CONTROL & INSTRUMENTATION / FB

CUSTOMER TRAINING PROGRAM

VENUE:
BHEL, HRDC,
TRICHIRAPALLI 14.

TITLE:
OPERATION, MAINTENANCE & CARE OF BOILERS

LECTURE ON:
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF CONTROL &
INSTRUMENTATION

FACULTY:
Mr. R.ANBARASU, DGM.-C&I/FB.

Over view
1.

Control Systems & its Types

Pneumatic Control

Hydraulic Control

Electrical Control

2.

Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System (FSSS)

3.

Programmable logic control (PLC)

4.

Auto Control System

5.

Instrumentation

Pressure Measurement

Temperature Measurement

Level Measurement

Flow Measurement

Vibration Measurement

6.

7.

New products introduced (BHEL make-Indigenous))

EWLI-Electronic Water Level Indicator

BHELMHO Switch

BHELSONIC-Sonic tube leak detection system

BHELFEED-Microprocessor based Gravimetric

Feeder control system

BHELSCAN- Microcontroller based Flame Scanner system

Trouble shooting

Problems in Safe Flame Scanner System

CONTROL SYSTEMS
&
ITS TYPES

Control Systems & Its Types

PNEUMATIC CONTROLS
# Regulating Control
# On/Off Control
HYDRAULIC CONTROL
# Regulating Control
# On/Off Control
ELECTRICAL CONTROL
# Regulating Control
# On/Off Control

Pneumatic Control

Open/Close Power Cylinder

AFR

AIR LOCK

Regulating Power Cylinder

POSITION
TRANSMITTER

4-20mA

4-20mA

ZT

Positioner

E/P

AIR FILTER
REGULATOR

I
P

AFR

AIR SUPPLY
AIR LOCK

Pneumatic Valve (Air to Close Type)

Pneumatic Valve (Air to Open Type)

I/P CONVERTER

Hydraulic Control

Electrical Control

Electrical Control Circuit (Of Soot Blower)

Motor Control (Of Soot Blower)

Motor Control Centre (MCC)

Motor Control Centre (MCC)

Electric Actuator

AUTO CONTROL SYSTEM

Autocontrol Legends / Definitions

No

Function

Symbol

Definition

SUMMING

The outputs Equals the Algebraic

Sum of the Inputs

Averaging

The outputs Equals the Algebraic

sum of the inputs divided by the
number of inputs

/n
3

Difference

Proportional

Integral

The outputs equals the Algebraic

difference between two inputs

K or P

The output is directly proportional

to the input
The output varies in accordance
with both magnitude and duration
of the input.The output is
proportional to the integral of the
input.

Autocontrol Legends / Definitions

No Function
6

Derivative

Multiplying

Dividing

Root Extractor

10 Nonlinear or
unspecified
Function

Symbol

Definition

D or d/dt

The outputs is proportional to the

rate of change (derivative) of the
input.

The outputs Equals the products of

the two inputs.

.
.

The outputs equals the Quotient of

the two inputs
The output equals the root

F(x)

The output equals some nonlinear

function of the input.

Autocontrol Legends / Definitions

No Function
11 Time Function

12 High Selecting

13 Low selecting
14 High limiting

Symbol

Definition
F(t)

>
<

>

15 Low limiting

<

The outputs equals the input times

some functions of time or equals
some functions of time alone.
The outputs is equals to that input
which is the greatest of the inputs.
The outputs equals to that input
which is the least of the inputs.
The output equals the input or the
high limit value whichever is
lower.
The output equals the input or the
low limit value whichever is
higher.

Autocontrol Legends / Definitions

No Function
16 Reverse
proportional
17 Bias

Symbol

Definition

-K or -P
+,- or

18 Analog signal
Generator

19 Transfer

The outputs is reversely

proportional to the input
The outputs Equals the input plus
(or minus) some arbitarary value.
The outputs is an analog signal
developed with in the generator.
The output equals input which has
been selected by transfer the state
of the transfer is established by
external means.

