Young CAT2e SSM Ch7 Part2

Chapter 7
Section 7.6 Solutions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.

1
1
sin 2 x cos x = [ sin(2 x + x ) + sin(2 x x )] = [sin 3x + sin x ]
2
2
3.
1
5sin 4 x sin 6 x = 5 [ cos(4 x 6 x) cos(4 x + 6 x) ]
2
5
5
= [ cos(2 x) cos10 x ] = [ cos 2 x cos10 x ]
2
2
5.
1
4 cos( x) cos 2 x = 4 [ cos( x + 2 x) + cos( x 2 x) ]
2
= 2 [ cos x + cos(3 x) ] = 2 [ cos x + cos 3 x ]
7.
3x 5 x 1 3x 5 x
3x 5 x
sin sin = cos cos +
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
=
1
1
[cos( x) cos 4 x ] = [ cos x cos 4 x ]
2
2
9.
4
4
2
4 1 2
2
cos x cos x = cos x + x + cos x x
3
3
3
3 2 3
3
=
1
2 1
2 x
cos 2 x + cos x = cos 2 x + cos
2
3 2
3
11. 3cos(0.4 x) cos(1.5 x) = 32 [ cos(1.9 x) + cos(1.1x) ] = 32 [ cos(1.9 x) + cos(1.1x) ]

13.
) (
4sin 3 x cos 3 3 x = 2 sin 2 3 x + sin 4 3 x = 2 sin 2 3 x sin 4 3 x
15.
5 x + 3x
5 x 3x
cos 5 x + cos 3 x = 2 cos
cos
= 2 cos 4 x cos x
2
2
17.
3x x
3x + x
sin 3 x sin x = 2sin
cos
= 2sin x cos 2 x
2
2
466
Section 7.6
19.
x 5x
x 5x

+
5
x
x

3x
3x
sin sin = 2sin 2 2 cos 2 2 = 2sin( x) cos = 2sin x cos
2
2
2
2
2
2
21.
7
7
2
2
x+ x
x x
2
7
3 cos 3
3
cos x + cos x = 2 cos 3
3
3
2
2
3
5
3
5
= 2 cos x cos x = 2 cos x cos x
2
6
2
6
23.
0.4 x + 0.6 x
0.4 x 0.6 x
sin ( 0.4 x ) + sin ( 0.6 x ) = 2sin
cos
2
2
= 2sin ( 0.5 x ) cos ( 0.1x ) = 2sin ( 0.5 x ) cos ( 0.1x )

25.
sin
5x 3 5x
5x + 3 5x
5 x sin 3 5 x = 2sin
cos
2
2
) (
= 2sin 5 x cos 2 5 x = 2sin
27.

4 x+ 6

cos x + cos x = 2 cos
2
4
6

x
4 x 6
cos
2

5
= 2 cos x cos
24
24
) (
5 x cos 2 5 x

5
x = 2 cos x cos
24
24
29.
cos 3x cos x
=
sin 3x + sin x
3x + x
3x x
2 sin
sin
2
2
3x x
= tan
= tan x
2
3x + x
3x x
2 sin
cos
2
2
467
Chapter 7
31.
x + 3x x 3x
2 sin
sin
cos x cos 3 x
2 2 sin 2 x sin( x) sin 2 x sin x
= tan 2 x
=
=
=
sin x cos 2 x
sin 3x sin x
3x x
3x + x
sin x cos 2 x
2 sin
cos
2
2
33.
cos 5 x + cos 2 x
=
sin 5 x sin 2 x
5x 2 x
5x + 2 x
2 cos
cos
2
2
5x 2x
3x
= cot
= cot
2
2
5x 2 x
5x + 2 x
2 sin
cos
2
2
35.
sin A + sin B
=
cos A + cos B
A+ B
A B
2 sin
cos
2
2
A+ B
= tan
2
A+ B
A B
2 cos
cos
2
2
37.
cos A cos B
=
sin A + sin B
A+ B
A B
2 sin
sin
2
2
A B
= tan
2
A+ B
A B
2 sin
cos
2
2
39.
A+ B
A B
A+ B
A B
2 sin
cos
sin
cos
sin A + sin B
2
2
2
2
=
=
sin A sin B
A B
A+ B
A+ B
A B
2 sin
cos
cos
sin
2
2
2
2
A+ B A B
= tan
cot
2 2
41.
cos( A + B) + cos( A B)
=
sin( A + B) + sin( A B)
A+ B + A B
A+ B A+ B
2 cos
cos
2
2
A+ B + A B
A+ B A+ B
2 sin
cos
2
2
468
cos A
= cot A
sin A
Section 7.6
43. Description of G note: cos ( 2 (392)t )
Description of B note: cos ( 2 (494)t )
Combining the two notes: cos ( 784 t ) + cos ( 988 t ) .

Using the sum-to-product identity then yields:
784 t + 988 t
784 t 988 t
cos ( 784 t ) + cos ( 988 t ) = 2 cos
cos
2
2
= 2 cos ( 886 t ) cos ( 102 t )
= 2 cos ( 886 t ) cos (102 t ) (since cosine is even)

The beat frequency is 494 392 = 102 Hz.
494 + 392
= 443 Hz .
The average frequency is
2
45. The resulting signal is
2 tc
2 tc
+ sin
sin
6
6
1.55 10
0.63 10
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
1.55 10
0.63 10
1.55 10
0.63 10
cos 2 tc
= 2sin 2 tc
2
2
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
+
1.55 0.63
1.55 0.63
cos 2 tc
= 2sin 2 tc
2
2
2 tc 1
2 tc 1
1 6
1 6
= 2sin
+
10 cos
10
2 1.55 0.63
2 1.55 0.63
47.
1540 t + 2418 t
1540 t 2418 t
sin ( 2 (770)t ) + sin ( 2 (1209)t ) = 2sin
cos
2
2
= 2sin (1979 t ) cos ( 439 t ) = 2sin (1979 t ) cos ( 439 t )
469
Chapter 7
49. Note that A + 52.5D + 7.5D = 180D , so that A = 120D . So, the area is
(10 ft.)
sin ( 52.5D ) sin ( 7.5D )

2sin (120D )
1
100 cos ( 52.5D 7.5D ) cos ( 52.5D + 7.5D )
2
ft.2
=
2sin (120D )
=
50 cos ( 45D ) cos ( 60D )

2sin (120D )
2 1
25

2 2 2 25
=
ft. =
3
2
=
25
6 3
3
) ft.
ft.2
) ft.
2 1
3
25
2 1
3
ft.2
5.98 ft.2
51. In the final step of the computation, note that cos A cos B cos AB and
sin A sin B sin AB . Should have used the product-to-sum identities.
53. False. From the product-to-sum identities, we have
1
cos A cos B = [ cos( A + B ) + cos( A B)] ,
2
and the right-side is not, in general, expressible as the cosine of a product.
55. True. From the product-to-sum identities, we have
1
cos A cos B = [ cos( A + B ) + cos( A B)] .
2
57. Observe that
sin A sin B sin C = [sin A sin B ] sin C
= ( cos ( A B ) cos( A + B ) ) sin C

