hloss = h1 - h2 (5)
where
h = p / = head (m, ft)
The head loss in a tube or duct due to friction, major loss, can be expressed as:
hloss = (l / dh) (v2 / 2 g) (6)
where
hloss = head loss (m, ft)
Friction Coefficient -
The friction coefficient depends on the flow - if it is
laminar,
transient or
turbulent
and the roughness of the tube or duct.
To determine the friction coefficient we first have to determine if the flow is laminar, transient or turbulent - then use the proper formula or diagram.
Friction Coefficient for Laminar Flow
For fully developed laminar flow the roughness of the duct or pipe can be neglected. The friction coefficient depends only the Reynolds Number - Re and can be expressed as:
= 64 / Re (7)
where
Re = the dimensionless Reynolds number
The flow is
laminar when Re < 2300
transient when 2300 < Re < 4000
turbulent when Re > 4000
Friction Coefficient for Transient Flow
If the flow is transient - 2300 < Re < 4000 - the flow varies between laminar and turbulent flow and the friction coefficient is not possible to determine.
Friction Coefficient for Turbulent Flow
For turbulent flow the friction coefficient depends on the Reynolds Number and the roughness of the duct or pipe wall. On functional form this can be
expressed as:
= f( Re, k / dh ) (8)
where
k = absolute roughness of tube or duct wall (mm, ft)
k / dh = the relative roughness - or roughness ratio
Roughness for materials are determined by experiments. Absolute roughness for some common materials are indicated in the table below
Surface
Absolute Roughness - k
-3
10 (m)
(feet)
0.001 - 0.002
0.0015 - 0.007
0.005
1.7 10-5
Stainless steel
0.015
5 10-5
0.045 - 0.09
1.5 - 3 10-4
Stretched steel
0.015
5 10-5
Weld steel
0.045
1.5 10-4
Galvanized steel
0.15
5 10-4
0.15 - 4
5 - 133 10-4
0.25 - 0.8
8 - 27 10-4
0.8 - 1.5
2.7 - 5 10-3
1.5 - 2.5
5 - 8.3 10-3
0.01 - 0.015
3.33 - 5 10-5
Smoothed cement
0.3
1 10-3
Ordinary concrete
0.3 - 1
1 - 3.33 10-3
Coarse concrete
0.3 - 5
1 - 16.7 10-3
0.18 - 0.9
6 - 30 10-4
Ordinary wood
16.7 10-3
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