FURNACE SAFEGUARD
SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

CAUSES OF FURNACE EXPLOSIONS

INCORRECT OR INADEQUATE IGNITION

PROCEDURE

FUEL SUPPLY WITH OUT ESTABLISHING

COMBUSTION

INTRODUCTION OF MAIN FUEL WITH OUT

ADEQUATE IGNITION ENERGY

FUNCTIONS OF FSSS

BOILER PURGE

SECONDARY AIR DAMPER MODULATION & ON OFF CONTROL

IGNITOR ON - OFF OPERATION

WARM UP FUEL ON - OFF OPERATION

MILL AND FEEDER ON - OFF OPERATION

FLAME SCANNING

BOILER TRIP PROTECTION.

Boiler Wind box Arrangement

Digital Gates
ON DELAY TIMER

OR GATE
I/P

SIGNAL 1
2
3

I/P
OR

O/P
OFF DELAY TIMER

AND GATE
I/P

SIGNAL 1
2
3

O/P

O/P

I/P
AND

O/P

FLIP FLOP / MEMORY

NOT GATE
I/P

O/P

I/P 1
I/P 2

S
R

O/P 1
O/P 2

Boiler Trip Protection

F.D. FAN(S) OFF
F.D. FAN(S) OFF
EMERGENCY TRIP
2/3 FURNACE PRESSURE HIGH

BOILER TRIP

2/3 FURNACE PRESSURE LOW

TURBINE TRIPPED
2/3 DRUM LEVEL HIGH

RESET M.F.R. TO
BOILER TRIP

2/3DRUM LEVEL LOW

AIR FLOW < 30
FALME FAILURE TRIP
LOSS OF FUEL TRIP

M.F.R

FURNACE PURGE SUPERVISION

ALL IGNITION VALVES CLOSED

PURGE START
PURGING

ALL HEAVY OIL VALVES CLOSED

ALL LIGHT OIL VALVES CLOSED

PURGE
READY

FUEL GAS TRIP VALVES CLOSED

FUEL GAS CORNER N.V. CLOSED

ALL SCANNERS SHOW NO FLAME

G
RESET M.F.R. TO

ALL AUXILIARY AIR DAMPERS MODULATING

5 MIN

IGNITION TRIP VALVE CLOSED

LIGHT OIL TRIP VALVE CLOSED
HEAVY OIL TRIP VALVE CLOSED

NO BOILER TRIP

PURGE
COMPLETE AND
NO BOILER TRIP

M.F.R
NO BOILER TRIP

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL

WHAT IS A PLC?
PLC is short for Programmable Logic Controller. A more
common name would be industrial computer.
PLC is the heart of most modern factories using automation
to increase the productivity.
It has a power supply, microprocessor chip, RAM, input /
output and com ports.
It can sense large number of inputs and control a large
number of outputs all in a matter of milliseconds.
It uses symbolic programming language.

Basic PLC Operation

INPUT MODULES
Input modules accept a variety of analog or digital signals from
various sensors and convert them to logic signals that can be used by
CPU.

OUTPUT MODULES
The output modules convert control instructions from the CPU into
signals that can be used to control various field devices.

CPU
The CPU makes the decision & executes control instructions
based on the program in its memory.

PROGRAMMING DEVICE
Programming device is used to install the instructions that
determine what the PLC has to do in response to specific inputs.

OPERATOR MODULE
The operator interface allows the process information to be
displayed and new parameters to be entered.

Processor Configuration & Hardware Requirement

The system shall have dynamic self diagnostic features

and indication for each component failure.
Redundant central processing units(CPU).
Redundant I/O system for critical outputs and nonredundant I/O system for remaining I/Os.
Engineering console with interface
Operating console with interface.
Communication system.

Processor Configuration & Hardware Requirement

contd.
The CPU shall have capability to meet the following
minimum requirement.
a) Logic functions
b) Timing functions
c) Counter
d) Any other functional capabilities to perform the
system requirement.
The communication between the sub-system shall be
redundant and with complete error checking.
In case of redundant processors, the failure of any processor
or any other component shall not affect the operation and the
other processor shall take over the complete operation
smoothly

Processor Configuration & Hardware Requirement

contd.
On-line replacement of failed processor after rectification
shall be possible , without affecting the operation.
Redundancy shall be provided for the complete processor
system including CPU, memory, power supply, and
communication sub-system.
The failure of any single component shall not cause the
control system to be completely inoperative and thus
ensuring total system availability.
The failure of a processor or any other component shall be
annunciated.The minimum requirements are:
Processor failure
Memory failure
I/O module failure
Communication link failure
Battery voltage level low.