2
1
= cos ( A B ) sin C cos( A + B ) sin C
2
1 1
= sin ( C + A B ) + sin ( C ( A B ) )
2 2
1
sin ( C + A + B ) + sin ( C ( A + B ) )
2
1
[sin( A B + C ) + sin(C A + B) sin( A + B + C ) sin( A + B C )]
4
At this point, depending on which terms you decide to apply the odd identity for sine, the
answer can take on a different form.
470
Section 7.6
59.
cos A cos B sin A sin B =
1
2
[cos( A + B) + cos( A B)] 12 [cos( A B) + cos( A + B)]
= cos( A + B )
61. Observe that
y = 1 3sin( x) sin ( 6 x ) = 1 3 cos ( x + 6 x ) cos ( x 6 x )

= 1 32 cos ( 76 x ) cos ( 56 x )
The graph is as follows:
63. Observe that

y = cos ( 23 x ) cos ( 56 x )
= 12 cos ( 23 x + 56 x ) + cos ( 23 x 56 x )
= 12 cos ( 32 x ) + cos ( 6 x ) = 12 cos ( 32 x ) + cos ( 6 x )
The graph is as follows:
471
Chapter 7
65. Consider the graph of y = 4sin x cos x cos 2 x , as seen below:
From the graph, it seems as though this function is equivalent to sin 4x . We prove this
identity below:
4sin x cos x cos 2 x = 2 ( 2sin x cos x ) cos 2 x = 2sin 2 x cos 2 x = sin(2 2 x) = sin 4 x

= sin 2 x
67. To the right are the graphs of the

following functions:
y1 = sin 4 x sin 2 x (solid)
y2 = sin 6 x (dashed)
y3 =
1
2
[cos 2 x cos 6 x ]
Note that the graphs of y1 and y3 are the

same.
472
Section 7.7
Section 7.7 Solutions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

2
1. The equation arccos
. Since the range of
= is equivalent to cos =
2
2
arccosine is [ 0, ] , we conclude that =
3. The equation arcsin
is
,
2 , 2
3
3
. Since the range of arcsine
= is equivalent to sin =
2
2
we conclude = .
3
2 = cos . Since the

sin
2
2
5. The equation cot 1 ( 1) = is equivalent to cot = 1 =
range of inverse cotangent is ( 0, ) , we conclude that =
3
.
4
2 3
2 3
, which is further the same
7. The equation arc sec
= is equivalent to sec =
3
3
as cos =
that =
3
2 3
3
. Since the range of inverse secant is
2
, we conclude
0, 2 2 ,
9. The equation csc 1 ( 2 ) = is equivalent to csc = 2 , which is further the same as
sin =
1
. Since the range of inverse cosecant is
2
that =
, we conclude
2 , 0 0, 2
11. The equation arc tan 3 = is equivalent to tan = 3 =
2 = sin . Since
1
cos
2

the range of inverse tangent is , , we conclude that = .
3
2 2
13. The equation arcsin ( 0 ) = is equivalent to sin = 0 . Since the range of arcsine is
,
2 , 2
we conclude = 0 .
15. The equation sec 1 ( 1) = is equivalent to sec = 1 , which is further the same as
cos = 1 . Since the range of inverse secant is 0, , , we conclude that = .
473
Chapter 7
1
1
17. The equation cos 1 = is equivalent to cos = . Since the range of arccosine is
2
2
[0, ] , we conclude that =
, which corresponds to = 60D .
2
2
19. The equation sin 1
. Since the range of arcsine
= is equivalent to sin =
2
2

is , , we conclude that = , which corresponds to = 45D .
4
2 2
1
3
3
cos
1
21. The equation cot
= 2 =
. Since
= is equivalent to cot =
3
sin
3
3
2
2
, which corresponds to
the range of inverse cotangent is ( 0, ) , we conclude that =
3
= 120D .
1
3
3
sin . Since the
23. The equation arc tan
= is equivalent to tan =
= 2 =
3
cos
3
3
range of inverse tangent is , , we conclude that = , which corresponds to

6
2 2
= 30D .
25. The equation arc csc ( 2 ) = is equivalent to csc = 2 , which is further the same as
1
sin = . Since the range of inverse cosecant is
2
that =
, we conclude
2 , 0 0, 2
27. The equation arc sec 2 = is equivalent to sec = 2 , which is further the
same as cos =
1
. Since the range of inverse secant is
2
, we conclude
0, 2 2 ,
3
4
29. The equation sin 1 ( 1) = is equivalent to sin = 1 . Since the range of arcsine is
that =

,
,
we
conclude
that
2 2
2
474
Section 7.7
cos
, which implies
sin
cos = 0 . Since the range of inverse cotangent is ( 0, ) , we conclude that = , which
31. The equation arc cot ( 0 ) = is equivalent to cot = 0 =
corresponds to = 90D .
33. cos 1 ( 0.5432 ) 57.10D
35. tan 1 (1.895 ) 62.18D
37.
39.
1
D
sec1 (1.4973) = cos 1
48.10
1.4973
41.
1
cot 1 ( 4.2319 ) = + tan 1
4.2319
D
csc 1 ( 3.7893) = sin 1
15.30
3.7893
43. sin 1 ( 0.5878 ) 0.63
180D 13.30D = 166.70D
45. cos 1 ( 0.1423) 1.43
47. tan 1 (1.3242 ) 0.92
49.
51.
cot 1 ( 0.5774 ) = + tan 1

2.09
0.5774
1
csc1 ( 3.2361) = sin 1
0.31
3.2361
5 5
5
53. sin 1 sin
.
since
=
2 12 2
12 12
55. sin ( sin 1 (1.03) ) is undefined since 1.03 is not in the domain of inverse sine.

7
57. Note that we need to use the angle in , such that sin = sin
. To
2 2
6
7

1
this end, observe that sin 1 sin
.
= sin sin =
6
6 6
4
59. Note that we need to use the angle in [ 0, ] such that cos = cos
. To this
3
4
2 2
1
end, observe that cos 1 cos
.
= cos cos
=
3
3
3
61. Since cot ( cot 1 x ) = x for all < x < , we see that cot cot 1 3 =
3 .

63. Note that we need to use the angle in 0, , such that sec = sec .
3
2 2

.
To this end, observe that sec1 sec = sec1 sec =
3
3 3
1
1
65. csc csc1 is undefined since is not in the domain of inverse cosecant.
2
2
475
Chapter 7
67. Since cot ( cot 1 x ) = x for all < x < , we see that cot ( cot 1 0 ) = 0 .
69. Since tan 1 ( tan x ) = x for all
71. Not possible
( )=
( ) =
73. cot 1 ( cot ( 83 ) ) = cot 1

75. csc1 ( csc 154 ) = csc 1
1
3
<x<

, we see that tan 1 tan = .
2
4
4
2
3
2
2
77. Let = sin 1 3 . Then, sin = 3 , as
79. Let = tan 1 12 . Then,
shown in the diagram:
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see

that z 2 + 32 = 42 , so that z = 7 .
Hence, cos sin 1 3 = cos = 7 .
4
4
tan =
12 ,
5
as
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that

122 + 52 = z 2 , so that z = 13 .
12
12
Hence, sin tan 1 = sin =
.
13
5
476
Section 7.7
81. Let = sin 1 3 . Then, sin = 3 , as

5
83. Let = sin 1 2 . Then, sin =

, as
5
5

that z 2 + 32 = 52 , so that z = 4 .
Hence, tan sin 1 3 = tan = 3 .
4
5
85. Let = cos 1 1 . Then, cos =

4

z2 +
1
, as
4
( )
2
= 52 , so that z = 23 . So,
1
5
5 23
3
.
sec sin 1 = sec =
=
=
cos
23
23
4
60
87. Let = sin 1 60 . Then, sin = , as
61
61

that z 2 + 12 = 42 , so that z = 15 .
Hence,
1
4
4 15 .
1
csc cos 1 = csc =
=
=
4
sin
15
15


z 2 + 602 = 612 , so that z = 11 .
Hence,
11
60
.
cot sin 1 = cot =
60
61
477
Chapter 7
89. Use i = I sin ( 2 f t ) with f = 5 and I = 115. Find the smallest positive value of t
for which i = 85. To this end, observe
115sin ( 2 5t ) = 85
sin (10 t ) =
85
115
85
sin 1
115 0.026476
t=
10
So, t 0.026476 sec. = 26 ms .

