Biology Yr 12 Questions 2010 3

2010
Higher School Certificate
Trial Examination
Biology
Total marks 100
General Instructions
Reading time 5 minutes
Working time 3 hours
Write using black or blue pen
Draw diagrams using pencil
Board-approved calculators may
be used
Write your student number and/or
name at the top of every page
Section I Pages 220

Total marks (75)
This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Part A 20 marks
Attempt Questions 120
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Part B 55 marks
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Section II Pages 2140
Total marks (25)
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3034
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
This paper MUST NOT be removed from the examination room

STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ..
Section I
Total marks (75)
Part A 20 marks
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question and indicate your choice
with a cross (X) in the appropriate space on the grid below.
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2
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5
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10
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12
13
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15
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18
19
20
Page 2
1.
What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2.
They slow down chemical reactions so that more product is formed.

They produce chemical reactions that would not normally occur.
They improve the absorption of nutrients in the body.
They reduce the activation energy needed for chemical reactions.
Observe the flow diagram below.
conditions in the body

change from set point
change
detected
corrective
mechanisms activated
corrective mechanisms
switched off
conditions
returned
to set point
Which body mechanism is described by this flow diagram?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Enantiostasis
Excretion
Positive reinforcement
Homeostasis
Page 3
3.
Observe the following image of human blood, as seen under a light microscope.
.
What are the three large objects, in the middle of picture, most likely to be?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
4.
Red cells, as they are large and carry more oxygen that white cells
Dust contamination, from a dirty slide
Platelets, as they have dark clotting material inside them
White cells, as they are larger than the other cells and have a nucleus
Under which of the following conditions is pulse oximetry used?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
When pulse rate or blood flow is low, during cardiac failure

When monitoring oxygenation and pulse rates throughout anaesthesia
When blood pressure needs to be determined, during surgery
When levels of energy being used by the patient needs to be determined
Page 4
5.
The diagram below compares the length of loop of Henle for a beaver, human and
kangaroo rat.
The loop of Henle is located in the nephrons of the kidney tubules.
Based on this information, which organism is suited to survive in hot dry desert
conditions?
(A) The beaver, because it has a short loop of Henle and so loses less water in its
urine
(B) The kangaroo rat, because it has a longer loop of Henle and can reabsorb more
water back into its bloodstream
(C) The human, because it has a medium length loop of Henle and can cope with a
larger range of water availability
(D) Neither organism, as water reabsorption occurs mainly in Bowmans capsule, not
the Loop of Henle
6.
What is the role of anti-diuretic hormone?

(A) It controls the amount of water reabsorbed in the nephron of the kidney.
(B) It controls water balance by regulating the transfer of potassium and sodium ions
in the kidney.
(C) It is released during stress to increase heart rate and provide glucose to muscles.
(D) It is released before meals to stimulate hunger and the secretion of saliva.
Page 5
7.
Observe the following article.

Ancient Greenlander unlocks DNA secrets
11 February 2010
Near-complete nuclear genome obtained from an ancient human.

Scientists have sequenced the DNA from four frozen hairs of a man who died 4 000
years ago in Greenland.
This takes genetic technology into several new realms. The sequencing project
described here, is a direct test of the extent to which ancient genomics can contribute
knowledge about now-extinct cultures.
Not only can the findings help transform the study of archaeology, but they can help
answer questions about the origins of modern populations and disease, they said.
To which area of science does this example belong, in supporting the theory of
evolution?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
8.
Biogeography
Comparative anatomy
Biochemistry
Comparative embryology
This Punnet square represents a cross between a yellow pea plant and a green pea
plant. (code: Y = yellow; y = green. Yellow is dominant.)
Yy
Yy
yy
yy
What will be the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
One yellow : one green

Three yellow : one green
All green
One yellow : three green
Page 6
9.
Human blood group is controlled by three alleles, IA, IB, and i.

The IA and IB alleles are co-dominant, and the i allele is recessive.
The table illustrates the genotype and resulting phenotype of the different human blood
groups.
Genotype
Phenotype
(Blood group)
IAIA
or
IAi
IBIB
or
IBi
IAIB
ii
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
What would be the possible blood types in offspring from a mother with type AB blood
and a father with type O?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
10.
Why do scientists often use models to describe the process by which DNA controls the
production of polypeptides?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
11.
All AB
All type O
Type A or type B
Type AB or type O
Models show chemical interactions more accurately.

