533
534
535
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
CO
RR
538
539
ma qra Vl
552
553
vma
q=Vl DHads
vt
554
555
DHads 1=Vl
556
q
vT
q vT
q vHg
cg dr
dr q=Vl dHg
cg
2prLc vr
Vl vr
Vl vr
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
(16)
UN
536
537
(17)
566
567
568
569
19
570
571
574
575
576
577
- Boundary conditions:
r R1
vT
le
hgl Thp T
vr rR1
r R2
le
(20)
R2 < r < R2 d
rC=lwa
vTwa
vt
v2 Twa 1 vTwa
r vr
vr 2
578
579
580
581
vT
hi T Twa r R2 ; t
vr rR2
(21)
582
583
584
585
!
(22)
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
(15)
597
598
599
600
r R2 d
vTwa
vr
601
602
(23)
rR2 d
where hgl is the global heat transfer coefcient between the heat
pipe vapour and the adsorbent bed. The equation of corresponding thermal resistance, Rgl , is shown in Eq. (24):
Rgl 1=2pLc
"
lnDo =Di
lwa
lnDi =Dwi
leff
hi R1
#
(24)
Tt 0 Tab t 0 Tg t 0 Tads ;
(18)
565
572
573
TE
530
531
#
"
h
ivT
v2 T 1 vT
3
r
3
q
r
qr
l
e
1 s Cs g Cg a Ca
vt
vr 2 r vr
p
v
1 p
vma
3 qrg
DHads
rg Vl ra
vt
vt
z}|{
z}|{
z}|{
z}|{
z}|{
h
ivT
v
vma III
vma IV
q
vT
I
II
3 qrg
1 3rs cs qra ca 3 qrg cg
p=rg
1=Vl p=ra
DHads 1=Vl
cg V
vt
vt
2prLc vr
vt
vt
z}|{
#
"
v2 T 1 vT VI
le
vr 2 r vr
EC
528
529
DP
ra
523
524
525
(13)
rg
OF
501
502
RO
500
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Pt 0 Pev
Psat Tev
Please cite this article in press as: Fadar AE, et al., Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled
with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
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604
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611
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613
614
615
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617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
Table 1
Main input data used in the simulation.
Symbol Parameter
Value
Unit
633
634
0.49
kJ kg1 K
635
636
Cg
0.75
kJ kg1 K
Dgi
Dgo
Do
Le
0.11
0.115
0.056
1.00
0.92
0.05
0.90
0.90
0.85
7850
2500
0.90
0.90
m
m
m
m
kg m1
kg m1
1.00
0.048
0.044
0.73
0.63
m
m
m
W m1 K
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
1
aab
ag
b
3ab
3g
rab
rg
g
s
COPs
1
Wm
656
657
0.836
kJ kg1
658
659
hi
33.45
W m2 K
664
665
666
667
668
669
L (Tev)
R1
3
le
Operating conditions
Tads
Adsorption temperature
Tcon
Condensation temperature
Tev
Evaporation temperature
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
7
Cl dT 5
1600
kJ kg1
1262.40 kJ kg1
Tev
0.028
0.71
0.431
W m1 K
SCP
297
301
273
K
K
K
x x0
cpr
1 pr
1 n 1pnr npn1
r
1 c 1pr cpn1
r
(25)
702
703
704
705
708
709
Qc
tcycle mAC
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
(27)
1
UN
674
675
ZTcon
(28)
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
4. Numerical solution
729
730
731
732
1
670
671
672
673
700
701
710
711
Ac Ib tdt
6
Qc mAC Dx4LTev
TE
DHads
(26)
EC
662
663
1
CO
RR
660
661
Qc
sunset
Z
696
697
706
707
sunrise
1
The assessment parameters of the performance of the adsorption refrigeration system considered in this work are the solar
coefcient of performance (COPs) and the specic cooling power
(SCP). These parameters are dened by the following formulas:
The solar coefcient of performance is expressed as:
1
46.00
DP
637
638
1
695
698
699
OF
631
632
RO
630
ARTICLE IN PRESS
5. Experimental validation
In order to validate the model of heat and mass transfer within
the porous medium, described above, a tubular reactor with a double
stainless steel envelope heat exchanger has been used. This reactor
has an inner diameter and a length equal to 53 mm and 250 mm,
respectively; it was heated at isosteric phase by means of thermal oil,
which circulates along the 4 mm thickness of the inter-envelope
space with a ow rate of 1.5 l/min. The thermostat temperature
ranged between 20 and 250 C, and each reactor cover contains, in its
centre, a hole allowing the inlet or outlet of the ammonia gas. The
reactor was packed with 274 g of activated carbon (AC) particles
having a mean diameter of 2 mm. The type of AC used in the experience is BPL 4 10 from CHEMVIRON rm [29]. Detailed information about this experimental device is shown in a previous work [21].