91. Given that H (t ) = 12 + 2.4sin(0.017t 1.377) , we must find the value of t for which
H (t ) = 14.4 . To this end, we have
12 + 2.4sin(0.017t 1.377) = 14.4
sin(0.017t 1.377) = 1
0.017t 1.377 = sin 1 (1) =
t=
+ 1.377
2
0.017
2
173.4
Now, note that 173.4 151 = 22.4 . As such, this corresponds to June 22-23.
93. We need to find the smallest value of t for which
12.5cos ( 0.157t ) + 2.5 = 0 ,
and the graph of the left-side is decreasing prior to this value. We solve this graphically.
The solid graph corresponds to the left-side of the equation. We have:
Notice that the solution is approximately t = 11.3, or about 11 years.
478
Section 7.7
95. Consider the following diagram:
Let = + . Then,
tan + tan
1 tan tan
1 7
8
+
8x
x x
=
= 2x = 2
x 7
1 7 x 7
1
2
x
x x
tan = tan ( + ) =
k
2 tan 1
f
d with f = 2 m = 0.002 km and d = 4 km .
97. Use the formula M = 1
2
We have the following specific calculation:
2
2 tan 1
4 = 0.001 2 tan 1 1 0.0007048 km 0.70m

k = 2 km: M = 0.002 1

2
2
10
2 tan 1
4 = 0.001 2 tan 1 5 0.00024 km 0.24 m

k = 10 km: M = 0.002 1

2
2
300
, we have
200 x
300
= tan 1
.
200 x
150
Also, since tan =
, we have
x
150
= tan 1
.
x
Therefore, since + + = , we see that
Since tan =
300
1 150
tan
.
200 x
x
= tan 1

101. The identity sin 1 ( sin x ) = x is valid only for x in the interval , , not [ 0, ] .
2 2
479
Chapter 7
1
.
tan 1 x
105. False. Upon inspection of the graphs, the portion to the right of the y-axis, when
reflected over the y-axis does not match up identically with the left portion, as seen below:
103. In general, cot 1 x
More precisely, note that for instance sec1 (1) = cos 1 1 = 0 , while
1
1
1
1

sec 1 (1) = cos 1 = . As such, sec ( x ) sec ( x ) , for all x in the domain of
1

inverse secant.
107. False. This holds only on a subset of the domain to which cosecant is restricted in
order to define its inverse.
1
1
109. sec1 does not exist since is not in the domain of the inverse secant function
2
2
(which coincides with the range of the secant function).
111. In order to compute sin cos 1 2 + sin 1 1 , we first simplify both cos 1 2
2
2
1
and sin 1 :
2
2
2
If cos 1
. So, = .
= , then cos =
2
4
2
1
1
If sin 1 = , then sin = . So, = .
2
6
2
Hence,
2
1

1
sin cos 1
+ sin = sin = sin cos sin cos
2
4 6
4
6
6
4
2
2 3 1 2
=

=
2
2
2
2
6 2
4
113. In order to compute sin ( 2sin 1 (1) ) , first observe that
If = sin 1 (1), then sin = 1. So, =

Hence, sin ( 2sin 1 (1) ) = sin 2 = sin = 0 .
2
480
Section 7.7
115. Consider the function f ( x) = 3 + cos x .

4
a.
Note that this function has a phase shift of
units to the right. So, we take the
interval used to define cos 1 x , namely [ 0, ] and add
to both endpoints to get
5
the interval , . Note that f is, in fact, one-to-one on this interval.
4 4
b. Now, we determine a formula for f 1 , along with its domain:
y = 3 + cos x
4
y 3 = cos x
4
cos 1 ( y 3) = x
+ cos 1 ( y 3) = x
+ cos 1 ( x 3)
4
The domain of f 1 is equal to the range of f. Since the amplitude of f is 1 and there is a
vertical shift up of 3 units, we see that the range of f is [ 2, 4] . Hence, the domain of f 1
So, the equation of the inverse of f is given by: f 1 ( x) =
is [ 2, 4] .
117. Consider the function f ( x) = 2 + 14 cot ( 2 x 6 ) .
(a) We know that y = cot 2 x is 1-1 on ( 0, 2 ) . As such, since y = cot ( 2 x 6 ) is simply a
horizontal shift of y = cot x to the right
(0
12
12
) = (
12
5
12
).
12
units, we conclude that it is 1-1 on the interval
Since multiplying by a constant and shifting it vertically do not
affect whether or not it is 1-1, we conclude that f is 1-1 on this interval as well.
(b) Restricting our attention to x values in ( 12 , 512 ) , we determine the inverse as follows:
y = 2 + 14 cot ( 2 x 6 )
x = 2 + 14 cot ( 2 y 6 )
x 2 = 14 cot ( 2 y 6 )
4( x 2) = cot ( 2 y 6 )
cot 1 ( 4( x 2) ) = 2 y 6
12
+ cot 1 ( 4 x 8 ) = 2 y
+ 12 cot 1 ( 4 x 8 ) = y
Hence, the inverse is f 1 ( x) = 12 + 12 cot 1 ( 4 x 8 ) with domain \ .
481
Chapter 7
119. The graphs of the following two functions on the interval [ 3,3] is below:
Y1 = sin ( sin 1 x ) ,
Y2 = x
The graphs are different outside the interval [ 1,1] because the identity sin ( sin 1 x ) = x
only holds for 1 x 1 .
The results are different outside the interval [ 1,1] because the identity cos ( cos 1 x ) = x
only holds for 1 x 1 .

121. The graphs of the following two functions on the interval , is below:
2 2
1
Y1 = csc ( csc x ) , Y2 = x
Observe that the graphs do indeed coincide on this interval. This occurs since
csc1 ( csc x ) = x holds when x , 0 0, .

2
482
Section 7.8
123. From the given information, we have

the following diagram:
9
720
a. sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x = 2 ( 40
41 )( 41 ) = 1681
b. x = tan 1 ( 409 ) 1.34948 . So,
sin 2 x = sin ( 2.69896 ) = 0.42832
c. Yes, the results in parts a. and b. are the

same.
Section 7.8 Solutions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

3 5
,
1. The values of in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy cos =
are =
.
4 4
2
1
3. First, observe that csc = 2 is equivalent to sin = . The values of in [ 0, 4 ]
2
1
that satisfy sin = are
2
7 7
11 11
7 11 19 23
,
,
,
,
,
+ 2 ,
+ 2 =
.
=
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5. The only way tan = 0 is for sin = 0 . The values of in \ that
satisfy sin = 0 (and hence, the original equation) are = n , where n is an integer .
1
must satisfy
2
7 7
11 11
7 11 19 23
2 =
,
,
,
,
,
+ 2 ,
+ 2 =
.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
So, dividing all values by 2 yields the following values of which satisfy the original
equation:
7 11 19 23
=
,
,
,
12 12 12 12
7. The values of in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy sin 2 =
483
Chapter 7
1

