03-09-2014

FlexiblePavementDesign IndianRoads
CongressMethod
CE481A
LEC TURE7
REFERENCE:IRC:372012

Recap
Asphaltinstitutepavementdesignmethodfor

flexiblepavements
Differentmodesoffailure
Criticalresponsesassociatedwithindividual

failuremodes

Recap FailureCriteria
Fatigue

N f 0.0796 t3.291 E *

0.854

Accountfor20%crackinginthewheelpathduring

AASHTOroadtest
PermanentDeformation

N d 1.365 x 109 c

4.477

0.5inchesofruttinginthetotalpavement
Relatedtostressinuppersubgrade

03-09-2014

Recap TemperatureEffectsonHotMix
Asphalt
Airtemperaturedatausedtoaccountforeffectof

temperatureonHMAmodulus

1 34

M p M a 1
6

z 4 z 4

where M p mean pavement temperature (T used in Asphalt Modulus eqn.)

M a mean monthly air temperature
z depth in inches

Pavementtemperaturevarieswithdepth
Temperatureatupperthirdportionofeachlayerusedas

weightedaveragepavementtemperature

Zvalueselectedaccordingly

DesignSubgradeMR
Modulusvaluesmallerthan62,75,or87.5%ofall

testvalues(differencebasedonESAL)

Recap EnvironmentalEffectson
Modulus
Lowestmodulusvaluesfordifferenttemperatureregimesgivenintable

below
Monthlychangescanbeestimatedifmodulivaluesatstartandendof

seasonisknown
Usedasinputforcalculatingdamageduringdifferenttimesoftheyear

03-09-2014

Recap ModulusofUnboundAggregate
Base
Insteadofusingthepredictivemodels(K

or
UzanModel),AIMethodusesaregression
equationtofindaggregatebaseresilientmodulus
E 2 10.447 h1

0.471

h2

0.041

-0.139

E1

E3

0.287

0.868

K1

Recap UsingAIDesignChartsto
EstimatePavementThicknesses

Tk = 7.75 in

Objectives
UnderstandthebasicsofIRCdesignmethod
Understandthedesigninputsrequiredtoperform

pavementdesignusingIRCmethod
Trafficinputs
Materialinputs

PerformpavementdesignusingIRCmethod

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IRCSpecificationforMechanistic
EmpiricalPavementDesign
IRC37:2012
Mechanisticempiricalapproach
Basedonresearchconductedbyresearchorganizations

inIndia
Performancedatacollectedonpavementsacrossthe

countryunderdifferenttemperatureandclimatic
conditions

Applicability
Designofnewpavements
Forhighvolumeroads

NH,SH,Expresswaysetc.

Notapplicableforoverlaydesign
Notapplicableforlowvolumeroads

DeignPrinciples

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PavementComposition

Multiple
layerswith
different
properties

OptionalLayer used(if
needed)when
cementedmaterialsare
usedbelow

Unbound Mixtureof
courseandfine
aggregatecompacted
atOptimumMoisture
ContenttoattainMax.
DryDensity

Bound Stabilized
layers(lime,
cement,flyash
addition)
NaturalSoil/Chemically
modifiedsoil
Figure:Differentlayersofbituminouspavement

PavementDesign
Selectingpavementtype
Selectinglayerstobeused(materials)
Selectinglayerthicknesses
Selectingcombinationstobeused

PerformanceCriteria
Designedtoperformsatisfactorilywithoutcausing

unacceptablelevelsofdistressduringthedesignlife
Unacceptabledistresslevels
Fatiguecrackingof20%fortrafficupto30msa
Fatiguecrackingof10%fortrafficbeyond30msa
Ruttingof20mmin20%ofthelengthfortrafficupto30msa
Ruttingof20mmin10%ofthelengthfortrafficbeyond30msa

Objectiveofdesignistoensurethattheseconditionsdoesnot
occurduringtheservicelifeofpavements

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PerformanceCriteria
Performance

Noofrepetitionsofstandardaxle
canbesustainedbeforeexcessiveruttingorfatigue
damageoccurs

Correlateperformancewithcriticalparameters
2typesofdistresses
2criticalparameters