In Fig. 3, we have reported experimental and model results; this
gure depicts the time evolution of predicted and experimental
temperatures at three different radial positions inside the reactor
Please cite this article in press as: Fadar AE, et al., Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled
with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
733
734
735
736
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738
739
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745
746
747
748
749
750
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753
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755
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759
ARTICLE IN PRESS
825
761
762
826
827
763
764
828
829
765
766
830
831
767
768
832
833
769
770
834
835
771
772
836
837
OF
760
773
774
775
776
RO
777
778
779
780
Fig. 3. Climatic data used in simulation.
783
786
787
788
789
790
791
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
EC
796
797
CO
RR
794
795
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
UN
792
793
because, with a higher value of adsorbent mass, the thermal resistance increases. Consequently, the heat exchange rate during the
cycle process is reduced contributing to a longer cycle time. As
result, a reduction in the SCP. So, it is obvious that the compactness Q1
attainment of the system requires a low mass of activated carbon.
The COPs increases with the increase in adsorbent mass, and
once the adsorbent mass reaches a critical value, which is evaluated
to be 14.5 kg, the COPs decreases. The reason is that the increase in
adsorbent mass induces adsorption of high quantity of ammonia
vapour mass initially at adsorption phase and hence, desorption of
large amount of ammonia at subsequent desorption process. This
produces more cooling and, consequently, results in high COPs.
Nevertheless, beyond this optimal value of 14.5 kg, the adsorbent
bed is heated, but the heat absorbed is not sufcient to desorb the
required amount of ammonia. For a given aperture width of
TE
784
785
Fig. 4. Temperature prole in different layers within the adsorbent bed (R2 0.12 m;
W 0.84 m). Layer 1: adjacent layer to heat pipe (r 2.9 cm); Layer 2: layer in the
middle (r 7.4 cm); Layer 3: adjacent layer to external envelope (r 11.9 cm).
DP
781
782
838
839
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
Table 2
Thermocouples positions within the cylindrical adsorber.
821
822
Thermocouple number, i
823
824
0.00
6.00
0.00
12.00
1.5
12.00
2.65
12.00
0.00
18.00
1.00
18.00
886
887
Fig. 5. Variation of pressure and adsorbed mass within the reactor, during a simulated
cycle (R2 0.12 m; W 0.84 m).
Please cite this article in press as: Fadar AE, et al., Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled
with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
888
889
ARTICLE IN PRESS
8
955
890
891
892
893
894
COPs
895
896
897
898
899
900
0.15
958
959
0.1
960
961
0.05
962
963
0
1
964
965
905
906
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
947
948
949
950
951
952
Fig. 7. Effect of the aperture width of collector on COPs.
RO
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
DP
946
953
954
0.1
0.25
TE
920
921
EC
918
919
CO
RR
916
917
0.2 0.05
0.2
7. Conclusions
Fig. 6. Inuence of the adsorbent mass on SCP and on COPs, (W 0.728 m).
UN
914
915
0.4
0.15
Fig. 8. COPs variation with aperture width of collector and external radius of adsorbent
bed.
907
908
913
0.6
903
904
911
912
0.8
OF
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902
909
910
956
957
0.2
Please cite this article in press as: Fadar AE, et al., Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled
with a heat pipe, Renewable Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.009
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