9. The values of in \ that satisfy sin = must satisfy
2
2
7
11
=
+ 2n ,
+ 2n , where n is an integer.
2 6
6
So, multiplying all values by 2 yields the following values of which satisfy the original
equation:
11
7
11
7
= 2
+ 2n , 2
+ 2n =
+ 4n ,
+ 4n
3
6
6
3
=
7
11
+ 4n ,
+ 4n , where n is an integer .
3
3
11. The values of in [ 2 , 2 ] that satisfy tan 2 = 3 must satisfy
4 4
2
2
5
5
,
,
,
+ 2 ,
2 ,
2
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
.
2
5
8
11
4 7 10
,
,
,
,
,
,
= ,
3 3 3
3
3
3
3
3
equation:
4 7 10
2
5
8
11
,
,
,
,
,
,
= ,
6 6 6
6
6
6
6
6
5
4
11
2 7 5
,
,
, ,
,
,
= ,
6 3 6 3
3
6
3
6
1
13. First, observe that sec = 2 is equivalent to cos = . The values of in
2
1
2
4
[ 2 , 0] that satisfy cos = are = , .
2
3
3
2 =
+ 2 ,
15. The values of in \ that satisfy cot 4 =
4 =
3
=
3
1
2
3
2
must satisfy
2
5
+ 2n ,
+ 2n , where n is an integer.
3
3
This reduces to
2
+ n , where n is an integer.
3
equation:
4 =
n ( 2 + 3n )
=
, where n is an integer .
4
12
484
Section 7.8
17. First, observe that sec 3 = 1 is equivalent to cos 3 = 1 . The values of in \ for
which this is true must satisfy
3 = + 2n = (2n + 1) , where n is an integer.
equation:
(2n + 1)
, where n is an integer .
=
3
19. First, observe that csc 3 = 1 is equivalent to sin 3 = 1 . The values of in \ for
which this is true must satisfy
(4n + 1)
3 = + 2n =
, where n is an integer.
2
2
So, dividing all values by 5 yields the following values of in [ 2 , 0] which satisfy the
original equation:
7 11
= , ,
2
21. First, observe that 2sin 2 = 3 is equivalent to sin 2 =
3
. The values of in
2
3
must satisfy
2

2 2
2 7 8
.
2 = ,
,
,
,
+ 2 ,
+ 2 = ,
3 3
3
3
3 3 3 3
equation:
2 7 8 7 4
,
,
,
= ,
= , ,
.
6 6 6 6
6 3 6 3
[0, 2 ] that satisfy sin 2 =
23. First, observe that 3 tan 2 3 = 0 is equivalent to tan 2 =
3
. The values of in
3
3
must satisfy
3

7 7
7 13 19
2 = ,
,
,
,
+ 2 ,
+ 2 = ,
.
6 6
6
6
6 6
6
6
equation:
7 13 19
,
,
,
=
.
12 12 12 12
[0, 2 ] that satisfy tan 2 =
485
Chapter 7
1
25. First, observe that 2 cos ( 2 ) + 1 = 0 is equivalent to cos ( 2 ) = . The values of
2
1
in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy cos ( 2 ) = must satisfy
2
2 2
4 4
2 4 8 10
.
2 =
,
,
,
,
,
+ 2 ,
+ 2 =
3
3
3
3
3 3 3
3
equation:
2 4 8 10 2 4 5
,
,
,
,
,
=
= ,
6 6 6
6
3 3 3 3
27. First, observe that

3 cot 3 = 0 is equivalent to
2

cos
1
3
2.
= 2 =
cot =

3
3
2
2 sin 2
The value of in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy this equation must satisfy
, so that =
2
.
3
29. Factoring the left-side of tan 2 1 = 0 yields the equivalent equation

( tan 1)( tan + 1) = 0 which is satisfied when either tan 1 = 0 or tan + 1 = 0 . The
values of in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy tan = 1 are =

tan = 1 are =
5
4
, and those which satisfy
3 7
,
. Thus, the solutions to the original equation are
4 4
3 5 7
,
,
= ,
.
4 4 4 4
31. Factoring the left-side of 2 cos 2 cos = 0 yields the equivalent equation
cos ( 2 cos 1) = 0 which is satisfied when either cos = 0 or 2 cos 1 = 0 . The
values of in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy cos = 0 are =

cos =
3
2
, and those which satisfy
1
5
are = ,
. Thus, the solutions to the original equation are
2
3 3
3 5
, ,
= ,
.
2 2 3 3
486
Section 7.8
33. Factoring the left-side of csc 2 + 3csc + 2 = 0 yields the equivalent equation
( csc + 2 )( csc + 1) = 0 which is satisfied when either csc + 2 = 0 or csc + 1 = 0 . The
1
values of in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy csc = 2 (or equivalently sin = ) are
2
7 11
3
,
=
, and those which satisfy csc = 1 (or equivalently sin = 1 ) are =
6
6
2
7 11 3
. Thus, the solutions to the original equation are =
,
,
.
6
6 2
35. Factoring the left-side of sin 2 + 2sin 3 = 0 yields the equivalent equation
( sin + 3)( sin 1) = 0 which is satisfied when either sin + 3 = 0 or sin 1 = 0 . Note
that the equation sin + 3 = 0 has no solution since 3 is not in the range of sine. The
value of in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfies sin = 1 is =
37. Factoring the left-side of sec2 1 = 0 yields the equivalent equation

( sec 1)( sec + 1) = 0 , which is satisfied whenever sec = 1 , or equivalently
cos = 1 . The values of in ( 0, 2 ) for which this is true are = 0, .
39. Factoring the left-side of sec 2 (2 ) 43 = 0 yields the equivalent equation
2
2
2
, or
sec 2
sec 2 +
= 0 , which is satisfied whenever sec 2 =
3
3
3
3
equivalently cos 2 =
. The values of for which this is true must satisfy
2
5 7 11 13 17 19 23
2 = ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
6 6 6
6
6
6
6
6
So, dividing by 2 then yields the values of in [ 0, 2 ] for which this is true:
5 7 11 13 17 19 23
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
487
Chapter 7
41. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy sin 2 = 0.7843 , we
proceed as follows:
Step 1: Find the values of 2 whose sine is 0.7843 .
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 ( 0.7843) 51.655D , which is in QIV.
Since the angles we seek have positive measure, we use the representative
360D 51.655D 308.345D . A second solution occurs in QIII, and has value
180D + 51.655D = 231.655D .
Step 2: Use periodicity to find all values of that satisfy the original equation.
Using periodicity with the solutions obtained in Step 1, we see that
2 = 308.345D , 308.345D + 360D , 231.655D , 231.655D + 360D
= 308.345D , 668.345D , 231.655D , 591.655D
and so, the solutions to the original equation are approximately:
115.83D , 295.83D , 154.17D , 334.17D

43. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy tan = 0.2343 ,
2
we proceed as follows:
whose tangent is 0.2343 .