Processor Configuration & Hardware

equirementcontd.
On failure of a Processor in the system, it shall be possible for
the outputs to be individually freezed, opened or closed.
On resumption of power supply after a failure, all outputs
shall either open or close as dictated by the process.
Each processor shall be provided with a separate power
supply and failure of one power supply shall not affect the
operation.
Processor offered shall be suitable to accommodate at least
30% spare capacity.

INSTRUMENTATION
SCOPE OF INSTRUMENTATION
AUTOMATIC REGULATING CONTROL
AUTOMATIC SEQUENCE CONTROL
INTERLOCKING
PROTECTION

PERFORMANCE CHARACTRISTICS
ACCURACY
RESPONSE TIME
REPEATABILITY
OPERATING TEMP. RANGE

VARIABLES IN MEASUREMENTS
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
LEVEL
FLOW
CONDUCTIVITY
VIBRATION
ANALYSER
DENSITY
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
SIMPLE MANOMETER
INCLINED
MANOMETER

CYSTERN
MANOMETER

BELLOW PRESSURE
GAUGE
DIAPHRAGM
PRESSURE
GAUGE

BOURDON
PRESSURE
GAUGE

Pressure Transmitters

PRESSURE GAUGES & TRANSMITTERS

Low pressure
Diaphragm
Gauge

Absolute
Pressure
Transmitter

Diaphragm
sealed Gauge
Pressure
Transmitter

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS

Differential Static Pressure

Transmitter

Diaphragm sealed
Differential Pressure
Transmitter

PRESSURE SWITCHES & TRANSDUCERS

Pressure Switch

Industrial Pressure
Transducer
Pressure Indicator

Diaphragm Pressure
Transducer

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE SWITCHES &

TRANSDUCERS

Differential Pressure
Switch

Differential
Pressure
Transducer

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Expansion Thermometers
Resistance Thermometers
Thermocouples
Pyrometers
Thermistors

SUPERHEATER TUBE
THERMOCOUPLE
Without
protection
With
protection

EXPANSION THERMOMETERS

Mercury In Glass
Thermometer

Bimetallic
Thermometers

Mercury In Steel
Thermometer

Vapour Pressure
Thermometers

THERMOCOUPLE

K TYPE

THERMISTOR

Temperature Transmitters

Temperature Indicator

RTD

PYROMETERS

Optical Pyrometer

Emissivity Calculator
Pyrometer

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN BOILER

DRUM LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN

BOILER

FLOW MEASUREMENT
Orifice Plate
Flow Nozzle
Venturi Tube
Area Flow Meter
1.Rotameter
2.Piston Type Meter

Venturi Tube

Orifice plate

Flow Nozzle

PD FLOW METERS

PD flow meter
PD flow meter : Positive Displacement Meter
Principle of measurement : Displacement of oil by

volume. Hence it is known as PD flow meter.

PD flow meters are commonly used for fuel oil flow

measurement.

Principle of operation of PD flow meter :

The oval wheel meter is a volumetric meter.
The measuring element consists of two meshing oval
wheels, driven by the liquid.
Each revolution of the oval wheel
displaces a
precisely known volume of liquid through the meter
The number of revolutions is directly proportional to
the measured volume.
Transmission gearing transmits the revolution of oval
wheels to a mechanical register (which counts the
flow of volumetric units).

PD Meter (Oval wheel meter Parts)

Wet parts

Dry parts

Oval gears

Pulse amplifier

Gear shaft

F/I converter

Housing
Cover plate
Strainer

Strainer :

PD Meter Parts

Protect the oval wheel meters from solid matter

in oil.
Select strainers with 250 microns.

Pulse amplifier :
Generates and amplifies weak pulses proportional
to the volume of oil displaced thro the flow meter.

F to I converter :
Converts the pulse generated by the pulse
generator into a linear 4 20 mA current signal.

PD flow meter
Strainer

Oval
wheel
meter

Pulse
generator

F/I
converter

4-20mA to DCS

Problems faced in recent projects in PD Flow

meter:
Kothagudam

Frequent stuck up in the meter

Jindal

F/I converter defective. Shaft coupling damaged.