Generalformofperformanceequations

N K1
Initial Strain

K2

DistressCriteria
Fatiguecrackinginbituminouslayers
Ruttingduetopermanentdeformationinsubgrade
Ruttingduetopermanentdeformationinbituminous

layers
Alligator(Fatigue)Cracking
Rutting

http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/flexural-fatigue/

http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/rutting/

Mechanisticparameters
Pavementperformanceindices

t horizontaltensilestrainatthebottomofbituminous
mixtures:indicatoroffatiguecrackinginHMAlayers

c verticalcompressivestrainontopofsubgrade:

indicatorofpermanentdeformationinsubgradelayers

03-09-2014

MechanisticParameters
Performanceexplainedbasedonmechanistic

behaviourofcomponents
CL R

Failure

tAC
tBase

AC

Aggregate Base

R ===>Fatigue
Critical
Pavement
Responses

Z, Z

===> Rutting

Subgrade

StrainCalculations
Pavementsectionanalysedforcriticalparameters
IRCmethodisbasedonlinearlayeredelastictheory
Pavementsmodelledasamultilayersystem
Layerinterfacesconsideredasrough
Assumptions

oToptwolayers Infinitehorizontallywithfinitethickness
oSubgrade Semiinfinite

StrainCalculations
Inputsrequired

P = Loading
q = P / Area
h1, E1, 1
h2, E2, 2
h3, E3, 3
hn = , En, n

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Mechanisticparameters
Oncemagnitudeofcriticalparametersare

obtainedlimitscanbesetsothatthepavement
performsasperrequirement

LimitingStrains
Computedstrains(mechanisticparameterst, c)

shouldbelessthanlimitingstrains(estimated
basedontrafficselected fatigueandrutting
equations)

Limitingstrainscorrespondstoinitialconditionof

pavement
Limitingstrainsshouldbesmallerforhigher

designtrafficvolume

Pavementmodel

Figure:Differentlayersofaflexiblepavement

03-09-2014

FatigueLife
Criticalparameterscorrelatedtoperformanceof

pavements
Basedonequationforruttingandfatiguefailures

Fatiguemodel
VG30fortrafficupto30msa

FatigueLife
20%fatiguecrackingisachieved

ClassProblem
Forapavementtosustain15msaand25msaloading,

determinethemaximumpermissibletensilestrainsinthe
HMAlayer(AssumeMR forHMA=1,500Mpa)

For15msaloading=2.464x104
For25msaloading=2.161x104

Permissiblestrains(limiting)smallerforhigherdesigntrafficvolume

03-09-2014

FatigueLife
Standardmixesused
4.5%asphaltcontent
4.5%airvoids

CorrectionfactorCusedifmixpropertiesare

differentfromstandard

EffectofAirvoidandBitumenContenton
fatigue

Where
Vb Volume of bitumen
Va Air void content
VG40trafficmorethan30msa

RuttinginPavement
Ruttingmodel

(80 per cent reliability)

(90 per cent reliability)

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03-09-2014

PerformanceCriteria
Toensureunacceptablelevelsofdistressdonot

occurduringdesignlife,thecriticalmechanistic
parameters (identifiedaspavementindicesfor
performance)arekeptwithinacceptablelimits
Acceptablelimitsaredifferentfordifferent

conditions

DesignOptionsforOtherDistressesin
pavement
PermanentdeformationinHMAmixes
Duetosecondarycompactionandsheardeformation

underheavytrafficloadandhighertemperature
Topdowncracking
Butduetoheavyaxleload,excessivetensilestresses

developedatthetopsurface
Highmodulusrutandfatigueresistantmixtobe

usedintoplayers

ChemicallyModified(Cementitious)
Layers BaseandSubbase
Usepoorqualityinsitumaterialsinpavement

construction

Engineeringpropertiesmodifiedbyadditionof

stabilizers(Cement,Lime,FlyAshetc.)
timedependent

Strengthimprovements
Curingtime

Advantages
Costeffective
Environmentfriendly

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03-09-2014

ChemicallyModified(Cementitious)
LayersContd
Disadvantages
Adequatetimetobeprovidedforstrengthgain(weeks)
Pavementcannotbeopenedfortrafficimmediately
Shrinkagecracksmayformonstabilizedlayers

o Reflectsthroughtothepavementsurface
o Highstrength/stiffnessnotalwayspreferable

Mandatesproperdesign
Optimizestrength/stiffnesstolimitshrinkagecracks

Designproceduresareoftensoilspecific

ChemicallyModified(Cementitious)
Layers FatigueEquations
Twotypes
(1)
(2)

Basedonstandardaxles
Basedoncumulativedamageanalysis

Fatigueequationbasedoncumulativedamageis

usedonlywhenheavytrafficisoperating

FatigueLifeinCementitiouslayers
Fatiguelifeintermsofstandardaxles

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03-09-2014

PossibleCorrectiontoFatigueEquation
113000

0.804

Possiblyatypo
CorrectionNOTyetapprovedbyIRCcommittee

FatigueLifeinCementitiouslayers
Fatigueequationforcumulativedamageanalysis

<1(tosatisfyfatiguecriteria)
=numberofaxlesofaxleloadofclassi.

DesignInputs

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03-09-2014

EstimatingDesigntrafficload
Cumulativenumberofstandardaxleload(80kN)

ESAL
Initialtrafficafterconstruction(Commercial

VehiclesPerDayCVPD)
Axlegrossweightof30kN ormoreconsidered(only)
7days24hrtrafficcountasperIRC:91972

EstimatingDesigntrafficloadContd
Trafficgrowthrate(r)
Basedonpasttrends
Basedoneconomicparameters(GDP)
Changesinlandusepattern
Expecteddemandduetospecificdevelopment

Minimum5%used(IRC:SP:842009)
Assumedtobe5%ifdatanotavailable

EstimatingDesigntrafficloadContd
Designlife
NationalhighwayandStatehighway 15years
Expresswayandurbanroads 20years
Others 10to15years

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03-09-2014

EstimatingDesigntrafficloadContd
Vehicledamagefactor

(VDF)

Multiplier toconvertdifferentaxleloadsandaxle

configurationsintothenumberofrepetitionofstandard
axleloadofmagnitude80kN
BasedonFourthpowerlaw

W
LEF a
Ws

IRCRecommendationforCalculatingLEF
Singleaxlewithsinglewheeloneitherside

Axle load in kN

65

Singleaxlewithdualwheelsoneitherside

Axle load in kN

80

Tandemaxlewithdualwheelsoneitherside

Axle load in kN

148

Tridem

axlewithdualwheelsoneitherside

Axle load in kN

224

EstimatingDesigntrafficloadContd
AxleloadsforVDFcalculation
Estimatedbasedonaxleloadsurvey
Directionwiseestimationneeded(iftrafficsignificantly

different)
oLeadstodifferentpavementthicknessesineachdirection
oPossiblewithdividedhighways
oDesignedforhigherVDFfortwolaneroads
TotalCVPD

Minimumpercentagetobesurveyed

<3000

20

3000to6000

15

>6000

10

15

03-09-2014

EstimatingDesigntrafficloadContd
IndicativeVDFvalues(ifdatanotavailable)

Terrain
Initial traffic volume (CVPD)

Rolling/Plain

Hilly

0150

1.5

0.5

1501500

3.5

1.5

>1500

4.5

2.5

EstimatingDesigntrafficloadContd
LaneDistributionFactor(LDF)
IRCrecommendationsfordesign
Forsinglelane 1(totalCV bothdirections)
Twolaneroadsinglecarriageway 0.50(totalCV bothdirections)
Fourlanesinglecarriageway 0.4(totalCV bothdirections)
Dualtwolanecarriageway 0.75(CV ineachdirection)
Dualthreelanecarriageway 0.60(CV ineachdirection)
Dualfourlanecarriageway 0.45(CV ineachdirection)

Designtraffic
365 x [1 r 1]
x Ax D x F
r
n

N Design Traffic
n Design life
r Growth factor

A Initial traffic in the year of completion of construction (CVPD )

D Lane distribution factor
F Vehicle damage factor
Traffic n th year 365 x A1 r

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03-09-2014

DesigntrafficContd
A P 1 r

P No of CV as per last count

x No of years between last count and year of construction

MaterialProperties

Subgrade
Soilcompactedat97%oflaboratorydrydensity(minimum)
MinimumCBRvalue8%(IfCVPD>450)
Dynamicconepenetrometer(60degreecone)

Log 10 CBR 2.465 1.12 log 10 N

Where,N=mm/blow

Upperlayers

500mm

Subgradelayer

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03-09-2014

MaterialProperties SubgradeContd
SixtoeightCBRvalues
DesignCBR

90th percentile(Expressway,NHandstatehighway)

DesignCBR80th

percentile(othercategoriesofroads)
CBR(%)

Maximumpermissible
variationinCBRValue

510

1130

31 andabove

EffectiveCBRofSubgradeMaterialUsed
Effectofnaturalsoilaccountedforindesign

CBRofcompactedBorrowMaterial500mmthick

ResilientmodulusofSubgrade
Resilientmodulusisthemeasureofsubgradeelastic

behaviourdeterminedfromrecoverabledeformationinthe
laboratorytests

M R ( MPa ) 10 * CBR
17.6 * (CBR )0.64

for CBR 5
for CBR 5

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