2
Indeed, observe that one solution is tan 1 ( 0.2343) 13.187D , which is in QIV.
Step 1: Find the values of
360D 13.187D 346.813D . A second solution occurs in QII, and has value
346.813D 180D = 166.813D .
Step 2: Use Step 1 to find all values of that satisfy the original equation, and exclude
any value of that satisfies the equation, but lies outside the interval 0D ,360D .
The solutions obtained in Step 1 are
= 166.813D , 346.813D .
2
When multiplied by 2, the solution corresponding to 346.813D will no longer be in the
interval. So, the solution to the original equation in 0D ,360D is approximately
333.63D .
488
Section 7.8
45. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy 5 cot 9 = 0 , we
proceed as follows:
9
Step 1: First, observe that the equation is equivalent to cot = .
5
9
Step 2: Find the values of whose cotangent is .
5
1
9
= tan 1 5 29.0546D ,
Indeed, observe that one solution is cot 1 = tan 1
9
5
9
5
which is in QI. A second solution occurs in QIII, and has value
29.0546D + 180D = 209.0546D . Since the input of cotangent is simply , and not some
multiple thereof, we conclude that the solutions to the original equation are
approximately 29.05D , 209.05D .

47. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy 4sin + 2 = 0 , we
proceed as follows:
2
.
Step 1: First, observe that the equation is equivalent to sin =
4
2
.
Step 2: Find the values of whose sine is
4
2
D
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1
20.7048 , which is in QIV.
4
360D 20.7048D 339.30D . A second solution occurs in QIII, and has value
20.7048D + 180D = 200.70D . Since the input of sine is simply , and not some
multiple thereof, we conclude that the solutions to the original equation are
489
Chapter 7
49. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy

4 cos 2 + 5cos 6 = 0 , we proceed as follows:
Step 1: Simplify the equation algebraically.
Factoring the left-side of the equation yields:
( 4 cos 3)( cos + 2 ) = 0
4 cos 3 = 0 or cos + 2 = 0
3
cos =
or cos
=

2
4
No solution
3
Step 2: Find the values of whose cosine is .
4
3
Indeed, observe that one solution is cos 1 41.4096D , which is in QI. A
4
second solution occurs in QIV, and has value 360D 41.4096D = 318.59D . Since the
input of cosine is simply , and not some multiple thereof, we conclude that the
solutions to the original equation are approximately 41.41D , 318.59D .
490
Section 7.8

6 tan 2 tan 12 = 0 , we proceed as follows:
Factoring the left-side of the equation yields:
( 3 tan + 4 )( 2 tan 3) = 0
3 tan + 4 = 0 or 2 tan 3 = 0
4
3
tan = or tan =
3
2
4
Step 2: Solve tan = .
3
4
To do so, we must find the values of whose tangent is .
3
4
Indeed, observe that one solution is tan 1 53.13D , which is in QIV. Since
3
the angles we seek have positive measure, we use the representative
180D 53.13D = 126.87D . Since the input of tangent is simply , and not some
multiple thereof, we conclude that the solutions to this equation are
3
Step 3: Solve tan =
2
3
To do so, we must find the values of whose tangent is .
2
3
Indeed, observe that one solution is tan 1 56.31D , which is in QI. A second
2
solution occurs in QIII, and has value 180D + 56.31D = 236.31D . Since the input of
tangent is simply , and not some multiple thereof, we conclude that the solutions to
this equation are approximately 56.31D , 236.31D .
Step 4: Conclude that the solutions to the original equation are
56.31D , 126.87D , 236.31D , 306.87D .
491
Chapter 7

15sin 2 2 + sin 2 2 = 0 , we proceed as follows:
Step 1: Simplify the equation algebraically. Factoring the left-side of the equation yields:
( 5sin 2 + 2 )( 3sin 2 1) = 0
5sin 2 + 2 = 0 or 3sin 2 1 = 0
sin 2 =
2
1
or sin 2 =
5
3
2
Step 2: Solve sin 2 = .
5
2
Step a: Find the values of 2 whose sine is .
5
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 2 23.578D , which is in QIV. Since the
5
angles we seek have positive measure, we use the representative 360D 23.578D 336.42D .
A second solution occurs in QIII, namely 180D + 23.578D = 203.578D .
2
Step b: Use periodicity to find all values of that satisfy sin 2 = .
5
Using periodicity with the solutions obtained in Step a, we see that
2 = 203.578D , 203.578D + 360D , 336.42D , 336.42D + 360D
= 203.578D , 563.578D , 336.42D , 696.42D
and so, the solutions are approximately: 101.79D , 281.79D , 168.21D , 348.21D
1
Step 3: Solve sin 2 = .
3
1
Step a: Find the values of 2 whose sine is .
3
1
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 19.4712D , which is in QI.
3
A second solution occurs in QII, and has value 180D 19.4712D = 160.528D .
1
Step b: Use periodicity to find all values of that satisfy sin 2 = .
3
Using periodicity with the solutions obtained in Step a, we see that
2 = 19.4712D , 19.4712D + 360D , 160.528D , 160.528D + 360D
= 19.4712D , 160.528D , 379.4712D , 520.528D
and so, the solutions are approximately: 9.74D , 189.74D , 80.26D , 260.26D
101.79D , 281.79D , 168.21D , 348.21D , 9.74D , 189.74D , 80.26D , 260.26D .
492
Section 7.8
55. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy cos 2 6 cos + 1 = 0 ,
Since the left-side does not factor nicely, we apply the quadratic formula (treating
cos as the variable): cos =
( 6 )
( 6 )
2 (1)
4 (1)(1)
64 2
= 3 2 2
2

=
3+ 2
2
So, is a solution to the original equation if cos

or cos = 3 2 2 .
No solution since 3+ 2 2 >1
Step 2: Find the values of whose cosine is 3 2 2 .

Indeed, observe that one solution is cos 1 3 2 2 80.1207D , which is in QI. A
second solution occurs in QIV, and has value 360D 80.1207D = 279.88D . Since the
input of cosine is simply , and not some multiple thereof, we conclude that the
solutions to this equation are approximately 80.12D , 279.88D .
Step 3: Conclude that the solutions to the original equation are 80.12D , 279.88D .
493
Chapter 7
57. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy 2 tan 2 tan 7 = 0 ,
Since the left-side does not factor nicely, we apply the quadratic formula (treating
cos as the variable):
tan =
( 1)
( 1) 4 ( 2 )( 7 ) 1 57
=
2 ( 2)
4
2
So, is a solution to the original equation if either

1 57
1 + 57
tan =
or tan =
.
4
4
1 57
.
Step 2: Solve tan =
4
1 57
.
To do so, we must find the values of whose tangent is
4
1 57
D
58.587 , which is in QIV.
4
Indeed, observe that one solution is tan 1
180D 58.587D = 121.41D . Since the input of tangent is simply , and not some
multiple thereof, we conclude that the solutions to this equation are
Step 3: Solve tan =
1 + 57
4
To do so, we must find the values of whose tangent is
1 + 57
.
4
1 + 57
D
Indeed, observe that one solution is tan 1
64.93 , which is in QI. A
4
second solution occurs in QIII, and has value 180D + 64.93D = 244.93D . Since the
input of tangent is simply , and not some multiple thereof, we conclude that the
solutions to this equation are approximately 64.93D , 244.93D .
64.93D , 121.41D , 244.93D , 301.41D .
494
Section 7.8
59. In order to find all of the values of in 0D ,360D that satisfy csc 2 (3 ) 2 = 0 , we
proceed as follows:
Factoring the left-side of csc 2 (3 ) 2 = 0 yields the equivalent equation
( csc 3 2 )( csc 3 + 2 ) = 0 , which is satisfied whenever csc 3 =
2 , or
2
. The values of for which this is true must satisfy
2
3
5
7
+ 2n ,
+ 2n ,
+ 2n , where n is an integer,
3 = + 2n ,
4
4
4
4
which reduces to
n
3 = +
4 2
So, dividing by 3 then yields the values of in [ 0, 2 ] for which this is true.
equivalently sin 3 =
Step 2: Convert the values obtained in Step 1 to degrees.
= 15D , 45D , 75D , 105D , 135D , 165D , 195D , 225D , 255D , 285D ,315D , 345D
61. By inspection, the values of x in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy the equation sin x = cos x are
x=
.
,
4 4
63. Observe that
sec x + cos x = 2
1
+ cos x = 2
cos x
1 + cos 2 x = 2 cos x
cos 2 x + 2 cos x + 1 = 0
(cos x + 1) 2 = 0
cos x + 1 = 0
cos x = 1
The value of x in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfies the equation cos x = 1 is x = . Substituting this
value into the original equation shows that it is, in fact, a solution to the original equation.
495
Chapter 7
65. Observe that
67. Observe that