Jojobera

Problem in connecting F/I converter sorted out

PD Flow Meter ..Contd..

Unchahar

Wrong pulse amplifier settings.

Vindyachal

F/I converter incorrect switch setting.

Kaperkheda

Oval gear tooth was damaged and shaft was slightly

bent due to over speeding.

PD Flow Meter ..Contd..

WCPM

Problem in F-I converter rectified and reinstalled.

Ennore

Damage in strainer insert due to entry welding burs.

Recommendation for reducing/avoiding problems :

The major problem faced in the PDFM :
Improper installation of the
improper setting of the F/I converter.

meter

and

To avoid Installation problem :

Brief notes with method of installation and Dos
and Donts during installation.
Since the O&M manual does not reach at the
appropriate time.

Mass Flow Meter ..Contd..

Alternate meter :
Since mass flow meter is very costly when
compared with the PD flow meter and the problems
faced with PD flow meter are not mainly due to the
defect in the equipment but are installation
problems, PD flow meter itself shall be envisaged
for this application with incorporating the
recommended procedure.

VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

SEISMIC DEVICE

VELOCITY PICKUP

PIEZO ELECTRIC
SENSOR

ENCLOSURE PROTECTION

Degree of Enclosure Protection for

Electrical and Electronic Equipments.

Degrees of Protection
FIRST NUMERAL
IP

X X
SECOND NUMERAL

X - : First Numeral stands for :

Degree of protection against ingress of solid particles .
-X : Second Numeral Stands for :
Degrees of protection against ingress of Moisture .
The above is as per IS 2147 which is now superseded by
IS 13947 1.

----- why?

We have now the degrees of protection as

IP

Characteristic letters.
1st characteristic numeral.
Supplementary letter.
2nd characteristic letters.

Degrees of Protection Indicated by First Numeral

1st
Numeral
& suffix

Short description

1.

Protection against solid objects greater

than 50 mm.

2L.

Protection against solid objects greater

than 12.5 mm and against contact by
standard test finger.

3.

Protection against solid objects greater

than 2.5 mm.

3 L.

Protection against solid objects greater

than 12.5 mm and against contact by
2.5 mm probe.

Definition

Protection against contact with live and

moving parts.
Test finger Not exceeding 80 mm length.

Protection against contact with live and

moving parts by a 2.5 mm diameter test probe
not exceeding 100 mm in length.

Degrees of Protection Indicated by First Numeral

4.

Protection against solid objects greater

than 1.0mm.

4 L.

Protection against solid objects greater

than 12.5mm and against contact by
1.0mm probe.

Protects against contact with live and moving

parts by a 1.0 mm diameter test probe not
exceeding 100 mm in length.

5.

Dust protected

Conditions: Prevents of ingress of dust in

Quantities and locations that would interfere
with the intended operation of the equipment .

6.

Dust tight
(Prevents ingress of dust).

Degrees of Protection Indicated by Second Numeral

Sec
Num

Short description

Definition

1.

Protection against
dripping water

Vertically falling drops shall have no harmful effect.

Conditions: Duration of test 10 min.

2.

Protection against
dripping water
When tilted up to 150.

Vertically falling drops shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure
is tilted at any angle up to 150 from its normal position.
Conditions: Duration of test 10 min.

3.

Protection with spraying

water.

Water falling as a spray at angle up to 600 from the vertical shall have
no harmful effect.
Condition : Duration:10 Min
: Delivery rate:: 10 L / min.
: Water pressure: 0.8 bar.

4.

Protection against
splashing water.

Water splashed against the enclosure from any direction shall have no
harmful effect
Condition of Test: Same as 3.

5.

Protection against water

jet.

Water projected by a nozzle against the enclosure from any direction

shall have no harmful effect.
Conditions: Nozzle: Internal dia: 6.3mm.
: Delivery rate: 12.5 L/ min.
:Water Pressure: 0.3 bar.
: Minimum test Duration: 3 Min.
: Distance from Nozzle to Eqpt: 3 meter.

Degrees of Protection Indicated by Second Numeral

6.

Protection
against heavy
seas.

