135-164, 1995
Copyright 0 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd
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Pergamon
AhstracG-Gunung
Slamet, Central Java, is a large stratovolcano within the Sunda magmatic arc of
Indonesia. The volcanic edifice includes products of two large overlapping Quaternary stratocones.
Basaltic andesites and andesites, with rare basalts, dominate the western region of the comple%,
known as Slamet Tua (old); and basalts and basaltic andesites compose the eastern cone, called
Slamet Muda (young).
On the basis of stratigraphy, trace-element content, Zr/Nb, Zr/K and *Sr/*Sr ratios, Slamet lavqs
can be broadly categorized as relating to high abundance magma (HAM) and low abundance magma
(LAM) types. The Tua and Lebaksiu sequences generally comprise the LAM group, and are older,
more salic and have higher *Sr/%r ratios than those of HAM. LAM andesites contain some
amphibole, but HAM andesites do not.
Models involving randomized magma replenishment, tapping and fractionation (RTF) wetie
developed to explain the geochemical features of both LAM and HAM rock groups. The salic lavas
of the LAM suite can be generated if fractionation was dominant relative to replenishment ati
tapping in LAM magma chambers. Conversely, magma chambers with a high proportion of
replenishment and tapping relative to fractionation can produce dominantly mafic lavas, such as
Introduction
Gunung Slamet volcano, Central Java, lies about 190 km
above the northward-dipping
seismic Benioff zone
(Hamilton, 1979) and rests upon Neogene sediments of
dominantly shallow marine regressive facies (Djuri,
1975) above a 20-25 km thick crust (Hamilton, 1979).
Compared with most other arc volcanoes, Gunung
Slamet has erupted significant amounts of mafic lava (cf.
Whitford, 1975a), allowing for detailed studies on the
origin of arc magmas (Vukadinovic, 1989; Vukadinovic
and Nicholls, 1989).
Neumann van Padang (1951) presented the earliest
major-element analyses of Slamet lavas. The reconnaissance study of Whitford (1975a) contains modern analyses of Slamet rocks, i.e. basalts and basaltic andesites
(SiOZ c 56 wt%), some of which have TiOz in excess of
1.8 wt%. Whitford (1975a, b) classified Slamet as an
anomalous calcalkaline volcan-anomalous
in the
sense that 87Sr/86Sr ratios are higher in Slamet lavas
relative to those of the majority of calcalkaline lavas
from Java. He also suggested that the large abundance
of high-field-strength (HFS) elements in Slamet lavas,
relative to typical arc rocks, may be due to incorporation
of a subducted oceanic island with its underlying litho-
Gunung Slamet
Purwokerto, the largest town near Gunlung Slamet, is
located about 25 km south of the volcan4 summit. The
highest villages are about 1500 m above s$a level; above
this height, only odd footpaths through d&se vegetation
exist. Below 1500 m, the density of rdads increases
rapidly with decreasing height, providing e)xcellent access
around the base of the volcano (where, in any case, the
exposure-in
streams-is best).
The topographic
maps (1: 50,000 scale; edition
2-AMS) used during the field expeditions1 for this study
135
136
1 Keruh (ardldac.)
loo-es,
ICWO
1W.15
Cendarm(hb. emI.)
Top20
Fig. 1. Geologic map of Gunung Slamet lava and pyroclastic units. Modified from Sutawidjaja et al. (1985).
Sutawidjaja et al. (1985) subdivided Slamet Tua volcanic products into five units, whereas Pardyanto (1971)
split Slamet Tua into seven units using air-photo
interpretation. The field investigations and subsequent
chemical data of Vukadinovic (1989) are not in agreement with either division. The Slamet Tua andesites are
probably composed of numerous domes of viscous lava
of limited area1 extent. Due to the poor outcrops,
determination of stratigraphic/temporal
relationships
between these domes is difficult. In this study, the
andesitic rocks of this area are collectively named
Sumbaga. In general, the Sumbaga andesites are
nonvesicular,
phenocryst-rich
(N40-50%)
twopyroxene andesites with varying amounts of amphibole.
Note, however, that the Gunung Cendana, Kalipagu
and Keruh units have been distinguished on morphological and chemical grounds from Slamet Tua material
(Vukadinovic, 1989) and are discussed below.
Lebaksiu sequence geology
137
The
Baturaden
basalt
unit occurs
on the
south-southeastern
slopes of Slamet. This unit is the
Lava Slamet 2 of Sutawidjaja et al. (1985)b who found
that Lava Slamet 2 and Lava Slamet 3 the (Banyumudal
unit of this study) sandwich a widespread scoriaceous
airfall deposit. For this reason the distinction between
the two lava units is retained.
Columnar-jointed flows that are 4-5 m thick crop up
at the village of Baturaden. Other outcrops are thick and
massive or thin and fluidal with variable vesicularity.
The source for the Baturaden unit is one of the summit
vents (Sutawidjaja et al., 1985).
Muda sequence geology: Banyumudal basalt unit
138
Petrography
Slamet Tua sequence: Mendala basalts
The highly porphyritic Tua andesites contain phenocrysts (w 50 ~01%) of abundant plagioclase; common
orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and magnetite; and rare
amphibole and apatite. Groundmass textures are either
hyalopilitic or pilotaxitic/felty. The groundmass usually
contains plagioclase, opaque granules, clinopyroxene,
cryptocrystalline components and minor orthopyroxene
and clear glass. Zoning in plagioclase phenocrysts, which
is more noticeable in andesites than in basalts, consists
of well-defined concentric patterns with slight convolutions in many rings. Plagioclase phenocryst cores are
typically resorbed and encircled by a mantle of zoned
plagioclase containing inclusions of glass and rare
opaque material and pyroxene. Subhedral bladed plagioclase is typically 3 mm in length and, on average,
comprises 3040 ~01% of the rock.
Subhedral prismatic pyroxene varies in size, attaining
maximum lengths of 4 mm, and combines with plagioclase and Ti-magnetite phenocrysts to form crystal
aggregates. Occasionally, augite jackets the prism faces
of hypersthene crystals.
Subhedral equant Ti-magnetite
microphenocrysts
(~0.5 mm dia.) are rarely embayed and generally
inclusion free (except for rare apatite) and constitute
-2 ~01% of the rock. Magnetite tends to occur in close
association with other ferromagnesian minerals, particularly as inclusions and as members of crystal aggregates.
Anhedral-subhedral
pargasitic amphibole occurs in
many of the andesite samples, sometimes as large
megacrysts that are uniformly rimmed by a very fine
aggregate of Fe-Ti oxides and clinopyroxenes. These
crystals usually contain plagioclase and clinopyroxene
inclusions and display abundant disequilibrium textures
such as embayments and reaction coronas.
Most Slamet basaltic andesites and andesites contain
small apatite crystals with distinctive optical properties
that include moderate pleochroism (with absorption
strongest in the direction of the prominent cleavage) and
interference figures that vary from biaxial (2V x 40)
negative to uniaxial negative within the same thin section. The andesites contain the greatest amount of
apatite (< 1% modal), occurring as phenocrysts surrounded by mesostasis, grains within multi-phase crystal
aggregates, and inclusions in all phenocryst phases.
Very rare olivine is present in some andesites. Olivine
is highly resorbed, alters to iddingsite, and sometimes
displays a corona of clinopyroxene and plagioclase.
Lebaksiu sequence:
139
140
The porphyritic
Kawah basalt samples contain
phenocrysts of olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase.
These rocks are distinctive in having pargasitic hornblende as their only ferromagnesian phenocryst phase
(< 1 cm). Zoning within amphiboles is optically visible;
and inclusions of plagioclase, apatite and minor pyroxene (both clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene) define the
crystal growth history by forming concentric patterns
about an inclusion-free core in larger crystals. The
euhedral prismatic amphibole grains show minimal evidence of reaction with the groundmass. Subhedral tabular plagioclase phenocrysts are (N 2 mm in diameter)
very strongly zoned and contain melt inclusions. Equant
magnetite (up to 0.25 mm) is rare to common in abundance. The groundmass is characterized by abundant
equant feldspar laths, and the interstices are occupied
by orthopyroxene, minor Ti-magnetite, minor clinopyroxene, abundant clear glass, and cryptocrystalline
components.
Ab
Fig. 2. Analyses of plagioclase phenocryst interiors plotted in terms of An-A&Or (mol%). Symbols: filled
circles = Muda (including Keruh); open circles = Tua (including Cendana); filled squares = Lebaksiu; open
triangles = Sirumiang.
Mineralogy
reverse zoning
Pyroxenes
Fo
._ ~_ _~*-- ~__~__---_--_
~_
(b)
--
~----~--
profiles.
6>MgOwt%.4
_
-
fli%fTr
141
c
_-
Fa
-b
Fig. 3. Compositional variation of pyroxenes, olivines (symbols plot below the pyroxene quadrants) and
amphiboles (symbols plot in the centre of the pyroxene quadrants) in terms of Ca, Mg and Fe (at mic
proportions). Hash marks at 10% increments. Rocks are divided according to MgO wt% [(a) MgO 2 6; (b)
6 > MgO 2 4; (c) MgO < 41. Symbols as in Fig. 2.
142
35
40
45
50
Mg#(host
55
60
65
rock)
Fig. 4. mg # of pyroxenes vs 100 * Mg/(Mg + Fe*+ ) of rock samples (Fe *+ = 0.85*XFe). Lines represent range
of phenocryst compositions:
thick, solid = Muda; horizontally
dashed = Lebaksiu; and diagonally
dashed = Tua (including Sirumiang). Closed symbols and x s represent clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene
inclusion compositions, respectively. Numbered curves (0.23 and 0.27) denote Kd values (Grove et al., 1982)
for clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene, respectively. Very few inclusion compositions lie above the Kd curves.
slightly higher Ti levels relative to those of other Slamet
clinopyroxenes.
Compared with phenocryst interiors, the rim and
groundmass
compositions
from Slamet pyroxenes
usually have lower mgf values. Pyroxene inclusions
occurring in other phenocryst phases are usually lower
in mg# than that of the pyroxene phenocrysts from the
same rock (Fig. 4). A similar relationship is seen for
olivine inclusions and phenocrysts. The abundance of
Others components is variable, but is generally lower
than those of the phenocrysts.
As with plagioclase, zoning profiles across Slamet
pyroxenes can vary within single samples. However,
mg# values within single pyroxene crystals do not vary
widely.
MgO < 4 wt% are from the Legokmene unit. The compositions for these olivines are approximately Fob?.
Olivine rims and groundmass usually have lower mgf
values than coexisting phenocrysts. The Fo content of
rims and groundmass can be as low as -Fo,,.
Olivine inclusions within other phenocryst phases are
usually lower in Fo component than are olivine phenocrysts from the same rock. This feature is illustrated
in Fig. 5, in which the range of Fo content for olivine
phenocrysts and inclusions is plotted against the mg#
value of the host rock.
Significant chemical zoning, in terms of mg# is rare
and subtle in olivine phenocrysts and can vary from
normal to reverse zoning within a single rock specimen.
Olivines
Oxides
The method of Carmichael (1967) was used to calculate Fe,O, in both spinels and hexagonal oxides. The
predominant oxide in Slamet lavas is titanomagnetite. In
terms of Ti, Fe2+ and Fe3+, titanomagnetite phenocrysts
90
80
40
45
ri
;,
..,,...a.
60
55
50
Hg%xl
65
rock)
Fig. 5. Fo contents of olivines vs 100 * Mg/(Mg + Fe*+) of rock samples (Fe*+ = 0.85*EFe). Solid symbols
represent range of phenocryst compositions; open symbols represent inclusion compositions. Circles and solid
lines = Muda; squares and lines with short dashes = Lebaksiu; triangles and lines with long dashes = Tua
(including Sirumiang enclaves). Numbered curves (0.30 and 0.40) denote Kd values.
25 I
MgoH
Fig. 6. (a) 1000* Zr/K vs MgO wt%. (b) Zr/Rb vs MgO wt%.
Muda lavas have higher 1000+ Zr/K and Zr/Rb than Tua
lavas. N-MORB values for 1000z Zr/K and Zr/Rb are z 120
and 80, respectively (Hofmann, 1988). Symbols as in Fig. 2.
143
40A
30 a'
f
20.:
a
As25
a5167
OHat
. ..
10 *I
XNucm
AEndnw
3
8 ..
'
?? .
'0
04
MgO_
l0.8 .'
B
0
9
P
szs 0
0.6 .n
0.4 .'
0
CHmt
OS167
.
??. .
0.2 a'
-0.
??
.
.
_
1
MgOwt%
Geochemistry
The lavas of Slamet can be subdivided on the basis of
Zr/K and Zr/Rb ratios (Fig. 6). Two groups, recognized
on the basis of these ratios, age and incompatible
trace-element abundance have been named l+w and high
abundance magmas (LAM and HAM; Vukadinovic and
Nicholls, 1989). In terms of the geological units
described above, Tua (Sirumiang, Mendala and Sumbaga), Lebaksiu and Cendana belong to the LAM
Banyumudal
and
group; and Muda (Baturaden,
Kubah), Keruh, Legokmene and Kalipagu belong to the
HAM group. In general, Muda lavas have greater Zr/K
(N 15) and Zr/Rb (N 5) ratios than those of Tua rocks
(~8 and -2, respectively), and Lebaksiu lavas are
transitional between those of Muda and Tua. However,
Cendana amphibole andesites have trace-element contents and ratios that are characteristic of Tda rocks but
have 87Sr/86Srvalues that fall within the Muda range.
Similarly, the Keruh dacite has trace-element levels and
ratios resembling those of Muda lavas but has *Sr/Sr
similar to those of Lebaksiu lavas.
Other incompatible trace-element ratios also discriminate between LAM and HAM rocks, particularly Zr/Nb
and Hf/Nb; both ratios involve elements that are relatively immobile in H,O/rock systems (e.g. Cann, 1970).
LAM rocks have Zr/Nb and Hf/Nb values of approximately 25 and 0.7, respectively (Fig. 7) whit are similar
to those of MORB (BVSP, 1981). In HA lv! lavas these
ratios are lower in value (Zr/Nb w 12; Hf/Nb -0.25)
and resemble those of enriched-MORB (cf. BVSP, 198 1;
le Roex, 1987).
Major- and trace-element variations
144
13
11 xf
97-i
"s"
Yx
". +
AA
c*
.A
0
II
0
?--A---
.
I
16,
4L
.'*'*'.'.'.'.'*
3
4
12
12
5
hiO
M90
Fig. S-Caption
on p. 147.
145
LAM
I
.I.
.I
.,
.I
.,
.
r-
600
0
500
0
0
400
i
300
?(
b..;.
200
100
t.
L
300
%-.
xx
??
X
x
*
x
*
1..
8
.,\x;xa
X
Lub)
AA
a
dX xx
:
2001
1
.I*
2
'*
3
'*'*'.'.
4
5
'.
8
5
WO
Fig. I-Continued.
Caption on p. 147.
146
8
300 -
LAM
HAM
+ ixx
IJ
40
??
??
x2,
i,kf
+
xx
X
.,.,.,.I.,.,.
30 .i
20 -
SQ
*
10 -
400 8
300 -
*ix
""*,
x:
+
200 -
*U#!t
nla
100 -
o-
~'~'.'~'~'~'~'~
400
8
300 -
8
m
200 - t
##
A
loo -
o.aA--lA**..
12
? ?m
x
xx
12
MO
NO
Fig. 8-Continued.
147
80 60 .
40
HAM
m
x
x
'e
x
??
X
A
&3X
140
??
60 40
*
12
'
'
'
*'
.
6
'
I
9
12
.,
??
0
m
d
7
I.
8
HAM
LAM
Lebaksiu
G. Cendana
Sumbaga
Mendala
Sirum. Host
Sirum. Enclave
.I
WJ
w&J
X
+
A
I
5
0
0
Kawah
Kalipagu
?? Keruh
+ Legokmene
x Banyumudal
A Baturaden
Fig. 8. Major elements and selected trace elements vs MgO wt% for LAM (left-hand column) and HAM
(right-hand column). Oxides in wt%, others in ppm.
148
The definition of the terms calcalkaline and tholeiitic has changed and diversified through time. The
problem is compounded by the frequent usage of these
terms in the literature without workers specifying what
they exactly mean by them. Peacock (1931) first proposed the term calcalkalic for rock suites with an
alkali-lime index between 56 and 61. Slamet lavas are
calcalkalic according to this classification scheme
(Fig. 9a). Peacocks alkali-lime index is seldom used
these days (except as a historical footnote); instead,
petrologists usually classify subalkalic, subductionrelated rocks as either calcalkaline or tholeiitic in nature.
Wager and Deer (1939) defined tholeiitic series as
those showing significant Fe-enrichment relative to Mg
and alkalies during differentiation (e.g. Skaergaard,
Greenland) and calcalkaline series as those lacking Feenrichment (e.g. Cascades, western U.S.A.). AFM diagrams (Fig. 9b) are usually used to distinguish between
the two series. According to the definitions set out by
Irvine and Baragar (197 1), Slamet lavas are calcalkaline
but lie close to the dividing line between the series, with
some mafic samples actually plotting in the tholeiitic
field.
Similarly, Miyashiro (1974) regarded volcanic rocks as
either calcalkaline or tholeiitic in nature on the basis of
FeO*/MgO relative to silica. Gill (1981) used this diagram to define tholeiitic rocks as those having high
FeO*/MgO relative to SiOz, regardless of the slope of
the line. On the FeO*/MgO vs SiOr diagram (Fig. SC),
Slamet rocks lie predominantly in the tholeiitic field as
defined by Gill (1981), even though the trend formed by
Slamet rocks has a shallower slope than that of the
defining line of Fig. 9c.
Alternatively, the continuum between calcalkaline and
tholeiitic rock series can be separated on the basis of
LILE vs SiOz systematics. Due to greater amounts of
data, KzO values are commonly used as representative
of LILE contents in the belief that the abundance of the
former mimics that of the latter (Gill, 1981). For
example, Jakes and Gill (1970) demonstrated a positive
correlation between La/Yb (and La) and KzO in arc
rocks. According to the K, 0 vs SiOz classification scheme
(Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976), Slamet volcanic rocks are
calcalkaline to high-K calcalkaline in character (Fig. 9d).
By considering four different methods of classification, Slamet rocks can be pigeonholed twice as calcalkaline, once as tholeiitic, and once as transitional
between calcalkaline and high-K calcalkaline. Clearly,
classification of subduction-related igneous rocks is a
moot point. The discrepancies between the different
classifications are probably due to their monitoring of
Fig. 9 (opposire). (a) Peacocks (1931) alkali-lime index applied to Slamet rocks. Slamet lavas are calcalkalic
according to this classification scheme. Circles = Na,O + K20; squares = CaO. (b) AFM diagram showing
LAM (open circles) and HAM (filled circles). Thin, dashed line with extreme FeO-enrichment is the
Skaergaard trend (Wager and Brown, 1967); thick, dashed line is the boundary between the tholeiitic (Th)
and calcalkaline fields (Ca) as defined by Irvine and Baragar (1971). (c) FeO*/MgO vs SiO, for Slamet rocks.
LAM (circles) and HAM (squares). Dividing line between tholeiitic (TH) and calcalkaline (CA) fields is from
Gill (1981). (d) K,O vs SiO, for Slamet rocks. Fields adopted from Peccerillo and Taylor (1976). Thick,
sub-horizontal lines define the following fields: I = tholeiitic; II = calcalkaline; III = high-K calcalkaline;
IV = alkaline. Thin, vertical lines define boundaries within the basalt-andesite-dacite compositional spectrum.
Symbols as in (c).
149
2 --
Na20
Alkali-lime
index B 60
+ K20
01
49
52
55
58
61
64
SiO2 wt.%
N&O +
K20
4-
3 a.
01..
45
-:.
*:*.
50
.
55
-:.
60
65
60
65
SiO2 wt%
hall
3
P
!
1
0
45
50
55
Si02 wt%
Fig. 9-Caption
opposite.