csc x + cot x = 3
1
cos x
+
= 3
sin x sin x
1 + cos x
= 3
sin x
3
3
1
sin x
3
=
cos x cos x
3
sec x tan x =
1 sin x
3
=
cos x
3
(1 sin x )
(1 + cos x )
=3
sin 2 x
(1 + cos x )(1 + cos x ) = 3
1 cos 2 x
1
=
2
cos x
3
(1 sin x )(1 sin x ) = 1
1 sin 2 x
3
(1 + cos x ) (1 + cos x )
=3
(1 + cos x ) (1 cos x )
3 (1 cos x ) = 1 + cos x
(1 sin x ) (1 sin x ) 1
=
(1 sin x ) (1 + sin x ) 3
3(1 sin x) = 1 + sin x
4sin x = 2
1
sin x =
2
The values of x in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy the
3 3cos x = 1 + cos x
4 cos x = 2
1
cos x =
2
The values of x in [ 0, 2 ] that satisfy the
1
5
.
are x = ,
2
6 6
Substituting these values into the original
equation cos x =
equation sin x =
equation shows that while
is a solution,
5
tan
=
3
equation shows that while
5
csc
3
2
3
5
+ cot
So, the only solution is
is a solution,
=
3
3
3
=
3
3
5
is extraneous. Indeed, note that
3
5
is extraneous. Indeed, note that
6
5
sec
6
1
5
.
are x = ,
2
3 3
Substituting this value into the original
So, the only solution is
496
+
2
2
3
3
= 3 3
3
.
Section 7.8
69. Observe that

2sin x csc x = 0
1
=0
2sin x
sin x
2sin 2 x 1
=0
sin x
2sin 2 x 1 = 0
1
sin 2 x =
2
1
1
sin x =
or sin x =
2
2
The solutions to these equations in [ 0, 2 ]
are x =
71. Observe that
sin 2 x = 4 cos x
2sin x cos x = 4 cos x
2 cos x ( sin x 2 ) = 0
cos x = 0 or sin x 2 = 0
cos x = 0 or sin
x =
2

No solution

are x =
. Substituting these into the

,
2 2
original equation shows that they are all, in
fact, solutions to the original equation.
3 5 7
,
,
,
. Substituting
4 4 4 4
these into the original equation shows that
they are all, in fact, solutions to the
original equation.
73. Observe that
2 sin x = tan x
sin x
cos x
2 sin x cos x = sin x
2 sin x =
sin x
2 cos x 1 = 0
sin x = 0 or
2 cos x 1 = 0
1
sin x = 0 or cos x =
2
The solutions to these equations in [ 0, 2 ] are x = 0, , 2 ,
. Substituting these
,
4 4
into the original equation shows that they are all, in fact, solutions to the original equation.
497
Chapter 7
75. Observe that
tan 2 x = cot x
sin 2 x cos x
=
cos 2 x sin x
cos x ( cos 2 x ) ( sin 2 x ) sin x = 0
cos ( x + 2 x ) = 0
cos 3 x = 0
Note that the solutions of cos 3 x = 0 are
3x =
+ 2 ,
+ 4 ,
3 3
3
+ 2 ,
+ 4
,
2
2
2
so that
5 3 7 11
,
, ,
,
.
6 6
2 2 6
6
Substituting these into the original equation shows that they are all, in fact, solutions to the
original equation.
77. Observe that
79. Observe that
x=
3 sec x = 4sin x
1
4
1
sin 2 x ( cos 2 x sin 2 x ) =
4
1
sin 2 x (1 sin 2 x sin 2 x ) =
4
1
3sin 2 x 1 =
4
1
sin 2 x =
4
1
1
sin x =
or sin x =
2
2
sin 2 x cos 2 x =
3
= 4sin x
cos x
3 = 4sin x cos x
3 = 2 ( 2sin x cos x )
3 = 2sin 2 x
3
= sin 2 x
2
Next, the solutions of sin 2 x =

2x =
+ 2 ,
3
are
2
2 2
,
+ 2
3
3
so that
x=
7 4 .
,
6
3
Substituting all of these into the original

equation shows that they are all, in fact,
solutions to the original equation.

are x = , 5 , 7 , 11 . Substituting
6
these into the original equation shows that

they are all solutions to original equation.
498
Section 7.8
81. Observe that

cos 2 x + 2sin x + 2 = 0
83. Observe that

2sin 2 x + 3cos x = 0
(1 sin x ) + 2sin x + 2 = 0
2 (1 cos 2 x ) + 3cos x = 0
sin 2 x 2sin x 3 = 0
2 2 cos 2 x + 3cos x = 0
( sin x + 1)( sin x 3) = 0
2 cos 2 x 3cos x 2 = 0
( 2 cos x + 1)( cos x 2 ) = 0
sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x 3 = 0
sin x = 1
or sin
x =
3

2 cos x + 1 = 0 or cos x 2 = 0
1
cos x =
or cos
x =
2

2
No solution
No solution
The solution to these equations in [ 0, 2 ]

3
. Substituting this into the
2
original equation shows that it is, in fact, a
solution to the original equation.
is x =
85. Observe that
cos 2 x + cos x = 0
( cos x sin x ) + cos x = 0

( cos x (1 cos x )) + cos x = 0
2

2 4
,
. Substituting these into the
3 3
original equation shows that they are, in fact,
solutions to the original equation.
87. Observe that
1
4 sec 2 x = sin 2 x
are x =
1
= sin 2 x
4 cos 2 x
1 = 4sin 2 x cos 2 x
1 = 2sin 4 x
2 cos 2 x + cos x 1 = 0
( 2 cos x 1)( cos x + 1) = 0

2 cos x 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0
1
cos x =
or cos x = 1
2
= sin 4 x
The solutions to this equation must satisfy
1
2
4x =
and so, the solutions are

x=
,
, . Substituting these into
3 3
the original equation shows that they are,
in fact, solutions to the original equation.
are x =
5 13 17 25 29 37 41
499
5 13 17 25 29 37 41
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
Chapter 7
1
89. In order to find all of the values of x in 0D ,360D that satisfy cos(2 x) + sin x = 0 , we
2
proceed as follows:
1
1
cos(2 x) + sin x = 0 cos 2 x sin 2 x + sin x = 0
2
2
1
2
2
(1 sin x ) sin x + sin x = 0
2
2
4sin x sin x 2 = 0
sin x =
(1) (1) 2 4(4)(2) 1 33

=
2(4)
8
Step 2: Solve sin x = 1 + 33 .

8
To do so, we must find the values of x whose sine is
1 + 33
.
8
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 1 + 33 57.47D , which is in QI. A

8
second solution occurs in QII, and has value 180 57.47D = 122.53D . Since the input
of sine is simply x, and not some multiple thereof, we conclude that the solutions to
this equation are approximately x 57.47D , 122.53D .
Step 3: Solve sin x = 1 33 .
8
To do so, we must find the values of x whose sine is
1 33
.
8
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 1 33 36.38D , which is in QIV.