Models give a better visual representation of relationships and processes.
Models are cheaper to produce than the real thing.
Models are easier to make than complex biochemical reactions.
How does artificial pollination, by an orchardist, alter the genetic variability of a

population?
(A) It reduces the variability, if selecting for a few common favourable
characteristics.
(B) It increases the variability, as both humans and the environment are selecting for
favourable characteristics.
(C) It has no effect on variability, as only the environment can select for favourable
characteristics.
(D) In the long term, it increases the variability, by introducing new genes into the
population.
Page 7
12.
Why are organ transplant patients, given drugs to suppress their immune system?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
13.
What methods are commonly used in town water treatment, to ensure it is fit for
drinking?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
14.
To prevent infection by drug resistant bacteria

To prevent the body from rejecting the donated organ
To stimulate the immune system and make it stronger
To allow the body to use all of its energy to recover from the surgery
Filtration, chlorination and regular testing for pathogens

Filtration and boiling to kill all microbes
Filtration and the addition of antibiotics, to kill all microbes
Filtration, distillation and regular testing for microbes
How are viruses different to prions?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Viruses must invade a host cell to reproduce; prions dont.

Viruses are infectious; prions are not.
Viruses cause disease; prions dont.
Viruses contain nucleic acid; prions dont.
Page 8
15.
Observe the following diagram.
TOXINS
POLLUTION
Immune
System
FUNGI
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
VIRUSES
PARASITES
TOXINS
BACTERIA
Which term defines the group of factors represented in the shaded triangles?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
16.
Antibodies
Antibiotics
Antigens
Anti-inflammatories
How does vaccination help to prevent infection from disease?

(A) Vaccination kills any disease-causing microbes, before they infect the body.
(B) Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce an acquired immunity to
the disease.
(C) Vaccination stimulates the production of natural antibiotics in the body.
(D) Vaccination deactivates any poisons produced by microbes, when they invade the
body and replicate.
Page 9
17.
Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
18.
Scurvy, which is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C

Peptic ulcer, which is caused by the Heliobacter pylori bacterium
HIV, which is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency virus
Toxic shock syndrome, which is caused by the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium
The diagram below is a section from a DNA molecule.
Which type of chemical is labelled X in the diagram?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Phosphate
Purine
Sugar
Hydrogen bond
Page 10
19.
This following pedigree shows the inheritance of a gene for a genetic disease.
I
1
Affected male
Affected female
II
1
Unaffected male
Unaffected female
III
1
What is the only possible genotype for individual 1 in generation III?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
20.
Heterozygous
Homozygous recessive
Homozygous dominant
Sex-linked
What is epidemiology?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The study of diseases of the skin

The study of the cause and effects of a disease
The study of infectious diseases
The study of methods of preventing entry of diseases into a country
Page 11
Section I (continued)
Part B 55 marks
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Answer the questions in the spaces provided.
Question 21 (7 marks)
Marks
Select ONE named Australian endothermic organism and ONE named Australian ectothermic
organism;
Use the grid lines below to construct a table to compare the response of EACH animal to a
decrease in ambient temperature.
In your table, outline how each response assists with temperature regulation.
Page 12
Marks
During the study of Maintaining a Balance, you were required to determine the
effect of increasing carbon dioxide levels, on the pH of water.
(a)
Discuss the method and equipment used.

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(b)
Describe ONE possible risk in this investigation and ONE precaution needed to reduce risk. 2
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(c)
Identify the control used.
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(d)
Outline any trends obtained in the data you collected.
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(e)
Explain ONE way of improving the reliability of the results.

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Page 13
(a)
Marks
Compare the difference in urine concentration of marine fish and freshwater fish.
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(b)
Explain how this difference in concentration is related to each organisms environment.
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Draw a sequence of sketches, to show how a change in DNA sequence can affect cell activity.
Page 14
(a)
Marks
Define the term transgenic species.
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(b)
Outline ONE method used to produce a transgenic species.
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(c)
Discuss TWO ethical issues arising from the development and use of transgenic
technology.
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(d)
Name ONE genetically altered plant AND describe the effect that reproductive technology
has on its genetic diversity.
2
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Page 15
Marks
The diagram below shows forelimbs from a human, dog, whale and bird.
Human
Dog
Whale
Bird
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
(a)
Analyse the structure of forelimbs, from different vertebrates, as shown in the diagram.
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(b)
Explain how the Darwin/Wallace theory of evolution, by natural selection, is supported by

this example.
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Page 16
Marks
The darker shading, on the world map below, illustrates areas with higher incidence of the
disease, malaria.
(a)
Name the type of pathogen that causes malaria.
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(b)
Account for the distribution of global incidence of malaria, shown on the map.
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Question 27 continues on the next page
Page 17
Question 27 (continued)
(c)
Marks
Outline how Kochs postulates may be used, to determine if a particular pathogen is the
cause of malaria in humans.
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(d)
Explain why it would be difficult, ethically, to justify the use of Kochs postulates on a
pathogen that may affect humans.
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Page 18
(a)
Marks
Identify the main components of the human immune response.
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(b)
Explain how vaccination may prevent infection.
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(c)
Sir Macfarlane Burnett is one of the founders of modern immunology.

Justify this statement.
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Page 19
Marks
The data in the table shows the number of new cases of lung cancer in New South Wales
from 1998 to 2006.
Number
New cases
Sex
Males
Females
1998
1902
871
1999
1810
863
2000
1868
966
2001
1848
956
2002
1811
1016
2003
1785
1026
2004
2020
1104
2005
1878
1216
2006
1949
1188
(a)
Use the data to draw an appropriate graph. (label axes)
(b)
Identify any trends from your graph.
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Page 20
Section II
Total marks (25)
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3034
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the questions in the spaces provided.
Pages
Question 30
Communication ................................................................................... 22-25
Question 31
Biotechnology ..................................................................................... 26-28
Question 32
Genetics: The Code Broken? ............................................................... 29-32
Question 33
The Human Story ................................................................................ 33-35
Question 34
Biochemistry ....................................................................................... 36-40
Page 21
Question 30 Communication (25 marks)
(a)
Marks
Explain the role of EACH of the following in generating a response:
Stimulus
Receptor
Messenger
Effector
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Page 22
(b)
Marks
(i) On the diagram identify any SIX parts of the human ear, by completing the
labels.
(ii)
Describe the function of ONE part of the ear, labelled in (b)(i).

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Page 23
Marks
(iii) Identify the role of the eustachian tube.
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(c)
(i)
Some stimuli do not generate an action potential.

Explain this statement AND justify the importance of this.
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Page 24
(ii)
(d)
Marks
On the diagram below, using arrows, locate and label the cerebrum, cerebellum
AND medulla oblongata.
During the study of Communication, you analysed secondary sources to determine

changes in the lens of the eye, when focusing on objects at different distances.
Describe the findings of your analysis.
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End of Question 30
Page 25
Question 31 Biotechnology (25 marks)
(a)
(i)
Marks
Define the term biotechnology.
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(ii)
Identify an early (10,000 years ago), recent (18th-19th century) and contemporary
example of biotechnology.
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(b)
Describe ONE of the following:
The production of monoclonal antibodies

The production of recombinant vaccines
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Page 26
(c)
Marks
Observe the following image.
Outline the role of messenger RNA and transfer RNA in protein production.
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Page 27
(d)
(i)
Marks
Describe the role of restriction enzymes in biotechnology.
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(ii)
During the study of Biotechnology, you analysed secondary information

regarding complementary DNA.
Explain the production of complementary DNA and identify one application of
this technology.
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End of Question 31
Page 28
Question 32 Genetics: The Code Broken? (25 marks)
(a)
Marks
Define selective breeding.
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(b)
Identify what is meant by genetic linkage.

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Page 29
(c)
Marks
Using an example, describe polygenic inheritance.
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(d)
(i)
If a person with blood type O and a person that is heterozygous for blood type A
were to have a child; what are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
Genotype of parent with blood type O

Genotype of parent with heterozygous blood type A ..
F1 Genotype:.
F1 Phenotype:
(ii)
Explain why a person with blood type A cannot donate blood to a person with
blood type B.
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Page 30
(e)
(i)
Marks
Compare base substitution AND frameshift mutations.
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(ii)
During the study of Genetics: the Code Broken?, you were required to analyse
information from secondary sources AND describe the effect of one named
genetic mutation on human health.
Explain the effects, on human health, of the mutation.
In your answer name the type of mutation.
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Page 31
(f)
Evaluate the impacts of the human genome project on our society.

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End of Question 32
Page 32
Question 33 The Human Story (25 marks)
(a)
Marks
Complete the table, which represents the hierarchical classification of humans.
Hierarchy
Human classification at
hierarchical level
Feature that supports

human classification at
each level
Kingdom
Animalia
Eukaryotic, motile,
multicellular, heterotrophic
Chordata
Possess a vertebral column

Body hair, females possess
mammary glands
Class
Order
(b)
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
Sapiens
8-9 month gestation period,

tailless primates, larger and
stronger males than females
Describe polymorphism AND clinal gradation.

Use examples in your answer.
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Page 33
(c)
Marks
Development of culture has been a significant feature of human evolution.

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Page 34
(d)
Marks
Compare prosimians, apes and humans.
In your answer, refer to structure/funtion, intelligence and social interaction.

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(e)
During the study of The Human Story, you were required to use secondary
information to assess the contributions of ONE significant person/group of people to
our understanding of human evolution.
Identify the person/group of people AND describe their contribution.
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Page 35
End of Question 33
Question 34 Biochemistry (25 marks)
(a)
Marks
Below is an image of a chloroplast.
(i)
Identify the method by which this image may have been produced.
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(ii)
What is the average size of a chloroplast?

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Page 36
(b)
Marks
Photosynthesis is one of the most important biochemical reactions. The study of

photosynthesis increases our understanding of life itself and may have many future
implications.
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Page 37
(c)
Marks
Referring to significant individuals, outline the progress that occurred in the 17th and
18th centuries in the scientific understanding of plant growth.
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(d)
Define the process of homogenisation.
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(e)
(i)
Identify what a coenzyme is.
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(ii)
Identify a coenzyme involved in the light reaction.

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Question 34 continues in the next page
Page 38
(f)
Marks
(i)
On the diagram below, label the stroma and thylakoids.
(ii)
Describe the stoma.
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(iii) Identify the location of chlorophyll within plant cells.

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Question 34 continues in the next page
Page 39
(g)
Marks
During the study of Biochemistry, you processed information on the nature and
organisation of the bonds of ATP.
Describe the structure of the biologically important part of ATP.
You may use diagrams to illustrate your answer.
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End of paper
Page 40

Biology Yr 12 Questions 2010 3

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2010

Higher School Certificate

Section I Pages 220

This paper MUST NOT be removed from the examination room

What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

They slow down chemical reactions so that more product is formed.

Observe the flow diagram below.

conditions in the body

Which body mechanism is described by this flow diagram?

Under which of the following conditions is pulse oximetry used?

When pulse rate or blood flow is low, during cardiac failure

What is the role of anti-diuretic hormone?

Observe the following article.

Near-complete nuclear genome obtained from an ancient human.

What will be the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring?

One yellow : one green

Human blood group is controlled by three alleles, IA, IB, and i.

Models show chemical interactions more accurately.

How does artificial pollination, by an orchardist, alter the genetic variability of a

To prevent infection by drug resistant bacteria

Filtration, chlorination and regular testing for pathogens

How are viruses different to prions?

Viruses must invade a host cell to reproduce; prions dont.

Observe the following diagram.

How does vaccination help to prevent infection from disease?

Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?

Scurvy, which is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C

The diagram below is a section from a DNA molecule.

Which type of chemical is labelled X in the diagram?

What is the only possible genotype for individual 1 in generation III?

The study of diseases of the skin

Discuss the method and equipment used.

Identify the control used.

Outline any trends obtained in the data you collected.

Explain ONE way of improving the reliability of the results.

Explain how this difference in concentration is related to each organisms environment.

Define the term transgenic species.

Outline ONE method used to produce a transgenic species.

Explain how the Darwin/Wallace theory of evolution, by natural selection, is supported by

Name the type of pathogen that causes malaria.

Question 27 continues on the next page

Identify the main components of the human immune response.

Explain how vaccination may prevent infection.

Sir Macfarlane Burnett is one of the founders of modern immunology.

Use the data to draw an appropriate graph. (label axes)

Identify any trends from your graph.

Communication ................................................................................... 22-25

Biotechnology ..................................................................................... 26-28

Genetics: The Code Broken? ............................................................... 29-32

The Human Story ................................................................................ 33-35

Biochemistry ....................................................................................... 36-40

Explain the role of EACH of the following in generating a response:

Question 30 continues on the next page

Describe the function of ONE part of the ear, labelled in (b)(i).

Question 30 continues on the next page

(iii) Identify the role of the eustachian tube.

Some stimuli do not generate an action potential.

Question 30 continues on the next page

During the study of Communication, you analysed secondary sources to determine

Define the term biotechnology.

Describe ONE of the following:

The production of monoclonal antibodies

Observe the following image.

Describe the role of restriction enzymes in biotechnology.