INDIAN STANDARD SAND

IS sand shall completely pass through 2mm sieve and shall be retained on
90micron sieve.
59-60% of sand should pass through 600micron sieve

IS SIEVE SIZE

% PASSING

< 2mm and > 1mm

< 1mm and > 500 micron
< 500 micron and > 90 micron

33.33
33.33
33.33

Grade of aggregate

Size of aggregate

Grade-I
Grade-II
Grade-III

Coarser
Medium
Finer

Rate of loading for testing the compressive strength of cement is

minute

LIMIT STATE METHOD

Stress block parameter of

LIMIT STATE METHOD

Advantages of limit state method.

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35MPa per

a. In the limit state method of analysis, the principles of both elastic as well
as
plastic theories used and hence suitable for concrete structures.
b. The structure designed by limit state method is safe and serviceable under
design loads and at the same time it is ensured that the structure does not
collapse even under the worst possible loading conditions.
c. The process of stress redistribution, moment redistribution etc., are
considered in the analysis and more realistic factor of safety values are used
in the design. Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more
economical.
d. The overall sizes of flexural members (depth requirements) arrived by limit
state method are less and hence they provide better appearance to the
structure
e. Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive
strains in concrete and steel, the design of compressive reinforcement for
double reinforced beams and eccentrically loaded columns by limit state
method gives realistic valued which is not so in other methods.

WORKING STRESS METHOD

Stress block parameter of

WORKING STRESS METHOD

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WORKING STRESS METHOD is based on the working loads and the criterion for
the strength of the structure is its capacity to sustain the loads and forces
imposed on it.

Advantages of Working Stress Method.

a. The design usually results in relatively large sections of structural
members,
compared to ultimate load. Due to this, structures designed by working stress
method give better serviceability performance under working loads.
b. This method is only the method available when one has to investigate the
reinforced concrete section for service stresses and for the serviceability
state
of deflection and cracking.
Disadvantages of Working Stress Method.
a. This method deals with only the elastic behaviour of the structure. It will
not
show its real strength or the true factor of safety against failure.
b. The modular ratio itself is an imaginary quantity, It will give larger design,
thus
resulting in uneconomical sections with compression members when
compression steel is used in bending members.
c. Due to creep and non-linear stress-strain relationship, concrete does not
have a
fixed youngs modulus as in steel.
d. The working stress method fails to discriminate between different types of
loads
that act simultaneously but have different uncertainties.

Working Stress Method:

Members are designed to never go beyond their Elastic range.
Strength of the material is not utilized in the full extent.
WSM is mainly used for the structures which can release the Loads.
Limit State Method:
In these method design uses the ultimate strength of a member,to determine the
allowable strength.
Material strength can be utilized to its maximum value.
This method is used for the structures which can transfer the loads.
I prefer Limit State Method because it ensures the utilization of material strength with
in the lowest construction output.

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Singly Reinforced Beam:A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete
element is only reinforced near the tensile face and
the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the tension.
Instead of going to Doubly Reinforced Beam we design for Singly Reinforced Beam
when the Bending Moment is 25% less than that of
moment of resistance of a section so that we can get economical section.

Indian standard Sand:

It is a white variety of sand available at Ennore, Madras State,which was very pure
in nature and suitable for use as a standard sand.The thoroughly washed sand
passing 850-micron IS Sieve and retained on 600-micron IS Sieve was observed to
satisfy the requirements of standard sand as a substitute for the Leighton-Buzzard
sand.
This sand should pass through 850-micron IS Sieve and not more than 10 percent
by mass passing 600-micron.This grading was the same as that for LeightonBuzzard sand.
In Working stress method, members are designed to never go beyond their elastic
range. The primary benefit is that the same loads used for checking flexural, shear,
torsional and axial design can also be used for serviceability checks.
In Limit State method, the ultimate strength of a member, beyond initial yielding, to
determine the allowable strength. The primary benefit is that it is generally produces
more economical designs than Working Stress Methods, and it provides a more
consistent safety factor across all elements. This method allows for more control
and understanding of the structural behavior by explicitly considering each load type
independently.
In practice, the two design approaches have been calibrated to provide similar
results for common loading ranges. But the alignment of the structure may change
when the dead load to live/wind/earthquake load ratio is very high or low.

Demerits of Working stress method:1) The Working stress method does not show the real strength nor gives the true
factor of safety of the structure under failure
2)The modular ratio design results in larger percentage of compression steel than
that given by the limit state design,thus leading to un-economic design.
3)Because of creep and non-linear stress-strain relationship, concrete does not have
definite modulus of elasticity
4)The working stress mthod fails to discriminate between different types of loads that
act simultaneously but have different uncertainties.
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Merits of Working stress method:the design is usually results in relatively large sections of sturctural members. Due to
this, structures designed by working stress method gives better serviceability
performance under working loads.

Specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing.
Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails.

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