8
360D 36.38D = 323.62D . A second solution occurs in QIII, and has value
180D + 36.38D = 216.38D . Since the input of sine is simply x, and not some multiple
thereof, we conclude that the solutions to this equation are approximately
x 216.38D , 323.62D .
x 57.47D , 122.53D , 216.38D , 323.62D .
Substituting these into the original equation shows that they are, in fact, solutions to the
original equation.
500
Section 7.8
91. In order to find all of the values of x in 0D ,360D that satisfy 6 cos 2 x + sin x = 5 , we
proceed as follows:
6 cos 2 x + sin x = 5
6 (1 sin 2 x ) + sin x = 5
6 6sin 2 x + sin x = 5
( 3sin x + 1)( 2sin x 1) = 0

3sin x + 1 = 0 or 2sin x 1 = 0 so that sin x =
1
3
or sin x =
1
2
Step 2: Solve sin x = 1 .

3
1
3
To do so, we must find the values of x whose sine is .

Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 19.47D , which is in QIV.
3
360D 19.47D = 340.53D . A second solution occurs in QIII, and has value
180D + 19.47D = 199.47D . Since the input of sine is simply x, and not some multiple
thereof, we conclude that the solutions to this equation are x 199.47D , 340.53D .
1
Step 3: Solve sin x = .
2
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 1 = 30D , which is in QI. A second
1
2
D
solution occurs in QII, and has value 180 30D = 150D . Since the input of sine is
simply x, and not some multiple thereof, we see that the solutions are x = 30D , 150D .
x 30D , 150D , 199.47D , 340.53D .
Substituting these into the original equation shows that they are all solutions.
501
Chapter 7
93. In order to find all of the values of x in 0D ,360D that satisfy cot 2 x 3csc x 3 = 0 , we
proceed as follows:
cot 2 x 3csc x 3 = 0
( csc
x 1) 3csc x 3 = 0
csc 2 x 3csc x 4 = 0
( csc x + 1)( csc x 4 ) = 0

csc x + 1 = 0 or csc x 4 = 0
csc x = 1 or csc x = 4
1
sin x = 1 or sin x =
4
Step 2: Solve sin x = 1 .

To do so, we must find the values of x whose sine is 1 .
Indeed, the only solution is sin 1 ( 1) = 270D , which is in QIII.
Step 3: Solve sin x =
1
.
4
1
Indeed, observe that one solution is sin 1 14.48D , which is in QI. A second
4
D
solution occurs in QII, and has value 180 14.48D = 165.52D . Since the input of sine
is simply x, and not some multiple thereof, we conclude that the solutions to this
equation are x 14.48D , 165.52D .
x 14.48D , 165.52D , 270D .
original equation.
502
Section 7.8
95. In order to find all of the values of x in 0D ,360D that satisfy 2sin 2 x + 2 cos x 1 = 0 ,
2sin 2 x + 2 cos x 1 = 0
2 (1 cos 2 x ) + 2 cos x 1 = 0
2 2 cos 2 x + 2 cos x 1 = 0
2 cos 2 x 2 cos x 1 = 0
cos x =
cos x =
(2) (2) 2 4(2)(1) 2 2 3 1 3

=
=
2(2)
4
2
1 3
2
or
1+ 3
cos x =
2

No solution since
Step 2: Solve cos x =
1+ 3
>1
2
1 3
.
2
To do so, we must find the values of x whose cosine is
1 3
.
2
1 3
D
Indeed, the only solution is cos 1
111.47 , which is in QII. A second
2
solution occurs in QIII and has value 360D 111.47D = 248.53D . Since the input of
cosine is simply x, and not some multiple thereof, we conclude that the
solutions to this equation are approximately x 111.47D , 248.53D .
x 111.47D , 248.53D .
original equation.
503
Chapter 7
97. Observe that
1
16
1
4
csc 2 ( 4x ) cos 2 ( 4x ) = 0
csc ( 4x ) cos ( 4x ) ) ( 14 csc ( 4x ) + cos ( 4x ) ) = 0

1
4
csc ( 4x ) = cos ( 4x )
1
4
= sin ( 4x ) cos ( 4x )
1
4
= 12 sin ( 2 4x )
12 = sin ( 2x )
The values of x that satisfy these equation must satisfy
x=
5
3
x 5
= ,
. So, the solutions are
2 6 6
99. Solving for x yields:

2, 400 = 400sin x + 2, 000
6
400 = 400sin
6
This equation is satisfied when

1 = sin x
6
x=
, so that x =
in March.
504
6
= 3 . So, the sales reach 2,400
2
Section 7.8
Let h = height of the trapezoid, and x = length of one base and two edges of the trapezoid,
as labeled above.
Note that = = since they are alternate interior angles. As such,
h
sin = , so that h = x sin .
x
Furthermore, using the Pythagorean Theorem enables us to find z:
z 2 + h 2 = x 2 , so that z = x 2 h 2 = x 2 ( x sin ) 2 = x 2 (1 sin 2 ) = x cos .

= cos 2
Since 0 , we conclude that z = x cos . Hence,

b1 = x and b2 = x + 2 z = x + 2 x cos = x (1 + 2 cos ) .
Thus, the area A of the cross-section of the rain gutter is
1
1
A = h ( b1 + b2 ) = ( x sin ) x + x (1 + 2 cos )

2
2
= 2 x (1+ cos )
= ( x sin ) [ x(1 + cos ) ]

= x 2 [sin + sin cos ]
1
= x 2 sin + ( 2sin cos )

2
sin 2
= x 2 sin +
2
505
Chapter 7
103. Solving the equation 200 + 100sin

2
x = 300 , for x > 2, 000 yields:
200 + 100sin
2
x = 300
100sin
2
sin
2
x = 100
x =1
Observe that this equation is satisfied when
x=
+ 2n , where n is an integer, so that
2
x = 1 + 2n = 1 + 4n , where n is an integer. So, the first value of n for which

1 + 4n > 2, 000 is n = 500 . The resulting year is x = 1 + 4(500) = 2001 .
107. Observe that using the identity
105. Use ni sin ( i ) = nr sin ( r ) with the
given information to obtain

sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A with A = x yields
3
1.00sin ( 75D ) = 2.417 sin ( r )

2sin x cos x + 3 = 4
3
3
so that
1.00sin ( 75D )
2.417

sin 2
3
= sin ( r )
1.00sin ( 75D )
= r
24D sin 1
2.417
x =1
This equation is satisfied when
x = , so
3
2
3
3
sec. for the
. So, it takes
4
4
volume of air to equal 4 liters.
that x =
506
Section 7.8
109. First, we solve 2sin x + 2sin 2 x = 0 on [ 0, 2 ] :