150
Mg016
?I
wt.%
11
100
b
0
x
*
5
4G
10
li
6>Mg0>4
111
100
wt.%
Figure 10 is a series of conventional chondritenormalized REE plots for Slamet volcanic rocks within
one of three MgO ranges (MgO 2 6 wt%; 6 > MgO >
4 wt%; MgO < 4 wt%). Across the spectrum of MgO
values, REE abundance is consistently lower in LAM
than in HAM lavas. Significant Eu anomalies
(1.05 < Eu/Eu* < 0.95) occur in Slamet volcanic rocks;
however, Eu/Eu* is generally smaller (i.e. larger downward trough) in the HAM rock group. Furthermore, as
MgO decreases from 26 to <4 wt%, the average
Eu/Eu* of HAM group lavas progressively decreases
from 0.88 to 0.82. LAM rocks have Eu/Eu* averaging
~0.94 in each of the MgO ranges. This difference between HAM and LAM implies either: (1) that plagioclase
fractionation was more effective in HAM magmas; (2)
that the oxidation state, and consequently the Eu3+/Eu2+
ratio, of LAM magmas were higher than those of HAM;
or (3) that greater amounts of fractionation occurred in
LAM and Lebaksiu magmas of a phase that accepts
Eu3+ in preference to Eu2+ (e.g. apatite), thus counteracting the effect of plagioclase fractionation. Due to the
poor analytical precision for phosphorous, this latter
possibility cannot be investigated.
LAM and HAM rocks with MgO B 6 wt% have
parallel REE patterns; e.g. average (La/Yb),, ratios for
LAM and HAM basalts are 4.1 and 4.5, respectively. In
rocks with 64 wt% MgO, LREE in LAM lavas are also
parallel to those of HAM, but HREE in the former rock
group have a slight concave-up pattern, indicating that
greater amounts of amphibole or clinopyroxene fractionation took place in LAM than in HAM magmas. The
depletion of mid-HREE in LAM lavas is most evident
in rocks with MgO < 4 wt%. HAM lavas do not have a
depletion in mid-HREE in any of the MgO groupings.
Negative Ce anomalies, which are relatively common
in arc volcanic rocks (White and Patchett, 1984; Hole et
al., 1984) occur in only two samples: S178 and S25.
Sample S104 provides the only instance of a slight
positive Ce/Ce* (> 1.05) occurring in Slamet material.
The significance of these anomalies is difficult to assess.
Hole et al. (1984) attributed the occurrence of negative
Ce anomalies in arc magmas to the participation of
subducted sediments that have strong negative Ce
anomalies. Conversely, the presence of negative Ce
anomalies in Lesser Antilles arc basalts and largely
positive ones in the fore-arc sediments (DSDP 543;
White et al., 1985) indicates that Ce decoupling
may be due to relatively oxidizing conditions in the
magma-source region (White and Patchett, 1984).
Mantle-normalized
a ,i
La
Mg014
Ce Pr
Nd
wt.%
SmEuGdTbDyHoEr
Yb
trace-element
abundance
diagrams
151
&@CJs?6wt.%
6>MgOL4wt.%
Strontium isotopes
of *Sr/%r
ratios
from
Slamet
The
range
(0.70478-0.70629) is among the widest known from a
single arc volcano. In general, 87Sr/86Srratios decrease
with decreasing age in Slamet volcanic ocks: LAM
rocks have higher 87Sr/86Sr(0.70565-0.7062 b ) compared
with those of HAM (0.70478-0.70578). This trend is
maintained by the Kawah unit, erupted in 1973, which
has the lowest Sr/%r ratio.
scatter with
*Sr/%r ratios show considerable
respect to both MgO and SiOz and correlate negatively
with IMITER ratios Zr/K and Zr/Rb (Pig. 12) the
significance of which is considered below.
liquid, the crystallization of which is in accord with petrographic and major-element observations. It is also well
documented that the crystal/liquid partition coefficients
for REE increase with increasing polymerization of
silicate melts (e.g. Watson, 1976; Ryerson and Hess,
1978; Mahood and Hildreth, 1983; Nash and Crecraft,
1985; Lesher, 1986). If increased melt polymerization
affects Hf and Zr partition coefficients less than those for
the REE, then enrichment of Zr and Hf relative to the
mid-REE can occur with progressive fractionation.
25
0.7045
0.705
0.7055
0.706
0.7065
67w66Y
Fig. 12. 1000 + Zr/K vs *Sr/%r. Error bars at different values of 1000 + Zr/K assuming f 10% for Zri and
K. Field enclosed by dotted line = low-*Sr/?Sr Muda lavas; dashed line = high-*Sr/Sr Muda lavas.
Symbols as in Fig. 2 and open diamonds = other units.
152
0.704
I
45
50
55
60
65
sw)twt%
0.704
0.5
,
1
1.5
2.5
K2OWtlb
0.707
50.84
0.96
16.35
9.69
8.18
10.59