Water from heavy seas or water projected in powerful jets shall not enter the
enclosure in harmful quantities.
Conditions: Nozzle: Internal dia: 12.5 mm.
: Delivery rate:: 100 L /min.
: Water pressure: 1 bar.
: Minimum test Duration: 3 Min.
: Distance from Nozzle to Eqpt: 3 meter.

7.

Protection
against effects of
immersion.

Ingress of water in a harmful quantities shall not be possible when the enclosure
is immersed in water under :
water shall be min. 150mm above surface (highest pt).
The lowest portion of the eqpt shall be at least 1 m below the surface of water.
Duration of the test shall be 30 Min.
Water Temp. shall not differ from that of the eqpt. by more than 5 0 C.

Determination of harmful ingress of water

If any water has entered, it shall not,
be sufficient to interfere with satisfactory operation of the
equipment.
Reach live parts or windings.
Accumulate near the cable entry point or enter the cable.
Where the water ingress could raise doubts on functioning of
the equipment - a dielectric test at 50% of dielectric test
voltage can be conducted.

NEW PRODUCTS INTRODUCED

EWLI
Electronic Water Level Indicator

BHELMHO Switch

BHELMHO - Electronic Water Level Switch (Conductivity Type)

Principle of Operation
BHELMHO Level Switch operates on the principle of
discrimination between the conductivity of water and steam.
It contains an electronics cabinet, four sensing electrodes,
and indicators. Figure shows a typical installation of the
BHELMHO Water Level Switch.

Functional Drawings of BHELMHO

Typical BHELMHO Level Switch Installation in HP Heater

A safe low excitation voltage is applied between the insulated
tip and the body of the sensing electrodes. The sensor output
gives a value for the conductance of the cell formed by the
electrode and the body, which is compared with a reference
value and the electronic circuitry discriminates between steam
and water. In addition the electronics is capable of detecting
the open and short fault conditions of the sensing system.
.

BHELMHO Switch.Contd.
By the use of the proven conductivity technique
BHELMHO Level Switch can be employed wherever water
level detection and monitoring is required, such as drain
pots on steam lines or bled steam lines from turbines etc.
The BHELMHO Level Switch with its self-checking, fault
tolerant electronics with right level indication will be
very efficient in level monitoring.

Areas of Application of BHELMHO in Power and Process

Plants

De-aerator storage level

HP & LP Heater columns

Main boiler Drum Level

Blow down tank level

Main steam header drain

Hot and cold reheat drains

Turbine Extraction drain

Hot well alarms

Generator coolant level

Turbine casing drain

BHELSONIC
Sonic Tube Leak Detection System

Sonic Tube Leak Detection System (STLD) by BHEL(T) known as

BHELSONIC System is used in boilers to detect tube leakage in
the pressure parts region..

Sonic Tube Assembly

BHELSONIC System Sensor Locations (in a Typical 210 MW boilers)

595

12

544
505
504

3
4
5
7

10

12

46.95

14

13

15

42.5

41.5
39.0

16

17

30.15

18
9

LEFT SIDE

16.0

FRONT SIDE

LEFT SIDE

BHELSONIC System Panel

BHELFEEDMicroprocessor based
Gravimetric feeder control

Gravimetric Feeder Overall view

Fdr photo-1

Feeder Electronics Roadmap by BHEL

BHELFEED
32 Bit system

16 Bit system

8 Bit system
Solid State
Hard Wired

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Microprocessor based Gravimetric

feeder Control system

Raw coal

Gear
Box

Load cell
Signal

Motor

Tacho
Signal

Signal
Conditioner
Demand Signal from
Combustion Control

Speed
Controller
GFC
Controller

KBD & Display

Coal conveyed :
= Weight x Belt speed
= Loadcell o/p x Tacho signal
Committed to making a better world

Output Signal
to Customer

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited TIRUCHIRAPALLI

MPGFC Panel
Easy integration with existing
feeders.
Suitable for VFD, ECC and DC
drives

Actual feed rate signal for DCS.

TCI pulse output.