2sin x + 2sin 2 x = 0
2sin x + 2 [ 2sin x cos x ] = 0 so that
2sin x ( 1 + 2 cos x ) = 0
These equations are satisfied when x = 0, , 2 ,
2sin x = 0 or 1 + 2cos x = 0
2sin x = 0 or cos x =
5
3
1
2
. We now need to determine the
corresponding y-coordinates.
y ( x) = 2 cos x cos 2 x
x
0
y ( 0 ) = 2 cos ( 0 ) cos ( 2 0 ) = 2 1 = 1
( 3 ) = 2 cos ( 3 ) cos ( 2 3 ) = 2 12 12 = 32
y 5
) = 2 cos (5 3 ) cos ( 2 5 3 ) = 2 12 12 = 32
y ( ) = 2 cos ( ) cos ( 2 ) = 2(1) 1 = 3
y ( 2 ) = 2 cos ( 2 ) cos ( 2 2 ) = 2(1) 1 = 1
Point
( 0,1)
3
,
3 2
5 3
,
3 2
( , 3)
( 2 ,1)
3
So, the turning points are ( 0,1) , , , 5 , 3 , ( , 3) , and ( 2 ,1) .
3 2 3 2
111. The value = 3 does not satisfy the original equation. Indeed, observe that
2
3
3
2 + sin = 2 1 = 1 , while sin = 1 . So, this value of is an extraneous
2
2
solution.
113. Cannot divide by cos x since it could be zero. Rather, should factor as follows:
6sin x cos x = 2 cos x
6sin x cos x 2 cos x = 0
2 cos x ( 3sin x 1) = 0
Now, proceed
3
2
has two solutions on [ 0, 2 ] , namely = ,
.
2
3 3
117. True. This follows by definition of an identity.
115. False. For instance, sin =
507
Chapter 7
119. Solving the equation 16sin 4 8sin 2 + 1 = 0 on [ 0, 2 ] yields
16sin 4 8sin 2 + 1 = 0
( 4sin
1) = 0
2
( 2sin 1)( 2sin + 1) = 0

So, satisfies the original equation if either 2sin 1 = 0 or 2sin + 1 = 0 .
1
Observe that 2sin 1 = 0 is equivalent to sin = , which is satisfied when = , 5 .
2
6 6
1
7 11
,
.
Also, 2sin + 1 = 0 is equivalent to sin = , which is satisfied when =
2
6
6
5 7 11
,
,
.
So, we conclude that the solutions to the original equation are = ,
6 6 6
6
121. First, observe that using the addition formulae for sin( A B ) yields

sin x + + sin x = sin x cos + cos x sin + sin x cos cos x sin
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
( 2 sin x )
2
= 2 sin x
=
We substitute this for the left-side of the given equation to obtain:
sin x + + sin x =
4
4 2
2
2
1
sin x =
2
2 sin x =
The smallest positive value of x for which this is true is x =

123. Observe that using a half-angle formula, we see that
or 30D .
1 cos ( 3x )
1 + cos ( 3x )
= tan 2 ( 6x ) , thereby
resulting in the equivalent equation tan 2 ( 6x ) = 1 , which has no solution.
508
Section 7.8
125. Factoring the left-side of csc 4 ( 4 ) 4 = 0 yields the equivalent equation
( csc (
2
) 2 ) ( csc 2 ( 4 ) + 2 ) = 0 , which is satisfied whenever either
csc 2 ( 4 ) 2 = 0 or csc 2 ( 4 ) + 2 = 0 . The second equation has no solution since
the left-side is always greater than or equal to 2. The first equation is equivalent to
sin 2 ( 4 ) = 12 , which holds whenever sin ( 4 ) = 22 . The values of for which
this is true must satisfy
n
= +
4
4 2
Solving this equation for yields the values of in \ for which this is true:
= 5 + 2n, where n is an integer .
127. Consider the graphs below of
y1 = sin , y2 = cos 2 .

y1 = sin , y2 = sec .
Observe that the solutions of the equation

sin = cos 2 on [ 0, ] are approximately
P1( 0.524, 0.5 ) , P 2 ( 2.618, 0.5 ) .
The exact solutions are
5
6
Since the curves never intersect, there are no

solutions of the equation sin = sec on
[0, ] .
509
Chapter 7

y1 = sin , y2 = e .
First, note that while there are no positive

solutions of the equation sin = e , there
are infinitely many negative solutions (at
least one between each consecutive pair of
x-intercepts). They are all irrational, and
there is no apparent closed-form formula
that can be used to generate them.
133. To determine the smallest positive

solution (approximately) of the equation
sec 3 x + csc 2 x = 5 graphically, we search for
the intersection points of the graphs of the
following two functions:
y1 = sec 3x + csc 2 x, y2 = 5
The x-coordinate of the intersection point is

in radians. Observe that the smallest
positive solution, in degrees, is
approximately 7.39D .
510

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Chapter 7

Section 7.6 Solutions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.

11. 3cos(0.4 x) cos(1.5 x) = 32 [ cos(1.9 x) + cos(1.1x) ] = 32 [ cos(1.9 x) + cos(1.1x) ]

4sin 3 x cos 3 3 x = 2 sin 2 3 x + sin 4 3 x = 2 sin 2 3 x sin 4 3 x

= 2sin ( 0.5 x ) cos ( 0.1x ) = 2sin ( 0.5 x ) cos ( 0.1x )

= 2sin 5 x cos 2 5 x = 2sin

43. Description of G note: cos ( 2 (392)t )

Description of B note: cos ( 2 (494)t )

Combining the two notes: cos ( 784 t ) + cos ( 988 t ) .

= 2 cos ( 886 t ) cos ( 102 t )

= 2 cos ( 886 t ) cos (102 t ) (since cosine is even)

= 2sin (1979 t ) cos ( 439 t ) = 2sin (1979 t ) cos ( 439 t )

sin ( 52.5D ) sin ( 7.5D )

50 cos ( 45D ) cos ( 60D )

= ( cos ( A B ) cos( A + B ) ) sin C

[cos( A + B) + cos( A B)] 12 [cos( A B) + cos( A + B)]

61. Observe that

y = 1 3sin( x) sin ( 6 x ) = 1 3 cos ( x + 6 x ) cos ( x 6 x )

The graph is as follows:

63. Observe that

65. Consider the graph of y = 4sin x cos x cos 2 x , as seen below:

67. To the right are the graphs of the

Note that the graphs of y1 and y3 are the

Section 7.7 Solutions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

arccosine is [ 0, ] , we conclude that =

3. The equation arcsin

2 = cos . Since the

5. The equation cot 1 ( 1) = is equivalent to cot = 1 =

range of inverse cotangent is ( 0, ) , we conclude that =

9. The equation csc 1 ( 2 ) = is equivalent to csc = 2 , which is further the same as

11. The equation arc tan 3 = is equivalent to tan = 3 =

[0, ] , we conclude that =

, which corresponds to = 60D .

range of inverse tangent is , , we conclude that = , which corresponds to

, which corresponds to = 30D .

31. The equation arc cot ( 0 ) = is equivalent to cot = 0 =

35. tan 1 (1.895 ) 62.18D

cot 1 ( 4.2319 ) = + tan 1

43. sin 1 ( 0.5878 ) 0.63

180D 13.30D = 166.70D

45. cos 1 ( 0.1423) 1.43

47. tan 1 (1.3242 ) 0.92

cot 1 ( 0.5774 ) = + tan 1

73. cot 1 ( cot ( 83 ) ) = cot 1

77. Let = sin 1 3 . Then, sin = 3 , as

79. Let = tan 1 12 . Then,

shown in the diagram:

shown in the diagram:

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that

81. Let = sin 1 3 . Then, sin = 3 , as

shown in the diagram:

83. Let = sin 1 2 . Then, sin =

shown in the diagram:

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see

85. Let = cos 1 1 . Then, cos =

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that

shown in the diagram:

shown in the diagram:

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that

So, t 0.026476 sec. = 26 ms .

Notice that the solution is approximately t = 11.3, or about 11 years.

95. Consider the following diagram: