1W And 5W Power Amplifier

Pavel Zambrano Gmez, Michael Viveros

Department of Automation and Electronics, Universidad Autnoma de Occidente
Cali, Colombia

Abstract-- A power amplification occurs when

the bias, the voltage or both parameters of an output
signal are increased at the end of Electronic
assembly respect the input.
There are many ways to increase these parameters,
on this case the idea is to use firstly operational
amplifiers, first a amplification using LF353 OP
AMP and later secondly an AB class amplifier of
current.
This power amplifier will give to the load a power of
5W, with an input signal of 100mVrms and 1KHz of
frequency.
Power amplification is used for many things, but
sound is the most common, because of these the RL
resistance will be 8 ohm, modeling a loudspeaker.

I.

Introduction

Transistors can be used to amplify a signal, and

there are many configurations to use them.
A class, B class, AB class, C class and D class.
A class is a kind of configuration very simple to
make because just use one BJT transistor, also can
amplify a lot of voltage and crossover distortion is
avoid, but have a problem, it consumes bias all the
time because it is never off, also this problem
entails low efficiency, something as 25%.
B class is a little more complex configuration
because it uses two BJT transistors, and only
amplify half of the input wave cycle, thus creating
a large amount of distortion, but their efficiency is
greatly improved and is much better than class A.

AB class is a B class power amplifier with an

improvement, using two diodes at the input
making reduction of crossover distortion.

Is a little bit less efficient compared to the class B

but is much more lineal than B. Its efficiency is
about 78%.
But simple transistors arent all the possible
devices to amplify, there is the operational
amplifier, a device created using a lot of
transistors inside, it has a really good property, it
has a good CMRR, and perfect impedances
coupling if it works with low frequencies.
Because the assembly will have three stages is
important take care with the coupling between
these stages, a way to make a good coupling is,
firstly a good design thinking in the impedances
of each stage and these requirements to work, but
remembering the OP AMP has low output
impedance and high input impedance, so the
coupling is easy.
The coupling is easy when OP AMPs are
involved, but is necessary to take care with the
input impedance of the AB amplifier because it
can create problems when, maybe a class A is
introduced instead the operational.
If it occurs is important to create capacitive
coupling between the stages.
Also and is a very important part of the work, we
have to guarantee the second stage impedance is
independent from the first stage and, think about
how the 75 ohm impedance of ac signal generator
must be independent of the first stage impedance.

II.

Theoretical Analisys

For the design of this amplifier, the following parameters were taken into account, which allowed the design
of the circuit:

A. Power Amplifier
The power amplifier is composed of a class AB current amplifier using a darlington configuration and a
voltage amplifier conformed by one operational amplifier, as shown in picture 1.

Picture 1 Power Amplifier 1W (schematic diagram)

B. Voltage Amplifier
First at all, a non-inverter amplifier configuration
is selected in order to get a high impedance input,
Zin, and a low output impedance, Zout, this
allows to get a good coupling with the class AB
current amplifier. To know the voltage needed to
get 5W in the charge the equation 1 is used:
P=(V^2)/R
Equation 1 power in the charge
With this equation a voltage of 6,4 Vrms is found,
to obtain this voltage a gain of 64 is needed in the
Voltage amplifier configuration, the input signal is
100mVrms.

For this we define a R1 of 100 and using the

equation 2, it is possible to get Rf.
Av = (1 + Rf/R1)
Equation 2 Non-inverter gain
Rf is define as 6300 , but a 7,5k resistor is used
in order to avoid the attenuation produce by the
second stage.
C. Current Amplifier
In this stage is importan to polarize the diodes in
order to get enough current and avoid the
crossover distortion, with this aim R3 and R5 are
selected using the equation 3.

!
Equation 3 Current in the diode and the transistor
This current must be more than 50A to polarize
the diodes but we have to keep in mind that this
resistance influence the input impedance of this
second stage, as shown in equation 4.
!
Equation 4 Input Impedance AB Amplifier
This is why we use a 2,2k in as R1, in this case the
ca is too high, for the using of the darlington, and
the Zin tends to R1/2, in this case 1,1k, and
allows to get more current in the base of the
transistor.

III.

Results and Discussion

Picture 3 No inverting voltage amplifier

(schematic diagram)
The voltage amplifier is designed according to the
input voltage of the Class-AB amplifier and, due
we have a amplification stage. The gain of the
amplifier is 63,2.
Taking into account the gain equation for an no
inverting amplifier, we define the input resistor at
100 and we got the feedback resistor (7.5 k).

Picture 2 Power dissipated by the load

In the picture 2 we can see the power dissipated
by the load and we can confirm the theory with
the simulation. We have a 5W on the power
dissipated at the resistance.

Picture 4 Simulation voltage amplifier (Yellow

input signal, Blue: output signal, Red: Output
signal of the power dissipated on the resistance.)
In the picture 4 we can see the input signal of
voltage amplifier and the output signal of it; the
signal arrives at the no inverting input of the
operational amplifier, so in the end, the input

signal is in phase with the signal that reaches the

load.
The power delivered to the load is about 5W, it
concludes that the voltage on the load to be 6.32
volts RMS, and therefore the current is 0.8 A. Due
to the high currents and that the smooth operation
of the transistors implies a temperature suitable
for everyone, it is necessary to use heat sinks to
transfer heat from the elements to the environment
by ensuring an appropriate point of operation.
Regarding the first amplifier 1W, had to be
changed in the voltage amplification stage, for
charging the 5W. For proper operation from
obtaining in the second stage, in the current gain
stage, we inject more current to the bases of
transistors, for current gain, this increasing the dc
voltage source and decreasing the resistors R3 and
R5.
IV.

Conclusions

Since most of the power gain occurs in the voltaje

amplifier, this is at the last position in order to
avoid implementing power components in all
stages, because of the high current flowing
through them elevates their temperature, so that
optimal performance is not guaranteed.
The Class-AB push-pull amplifier uses a current
mirror which to eliminate zero crossing distortion
and get a continuous signal, so it was important to
set the current mirror in order to obtain the same
current through the input mesh and through the
output mesh. For best results the diodes are placed
closer to the power transistors, so that all these
electronic devices reach the same temperature and
ensure the current mirror. It is noteworthy that this
mirror cannot be guaranteed without the betas of
transistors used in the last stage are not equal or
approximate.
Because the last stage has been implemented
through a class AB push-pull, each pair of
transistors amplifies a half-cycle of the signal
which causes the point Q is not located in the
middle of the load line AC, instead this point must
be located in the cutting area in order to obtain
maximum signal excursion for each half cycle.

V.

References

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