2.36
1.02
Zr = 0.0506
Parent
S62
SiOz
TiO,
Al,03
;$
CaO
Na,O
RIO
52.89
1.03
18.41
9.46
4.57
9.12
3.16
1.35
Cr = 0.0113
Daughter
s170
51.58
1.09
18.60
9.68
4.16
10.01
3.02
1.25
Daughter
s31
58.51
0.65
18.32
6.81
2.79
7.32
3.74
1.87
Calculated
Phase
Wt%
51.65
1.16
18.63
9.71
olv
7.07
4.78
cpx
9.09
10.01
Pl
1.oo
2.82
mt
-0.66
1.23
%xtls removed = 17.16
Calculated
153
Phase
58.50
0.56
18.32
cpx
6.82
opx
2.79
Pl
7.33
hb
3.79
mt
1.89
%xtls removed = 33.67
Wt%
3.21
2.30
13.42
11.14
3.60
Parent
s170
51.58
1.09
18.60
9.68
4.76
10.01
3.02
1.25
Xr =
Parent
S62
52.89
1.03
18.41
9.46
4.57
9.12
3.16
1.35
Cr =
Daughter
S62
52.89
1.03
18.41
9.46
4.57
9.12
3.16
1.35
0.0247
Daughter
s90
57.71
0.62
18.68
6.76
2.79
7.44
3.88
2.12
0.0142
Calculated
Phase
52.83
1.04
18.37
9.41
4.56
9.10
3.26
1.43
%xtls removed
Calculated
olv
cpx
Pl
mt
Wt%
0.78
4.35
8.77
1.19
= 15.09
Phase
57.72
0.65
18.68
cpx
6.76
opx
2.79
Pl
7.44
hb
3.94
mt
2.02
%xtls removed = 34.25
Wt%
4.52
4.92
15.54
5.76
3.51
154
Table 2. XLFRAC
Parent
s154
SiOl
TiO,
A& 0,
FeO*
MgO
CaO
Na,O
R,O
50.26
1.11
16.40
10.16
7.71
10.49
2.98
0.89
Er = 0.1444
Parent
S161
Si02
TiO,
Al, 0,
FeO*
MgO
CaO
Na,O
R,O
54.20
1.10
18.79
8.75
3.56
8.38
3.70
1.51
Zr = 0.0624
Daughter
s39
Calculated
Phase
Wt%
50.57
50.57
1.36
1.29
17.17
17.09
olv
10.53
10.46
cxP
6.58
6.58
PI
9.78
9.74
2.85
3.19
1.15
1.06
%xtls removed = 17.42
Daughter
s75
56.10
1.09
18.39
8.04
3.41
7.48
3.62
1.87
Calculated
Phase
56.06
1.01
18.35
cpx
oPx
8.02
PL
3.41
mt
7.49
3.85
1.84
%xtls removed = 20.02
3.29
7.28
6.85
Wt%
3.60
1.oo
13.20
2.22
Daughter
SlOl
50.45
1.31
15.72
10.36
7.70
10.51
2.88
1.06
Zr = 0.0210
51.03
1.46
16.73
10.30
5.98
9.90
3.36
1.26
Parent
Sl
Daughter
S156
SiOz
TiO,
Al, 0,
FeO*
MgO
CaO
Na,O
R,O
Si02
51.60
1.50
Ti02
A&Q
18.93
9.53
FeO*
4.28
MgO
9.46
CaO
3.30
Na20
1.39
R,O
Zr = 0.1407
55.44
1.14
18.43
8.41
3.43
7.81
3.63
1.71
Calculated
Daughter
S161
50.57
54.20
1.36
1.10
17.17
18.79
10.53
8.75
6.58
3.56
9.78
8.38
2.85
3.70
1.15
1.51
Zr = 0.0228
Parent
S161
Daughter
S167
Phase
Phase
Calculated
Phase
54.18
0.98
18.79
8.78
olv
3.55
cpx
8.39
PI
3.71
mt
1.60
%xtls removed = 29.89
Calculated
Phase
Wt%
6.66
9.09
11.35
2.79
Wt%
63.27
0.60
11.92
18.48
cpx
4.68
4.60
opx
39.89
1.39
PI
6.17
4.58
mt
3.99
2.43
%xtls removed = 62.66
54.20
63.39
0.59
1.10
18.79
18.51
4.71
8.75
1.36
3.56
4.64
8.38
4.03
3.70
2.76
1.51
Zr = 0.1410
HREE patterns)--the
simplest solution is to invoke
amphibole fractionation in the former and not in the
latter and to attribute depletion of mid-HREEs to
amphibole fractionation. Davidson et al. (1988) reached
similar conclusions regarding the cause of downbowing
of mid-HREEs in andesites from the San Pedro-Pellado
volcanic complex, Chile.
Lebaksiu basalts have narrow ranges of 87Sr/86Srand
Zr/K ratios. XLFRAC solutions for these rocks are
acceptable (none of the calculations have W > 0.25).
The solutions in Table 2 represent a stepwise transition
from basalt (S154 and S39) to basaltic andesite (S161) to
andesite (S75) and dacite (S167). Magnetite fractionation is not required in the early stages of magma
evolution (S154 to S39), but the later stages are dependent upon it to generate the low TiOz contents of the
andesites. Although they do not belong to the Lebaksiu
51.04
1.44
16.76
10.39
olv
5.97
cpx
9.92
PI
3.26
1.24
%xtls removed = 14.00
Calculated
Parent
s39
Wt%
3.49
7.50
3.01
Wt%
55.29
1.22
9.80
18.35
cpx
2.81
8.25
opx
25.04
3.46
Pl
3.77
7.72
mt
3.77
1.94
%xtls removed = 41.42
Parent
SlOl
Muda lavas
Daughter
s149
51.03
1.46
16.73
10.30
5.98
9.90
3.36
1.26
51.35
1.52
18.48
9.73
4.57
9.26
3.66
1.43
Zr = 0.0046
Parent
s29
Daughter
s25
54.32
58.28
1.18
0.57
18.68
18.87
8.80
6.67
3.64
2.54
8.45
8.06
3.50
3.55
1.45
1.44
Zr = 0.1086
Calculated
Phase
Wt%
51.31
1.53
18.47
1.02
9.73
olv
10.59
4.55
cpx
-0.56
9.28
Pf
3.71
1.42
%xtls removed = 11.61
Calculated
Phase
58.20
0.50
18.88
6.62
2.56
PI
1.89
hb
3.68
mt
1.66
%xtls removed = 21.07
Wt%
7.44
10.39
3.24
Daughter
s117
49.93
1.37
17.58
9.85
7.10
10.36
2.94
0.86
Zr = : 0.1214
SO.36
1.50
17.36
10.40
5.95
9.90
3.18
1.35
Parent
s117
Daughter
S87
30,
TiOz
A&Q
FeO*
MgO
CaO
Na,O
RIO
SiO,
TiO,
Al,03
FeO*
MgO
CaO
Na,O
RzD
50.36
1.50
17.36
10.40
5.95
9.90
3.18
1.35
Er = 0.0813
52.91
1.23
18.47
9.08
4.41
8.74
3.73
1.45
Calculated
(Shaw, 1970).
(I)
50.52
1.65
17.36
10.29
olv
6.04
cpx
9.80
PI
3.21
1.15
%xtls removed = 22.66
Calculated
155
Phase
52.83
1.08
18.43
9.07
olv
4.38
cpx
8.75
Pl
3.81
mt
1.66
%xtls removed = 22.54
Wt%
Parent
Sll7
Daughter
S146
50.36
50.72
1.50
1.92
17.36
17.29
4.17
10.40
11.33
6.06
5.95
4.77
12.43
9.90
8.64
3.18
3.66
1.35
1.68
Zr = 0.0234
Wt%
Parent
s117
Daughter
s71
50.36
54.89
1.50
1.40
17.36
17.66
2.84
10.40
8.82
8.84
5.95
3.71
8.17
9.90
7.90
2.69
3.18
3.74
1.35
1.90
Zr = 0.1130
Calculated
Phase
Wt%
50.81
1.88
17.29
11.29
olv
2.28
4.73
9.97
cpx
PI
12.52
8.59
3.60
1.74
%xtls removed = 24.77
Calculated
Phase
Wr%
54.79
1.25
17.60
8.78
olv
4.43
3.68
11.67
cpx
7.91
Pl
19.26
3.96
mt
4.10
2.06
%xtls removed = 39.46
156
cs
0.00043
0.05
0.0248
0.13
0.00035
0.64
0.00009
0.45
0.0001
0.08
0.05
0.5
0.00002
0.01
Y
Rb
Ba
Sr
Th
Zr
Hf
Nb
0.000179
0.04
0.01
0.2
0.001
0.04
0.0003
0.03
0.0001
0.47
0.05
1.9
0.00003
0.01
0.00011
0.03
0.02
0.59
0.001
0.3
0.0003
0.23
0.0001
0.4
0.08
6.4
0.01
0.03
0.000191
0.02
I.2
3.2
0.0014
0.21
0.01
0.1
0.0001
0.68
0.19
0.59
1.3
2
0.0001
0.04
0.002
0.06
0.0003
0.05
0.0002
0.22
0.008
0.44
0.005
0.15
0.46
0.46
0.0004
0.07
0.004
0.05
0.006
0.04
0.0009
0.22
0.02
0.55
0.017
0.25
0.94
1.3
0.0047
0.06
0.0094
0.03
0.05
0.36
0.02
0.22
0.02
1.7
0.08
1.789
0.005
0.636
0.0038
0.04
0.0092
0.03
0.05
0.36
0.02
0.22
0.02
1.7
0.13
1.731
0.015
0.73
0.0003
0.03
0.01
0.025
0.005
0.3
0.0005
0.35
0.4
I
0.1
1.3
0.002
0.636
Eu
Gd
DY
Ho
Yb
0.002
0.0308
0.0134
0.0454
0.195
2.2
0.0089
0.56
0.049
0.55
I.1
3.7
3.5
23
0.004
0.0468
0.0155
0.041
0.2
1.4
0.029
0.56
0.072
0.47
0.8
2.1
2.3
13.1
La
Sm
0.002
0.0308
0.01335
0.0454
0.195
2.2
0.0089
0.56
0.049
0.55
I.1
3.7
3.5
23
0.0005
0.008
0.0348
0.3017
0.02
0.4
0.0005
0.3
0.005
0.45
0.14
0.7219
2.5
11.5
SC
Cr
Ni
Zn
0.03
0.09
0.01
0.07
0.03
I8
0.025
7.2
0.11
67
6
45
0.01
0.01
0.3
34
0.01
0.08
1.9
245
2
143
1
620
0.04
90
0.048
0.2
4
58
0.01
0.25
I.5
II.7
I.1
24
1.4
77
0.5
I6
0.2
2.3
1.2
I.5
0.04
0.25
0.31
I2
2.6
4.4
3.1
I3
5
8.7
0.2
0.2
0.02
0.37
0.01
0.15
1.6
I7
0.53
7.5
0.8
3.3
6
I3
0.029
0.22
0.0019
0.0088
0.0132
0.1024
0.14
1.3
0.0028
0.43
0.009
0.55
0.8
2.6
5.5
29.3
0.0019
0.0096
0.0221
3.2
0.09
1.4
0.0036
0.42
0.007
0.42
0.83
2.95
1.3
31.5
0.0019
0.0108
0.0125
0.0665
0.18
1.7
0.0046
0.48
0.016
0.62
0.96
3.35
5
31
0.0019
0.0148
0.01 I2
0.0498
0.19
1.9
0.0072
0.56
0.038
0.58
1.15
3.7
3.7
25.6
Sources: Nagasawa (1973); Hart and Brooks (1974); Shimizu (1974); McCallum and Charette (1978); Pearce and
Norry (1979); Luhr and Carmichael (1980); Nicholls and Harris (1980); Watson (1980); Gill (1981); Villemant et al.
(1981); Watson and Green (1981); Shervais (1982); Day (1983); Irving and Frey (1984); Fujimaki et al. (1984); Ewart
and Hawkesworth (1987); Green and Pearson (1987); Watson et al. (1987); Green er al. (1989); Wyers and Barton
(1989). Kds are interchanged between Cs and Rb, Th and U, Zr and Hf, Y and Ho, and SC, V, Cr, Ni and Zn when
data is lacking for one of these elements. The minimum values are considered realistic for basalts, whereas the maximum
values are appropriate for andesite-dacites.
observed liquids (Fig. 14b) may bc quantitatively reproduced by periodic magma replenishment, tapping, and
fractionation.
Replenishment,
tapping
and fractionation
(RTF).
positive correlation for Zr vs Ni (incompatible vs compatible). However, if the entire sequence of flows were
plotted, the overall correlation is negative (as is
expected) but with pronounced scatter, very similar to
the Zr-Ni relationship for Slamet lavas (Fig. 15). As Cox
points out, there is no unequivocal evidence that RTF
processes take place in nature; but the idea is intuitively
acceptable, particularly in subduction environments
where there is ample proof that magmas rise and extrude
through specific points on the Earths surface for
relatively prolonged periods of time.
Calculations in this study were carried out on Microsoft EXCEL spreadsheets, which have random-number
157
16
Tua MgO
distrhtion
12
ave.MgO = 3.4wt%
n
0
4
E
E
P
E
5
Crystal Fractionation
s717tos71
MgOwt%
100
25
B
10
Mgo distliption
randomizeil
RTF
20
1J
15
E 50
x - o.qs-0.40
y=o.10-0.15
zc2
MgO(initia/)
- 10 wt%
ave.MgtN= 3.3wt%
n
10
5
0 1
2
MgOwt%
a
distri-
determined by
cio
LciI(p)
l(p) C1
x(p)
Y(p)
cir(z)l+ Lt(p)
- Y,pl)
+ 21. (2)
(1 - X(P)
1 +
2s
20
Muda h4gOdistribution
15
n
aw.ugo = 4.7 wt%
10
a0 -
0
0
2
MgO
wt%
MgO
wt%
25
Mda
&IO distribution
via randomized
RTF
1s
07
50
x = 0.1 - 0.4
100
150
200
250
10
MgO(initiil)
= 9 wt
2rppm
ave.
MgO
- 5.0
wt
0
0
158
in randomized
calculations
Tua
RTF
1000
Muda
<
MgO
cs
Rb
Ba
Th
U
Nb
Sr
Zr
Hf
Y
La
Sm
&
DY
Ho
Yb
9
0.32
22
113
2.98
0.50
2.24
210
53
1.40
17
8.40
2.44
0.76
2.52
2.69
0.58
1.39
9
1.04
12
153
3.25
0.57
7.44
218
94
2.36
19
13.12
3.46
0.99
3.42
3.60
0.78
1.86
Randomized RTF
(Amphibole-free extract)
1J
a$j:f=SG=Jnrq~;Q&
29
A
I
Radamized RTF
(Amphibokwbewingextract)
RandomizedRTF
(Amphibobfree extract)
3bMgo<4wt96
8fd~=qc5nE~3$3S&P~
Fig.
19. As
in Fig. 18, but for lavas with 3 < MgO < 4 wt%.
159
The inability to satisfactorily mode1 Cendana hornblende andesites is a reflection of their unique petrography. A suitable parent to produce the Cendaha andesite
via simple crystal/liquid fractionation is not possible
from the data available at present. Potential p&rents with
suitable isotopic values (e.g. Muda lavas with
87Sr/86Sr= 0.7045) have trace-element levels t$at are too
high to produce S25. For example, trace-eledent values
were calculated for a liquid generated by frqctionation
from S29 to S25 (Table 3), and were too high in Zr and
Y by a factor of 1.4-2.2 and 1.6-2.7, respectively.
Similarly, binary mixing models between relatively
high- and 10w-*7Sr/86Sr magmas (i.e. Tua and
Muda) fail to reproduce Zr/K ratios and abupdances of
Nb, Zr, and Y. The isotopic characteristics oti Tua lavas
render them unsuitable as parents to Cendanal andesites.
The relatively low 87Sr/86Srratios and low trabe-element
contents of the Cendana andesites prohibit deliivation by
crustal assimilation or AFC processes from any of the
Slamet lavas.
160
Summary
The date of onset of volcanism at Gunung Slamet
volcano is presently unknown. Although andesiteproducing volcanoes usually erupt increasingly felsic
material with time (Gill, 1981), the situation at Slamet
is reversed. The first period of volcanism gave rise to
the Tua sequence, composed primarily of andesitic
lavas and associated pyroclastic deposits. The second,
ongoing period of volcanic activity has been dominated
by basaltic lava flows, known as the Muda sequence. The
basaltic Lebaksiu sequence appears to be a transitional
phase between Tua and Muda rocks.
Slamet basalts are characterized by phenocrysts of
plagioclase, olivine and clinopyroxene. The appearance
of orthopyroxene phenocrysts coincides with a transition
from the intergranular/intersertal
textures of the basalts
to the pilotaxitic/hyalo-ophitic
textures of the andesites.
Clinopyroxene
and plagioclase
remain abundant
throughout the basalt-andesite spectrum. Rocks that
contain both orthopyroxene and olivine phenocrysts
usually fall into the basaltic-andesite field of Peccerillo
and Taylor (1976), and rocks that contain orthopyroxene but no olivine are generally andesites. Magnetite,
although present as a groundmass phase in virtually
all of the examined rocks, occurs as a phenocryst phase
in rocks near the basalt to basaltic-andesite transition or
in those more evolved. Amphibole occurs predominantly
in Tua rocks. Rare amphibole occurs in a few Muda
basalts and basaltic andesites and in the Keruh dacite.
On the basis of stratigraphy, incompatible traceelement abundance, Zr/Nb, Zr/K and 87Sr/86Sr,Slamet
rocks can be grouped into those corresponding to high
and low abundance magmas (HAM and LAM, respectively). Rocks from the Muda sequence belong to the
HAM group, and those from the Tua and Lebaksiu
sequences belong to LAM. The LAM suite is older,
generally more evolved, and has higher *SrlB6Srratios
than the HAM suite.
Vukadinovic and Nicholls (1989) suggested that the
source magmas for both of these groups can be derived
from mantle-wedge material that is similar in incompatible trace-element abundance to that of transitional
MORB sources and that decoupling between lithophile
elements and Sr/Sr is possible in the source region if
greater amounts of slab-derived fluid or melt promoted
greater degrees of melting of the overlying mantle wedge.
The resulting magmas would then have high values of
87Sr/86Srbut relatively low levels of lithophile elements,
due to dilution by larger degrees of melting.
However, the differences in SiOz and MgO contents
between Tua and Muda lavas cannot be accounted for
by magma-source systematics. The available geochemical data are compatible with magmatic evolution at
Slamet being driven by either simple crystal fraction-
ation or processes involving magma replenishment, fractionation and tapping (RTF). In either case, crystal
fractionation has played a significant role, especially in
generating Tua magmas. In addition, if RTF processes
were in operation then the periods of time between
replenishments within HAM magma chambers may have
been shorter compared with those of LAM, thus helping
to promote the generally less-evolved, basaltic nature of
HAM volcanism. The generation of some HAM basalts
and basaltic andesites with relatively high TiOz contents
(> 1.6 wt%) can be explained by suppressed magnetite
crystallization. In LAM (or Tua) magma chambers,
amphibole fractionation is probably responsible for the
concave-upward HREE patterns in Tua rocks with
MgO < 4 wt%.
Some rock types at Gunung Slamet (i.e. Cendana
andesite, Keruh dacite, Kalipagu andesite) do not fall
within either the LAM or HAM suite. The Cendana
andesite has trace-element levels and ratios similar to
those of LAM lavas but 87Sr/86Srsimilar to those of
HAM. A parental magma unlike any other sampled is
required for the Cendana andesites. Kalipagu andesites
and Keruh dacites can be derived from parent magmas
similar to those from the Lebaksiu sequence.
Although 87Sr/86Srratios in some Slamet rocks are
relatively high, suggesting the involvement of crustal
material, the lack of positive correlation between incompatible lithophile element levels (e.g. K and U) and
87Sr/86Srimplies that upper-level crustal contamination
was of no more than minor significance.
Acknowledgements-Australian Research Council grants
held by Dr I. A. Nicholls and Monash University
Graduate and Departmental Scholarships held by D.V. are
gratefully acknowledged. Logistical support for this project
was provided by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia.
Reviews by Drs U. Knittel, I. Nicholls, H. Pichler, and M.
van Bergen improved the manuscript.
Drafting of the map
was aided by MS D. Gelt and Mr P. Guzina.
Drs B.
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Appendix
Selected chemical analyses of Slamet rocks
MgO > 6 wt%
HAM
Sample
SlO8
SiOz
TiOz
A&O,
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CL1
NazO
K,O
Rh
Sr
Zr
Y
SC
V
Cr
Nl
Zn
LU
Cc
PINd
Sm
El1
Gd
Tb
50.7
1.25
15.7
10.1
0.19
7.70
10.5
2.66
DY
Ho
Er
Yb
B>l
U
Th
Hf
Nb
87/86Sr
I .oo
26
279
130
27
36
262
240
57
87
n.d.
31.1
n.d.
17.3
4.33
I .24
4.74
n.d.
4.50
n.d.
2.64
2.43
191
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
0.70534
s112
50.3
1.30
15.7
10.3
0.19
7.67
10.5
2.87
I .06
24
273
133
24
35
260
246
57
85
16.7
37.9
4.35
19.3
4.54
1.29
4.28
0.72
4.61
0.98
2.82
2.33
212
0.87
4.08
3.07
12.6
0.70541
LAM
s104
49.7
1.36
17.5
9.80
0.19
7.07
10.3
2.93
0.86
18
361
117
27
34
277
108
53
84
16.4
37.6
4.14
18.8
4.77
1.44
5.08
0.87
4.80
1.oo
2.79
2.41
266
0.71
4.06
2.95
9.30
0.70512
72-1015
S61
49.7
I .49
17.1
10.5
0.21
6.01
10.0
3.23
1.34
29
294
I48
32
57
390
100
24
n.d.
