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Formulas of Motion - Linear and Circular

Linear and angular (rotation) acceleration, velocity, speed and distance
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Linear Motion Formulas

Average velocity/speed can be expressed as:

v = s / t (1a)
where
v = velocity or speed (m/s, ft/s)
s = linear distance traveled (m, ft)
t = time (s)
distance is the length of the path a body follows in moving from one point to another - displacement is the straight line distance between the
initial and final positions of the body
we use velocity and speed interchangeable - but be aware that speed is a measure of how fast or slow a distance is covered, the rate at
which distance is covered - velocity is a vector, specifying how fast or slow a distance is covered and the direction
Velocity can be expressed as (if acceleration is constant):
v = v0 + a t (1b)
where
v0 = initial linear velocity (m/s, ft/s)
a = acceleration (m/s2, ft/s2)
Linear distance can be expressed as (if acceleration is constant):
s = v0 t + 1/2 a t2 (1c)
Combining 1b and 1c to express the final velocity
v = (v02 + 2 a s)1/2 (1d)
Velocity can be expressed as (velocity is variable)
v = ds / dt (1f)
where
ds = change of distance (m, ft)
dt = change in time (s)
Acceleration can be expressed as
a = dv / dt (1g)
where

dv = change in velocity (m/s, ft/s)

Example - Marathon
If a marathon - 42195 m - is run in 2:03:23 (7403 s) - the average speed can be calculated as
v = (42195 m) / (7403 s)
= 5.7 m/s
= 20.5 km/h
Example - Acceleration of a Car
A car accelerates from 0 km/h to 100 km/h in 10 seconds. The acceleration can be calculated by transforming 1b to
a = (v - v0) / t
= ( (100 km/h) (1000 m/km) / (3600 s/h) - (0 km/h) (1000 m/km) / (3600 s/h) ) / (10 s)
= 2.78 (m/s2)

Circular Motion - Rotation - Formulas

Angular Velocity
Angular velocity can be expressed as (angular velocity = constant):
= / t (2)
where
= angular velocity (rad/s)
= angular distance (rad)
t = time (s)
radians
The tangential velocity of a point in angular velocity - in metric or imperial units like m/s or ft/s - can be calculated as
v = r (2a)
where
v = tangential velocity (m/s, ft/s, in/s)
r = distance from center to the point (m, ft, in)
Example - Tangential Velocity of a Tire on a Bicycle

A 26 inches bicycle wheel rotates with an angular velocity of radians/s (0.5 turn per second). The tangential velocity of the tire can be calculated as
v = ( radians/s) ((26 in) / 2)
= 40.8 in/s
Angular Velocity and Acceleration
Angular velocity can also be expressed as (angular acceleration = constant):
= o + t (2b)
where
o = angular velocity at time zero (rad/s)
= angular acceleration (rad/s2)
Angular Displacement
Angular distance can be expressed as (angular acceleration is constant):

 = o t + 1/2 t2 (2c)
Combining 2a and 2c:
= ( o2 + 2 )1/2
Angular Acceleration
Angular acceleration can be expressed as:
= d / dt = d2 / dt2 (2d)
where
d = change of angular distance (rad)
dt = change in time (s)
Angular Momentum or Torque
Angular momentum or torque can be expressed as:
T = I (2e)
where
T = angular momentum or torque (N m)
I = moment of inertia (lbm ft2, kg m 2)
Example - Flywheel

By Geni (Photo by User:geni) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons

A flywheel is slowed down from 2000 rpm (revolutions/min) to 1800 rpm in 10 s. The deceleration of the flywheel can be calculated as
= ((2000 revolutions/min) - (1800 revolutions/min))(0.01667 min/s) (2 rad/revolution) / (10 s)
= 2.1 rad/s2
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Related Topics
Dynamics - Dynamics Motion - velocity and acceleration
Mechanics - Kinematics, forces, vectors, motion, momentum, energy and the dynamics of objects

Related Documents
Cars - Power and Torque - Power, torque, efficiency and wheel forces
Car Acceleration - Calculating car acceleration
Acceleration Units Converter - Convert between common units of accelerations
Kinetic Energy - The kinetic energy of a rigid body is the energy possessed by the body motion
Radians - The radian - a unit of angle measure - angular velocity
Flywheel Kinetic Energy - Kinetic energy and moment of inertia of a flywheel
Centripetal and Centrifugal Force and Acceleration - Centripetal and Centrifugal acceleration - force due to circular motion
Angular Motion - Power and Torque - Angular velocity and acceleration - power and torque
Range of Projectile - Motion in two dimensions - calculate the range of a projectile like a bullet, ball ...

Tag Search
en: motion speed distance acceleration
es: movimiento de aceleracin distancia velocidad
de: Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit Strecke Beschleunigung

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