Committed to making a better world

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Committed to making a better world

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Functional Features of MPGFC

Automatic calibration of Tare and Span.
Automatic tracking of Loadcell signals.
Auto change-over to Volumetric mode of operation
in case of loadcell signal faults.
Historic density calculation and record for use in
volumetric mode of operation.
Programming of specific feeder parameters.
Committed to making a better world

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Need for Gravimetric Feeding of Coal

Control of coal feeding by weight
Data logging of actual coal consumption (no thumb
rule method ).
Data generated will be useful for control of coal

inventory and advance planning for procurement.

Actual feedrate signal as feedback for excess air
control results in optimum combustion of fuel.
Committed to making a better world

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Advanced Features of MPGFC

Advanced 32-bit Processor .
Highly integrated electronics with High
resolution ADC & DAC - Improved reliability
RTC for Date & Time stamp of events and data.
User friendly Keyboard.
Feeder status and alarm indicators

Contd..
Committed to making a better world

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Advanced Features of MPGFC Contd..

Vacuum Fluorescent Display 40 Ch x 2 line.
Self test and diagnostics.
Real time multimode data logging for coal
consumption.
Digital Totalizer for multimode mode operation.

Committed to making a better world

DESCRIPTION

IMPORTED

BHELFEED

CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

32 bit Microprocessor based

16 bit Microcontroller based

ELECTRONICS

Modular construction

Non modular

I / O MODULES

Hot Swap Possible

Hot Swap Not possible

BELT SLIPPAGE DETECTION

Inbuilt with the system

Separate unit required

TIMING FUNCTION FOR LOGIC

Implemented in software

Hardwired timers used

SERVICING OF ELECTRONIC
MODULES

Component level possible

Economical

Board level only possible

Expensive

RESPONSE TIME FOR SERVICING

Immediate

More due to re-export

COST OF SPARES

Economical

Expensive

AESTHETICS

Excellent - Rack mounted modules

and reduced interconnections

Door mounted boards &

interconnections

DIAGNOSTICS

Better Diagnostics.
Customized for Indian condition

Standard diagnostics

Customer
Appreciation

From

M/s APGENCO VTPS

BHELSCANMicrocontroller
based Flame Scanners

Block diagram of BHELSCAN

One corner
flame

FOC
LBA

Head
Electronic
s

ADC

Other corner
processor o/p

MC
U

2/4
Flame
Detect
Logic

O/P
to
FSS
S

BHELSCAN BHEL make indigenous

BHELSCAN System Electronic Module

Troubleshooting

Inadequate cooling capacity

Inadequate flow of cooling water and /or sample
Excessive flow of sample
Leakages in cooling & sampling lines
Analysers starving due to inadequate sample flow
Chocking of sample lines/ filters
Chiller : Leakage of refrigerant gas
Fluctuations in sample flow to analysers
Quality of cooling waer
Ignorance in understanding System function.
Lack of training steam power engg + instrumentation
Lack of maintenance

Safe Scan System Trouble Shooting (Frequency detection Module )

Symptoms:
Trim and frequency lamps are on together. Card is sent into oscillation,Which causes
the flame relay on the lamp and meter card to change state rapidly. This causes the
relay to generate a humming noise.
Probable case : IC302(CD4011BD)
Symptoms:
Neither the frequency nor the trim lamps are ON
Probable case : IC303(CD4047BD)
Symptoms:
Trim lamp will not change its pulsing rate even with a change in the DIP switch setting.
Probable case : IC303(CD4047BD)
Symptoms:
Frequency lamp is always ON
Probable case: C301,C304, or C306 (luf@50V)capacitors can be checked in circuit with
an ohmmeter. Defective component will be shorted.
Symptoms:
Trim and frequency lamps alternateON and OFF at the same rate.
Probable case:IC302(CD4011BD)

Safe Scan System Trouble Shooting (Lamp and Meter Module )

Symptoms:
Flame lamp will not respond:TP404 reads approximately ) Vdc.
Probable case:IC401(CD4011BD)normal condition with flame TP401, TP402~
10Vdc TP403~0Vdc TP404~10VdcFlame relay is energized
and flame lamp on.
Symptoms:
Needle on the meter is at the top of scale and the fault lamp is ON
Probable case : B + fuse
Symptoms:
Needle remains in the middle of the scale and frequency lamp
on the frequency detection card is OFFIntensity fault detection
card is ON.
Probable case : B- fuse