15.7
35.9
4.53
20.5
5.07
1.45
4.88
0.83
5.11
1.08
2.83
2.61
201
0.88
4.47
3.39
12.5
0.70491
50.7
0.96
16.3
9.67
0.18
8.16
10.6
2.36
I .02
27
279
66
21
38
283
252
73
84
10.5
23.7
3.02
14.4
3.05
0.95
3.15
0.57
3.36
0.72
I .92
1.74
141
0.63
3.73
1.75
2.80
0.70623
Sl54
S36
50.1
1.11
16.4
10.1
0.19
7.69
10.5
2.97
0.89
22
287
86
23
33
283
195
69
83
9.8
22.6
2.89
12.9
3.19
1.oo
3.34
0.62
3.60
0.75
2.09
1.79
174
0.55
2.62
2.24
5.80
0.70565
50.9
1.34
16.2
10.2
0.19
6.80
9.58
3.08
1.47
36
288
112
24
32
306
232
68
89
15.3
35.0
4.13
18.5
4.50
1.27
3.97
0.66
4.04
0.87
2.38
2.26
292
1.11
5.13
2.80
6.60
0.70589
6>MgO>4wt%
HAM
Sample
Sll7
SiOz
TiO,
A&O,
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na,O
K,O
Rb
Sr
Zr
Y
SC
V
Cr
Ni
Zn
La
50.1
1.49
17.3
10.3
0.20
5.91
9.84
3.16
1.34
32
326
177
32
34
264
118
39
96
20.2
S116
50.4
1.62
18.3
9.71
0.17
4.88
9.18
3.61
1.80
42
365
161
30
25
260
68
31
85
25.9
LAM
S146
S152
50.3
I.91
17.2
11.2
0.20
4.73
8.57
3.63
1.67
43
288
242
41
30
281
18
20
107
25.9
52.1
1.55
18.3
9.33
0.18
4.58
8.54
3.81
1.26
16
299
214
37
29
259
10
13
89
17.2
c3
52.9
I .22
18.1
9.26
0.18
4.53
8.62
3.82
1.09
28
305
185
32
24
205
6
I4
91
16.5
S164
50.7
1.29
18.4
9.45
0.17
5.29
9.61
3.46
1.36
28
346
117
24
27
268
89
46
85
16.4
S169
51.2
1.07
19.0
9.49
0.19
4.63
10.0
2.90
1.28
30
341
78
26
27
214
b.d.
11
96
12.8
164
6>MgO>4wt%
HAM
LAM
Sample
s117
S116
S146
s152
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
DY
Ho
Er
Yb
Ba
U
Th
Hf
Nb
87/86Sr
45.5
5.47
23.7
5.57
1.46
5.02
0.87
5.33
1.11
3.04
2.77
278
1.06
5.73
3.72
13.4
0.70495
57.3
6.92
28.1
6.07
1.61
5.00
0.83
4.95
1.01
2.66
2.24
260
1.oo
6.03
3.50
15.0
0.70520
57.9
7.38
32.4
7.57
1.92
6.80
1.13
6.93
1.45
3.86
3.67
290
1.78
7.59
5.64
23.3
0.70510
41.7
5.46
24.6
5.95
1.77
6.16
1.02
6.67
1.39
3.83
3.42
239
0.90
3.91
4.60
17.3
0.70517
c3
39.7
4.85
21.9
5.12
1.45
5.06
0.87
5.30
1.08
3.17
2.96
183
0.79
3.90
4.47
16.9
0.70478
S164
S169
35.5
4.53
20.3
4.41
1.34
4.11
*
29.0
3.83
16.6
4.19
1.20
3.80
0.70
*
4.01
0.82
2.36
2.22
320
0.90
4.68
2.73
10.4
0.70569
0.89
2.54
2.49
178
0.99
4.76
2.38
3.50
0.70602
s71
SiO,
TiO,
Al203
FeO*
MnO
MgG
CaO
Na,O
I&G
Rb
Sr
Zr
Y
SC
V
Cr
Ni
Zn
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
DY
Ho
Er
Yb
Ba
U
Th
Hf
Nb
87/86Sr
54.7
1.39
17.6
8.78
0.17
3.69
7.87
3.72
1.89
49
283
209
33
24
193
4
10
81
19.2
43.7
5.58
24.6
5.67
1.43
4.90
0.86
5.33
1.12
3.13
3.01
286
1.16
5.67
4.34
17.0
0.70522
Sl61
54.0
1.10
18.7
8.72
0.17
3.55
8.35
3.69
1.50
37
331
150
30
25
223
b.d.
5
121
19.9
44.6
5.50
23.0
5.27
1.55
5.01
0.84
5.33
1.14
3.18
2.89
305
0.98
4.71
3.80
11.9
0.70570
LAM
S178
S167
S83
s90
s31
S25
56.1
1.22
18.2
8.33
0.15
3.26
7.21
3.54
1.74
48
290
181
37
19
187
b.d.
10
81
20.0
41.9
5.77
26.3
5.85
1.53
5.31
0.95
5.60
1.16
3.11
3.03
267
1.25
6.22
4.22
14.7
0.70549
63.2
0.59
18.5
4.70
0.12
1.36
4.63
4.02
2.75
82
250
330
37
12
60
b.d.
4
70
27.6
59.5
7.15
27.6
6.13
1.27
5.34
1.oo
6.21
1.33
4.00
3.88
477
2.28
11.7
8.20
17.8
0.70578
56.1
0.73
18.3
7.73
0.17
3.80
8.13
3.29
1.64
48
316
105
19
18
177
3
11
102
16.0
34.4
3.87
16.0
3.33
0.97
3.37
0.54
*
0.63
1.91
1.95
300
1.27
6.80
2.81
3.70
0.70571
57.5
0.62
18.6
6.74
0.16
2.78
7.42
3.87
2.11
61
314
121
22
13
169
b.d.
8
83
19.1
40.4
4.43
18.2
3.80
1.15
3.51
0.56
*
0.67
1.76
2.10
385
1.36
7.57
2.76
4.50
0.70594
58.4
0.65
18.3
6.79
0.16
2.78
7.30
3.73
1.87
55
351
125
18
15
164
b.d.
7
83
18.5
37.7
4.06
16.7
3.56
1.02
3.25
0.50
2.95
0.66
1.96
2.13
387
1.67
7.76
3.23
4.50
0.70610
58.2
0.57
18.8
6.66
0.15
2.54
8.05
3.54
1.44
40
332
94
15
17
141
b.d.
7
78
12.5
26.1
3.41
14.0
3.15
0.97
2.85
0.47
3.01
0.65
1.87
2.14
346
1.19
5.30
2.60
4.20
0.70542
Oxides given in wt%, all other elements in ppm; major elements determined by electron microprobe on fused glass
chips (Monash University); Rb, Sr, Zr, Y, SC, Cr, Ni and Zn analysed via XRF (Monash University); all other
elements determined by spark-source mass spectrography (Australian National University) except for REEs in S108
and Sr in S108, S61 and S167, which were determined by isotope dilution methods (CSIRO); and Ba in S108 via
XRF methods. Sr-isotope analyses were carried out at CSIRO. *Sr/86Sr(average uncertainty +0.00006) normalized
to 0.1194 for **Sr/86Sr.n.d. = not determined; b.d. = below detection limits; * = not determined due to interferences
from LREE and Ba oxides and/or carbides.