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34 Questions And Answers To Break the Myth About SF6 Gas In Electrical Equipment
The following applications are known. For some of these most probably you havent heard of.
For sound insulation in windows,
In vehicle tyres,
For magnesium casting in the automotive industry,
As insulating and arc extinguishing medium in electric power equipment,
For manufacturing of semi-conductors,
In tandem-particle accelerators,
In electron microscopes,
As tracer-gas in mining,
In x-ray material examination equipment,
As purification and protection gas for aluminium and magnesium casting,
In sport shoes,
Medical examinations,
In military aircraft radar systems and other military applications.
4. What is the overall contribution of SF6 used in the electrical equipment to the greenhouse
effect?
Less than 0,1 % ( see CAPIEL) and CIGRE). In an Ecofys study the contribution to the greenhouse effect in Europe
is estimated to 0.05 % (*).
(*) ECOFYS, Sina Wartmann, Dr. Jochen Harnisch, June 2005, Reductions of SF6 Emissions from High and Medium Voltage
Equipment in Europe
5. How wide is the use of SF6 in transmission and distribution switchgear applications ?
SF6 insulated switchgear is currently used world-wide. It is estimated that an average of about 80 % of HV
equipment manufactured now has an SF6 content.
2. Where the reliability of the insulation might otherwise suffer from contamination, e.g. dust from industry or
agriculture or saline deposits in coastal areas. Gas- insulated switchgear completely eliminates this possibility
throughout the whole service life of an installation
3. In contrast to air insulation, whose insulating capacity reduces with increasing altitude, SF6-insulated
switchgear retains its full insulating capacity regardless of height above sea level. So larger and more costly
special designs, or equipment with higher insulation ratings and therefore more costly are avoided
8. Is there any alternative to SF6 in switchgear for high and medium voltage?
From the LCA point of view no technically and economically viable alternative exists with an equivalent set of
properties described above and the same degree of safety and reliability.
9. What are the different applications in electrical power equipment using SF6?
These are the most common applications where SF6 is used:
1. GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear for medium and high voltage),
2. CBs (Circuit Breaker),
3. Power transformers,
4. VT (Voltage Transformer),
5. CT (Current transformer),
6. RMU (Ring Main Unit),
7. Assemblies of HV devices and GIL (Gas insulated lines),
8. Capacitors etc.
10. What is the difference between high-voltage (HV) and medium- voltage (MV) GIS regarding
SF6?
Basically there is no difference as both applications use the SF6 in gas-tight compartments with negligible leakage
rates. In general the MV (up to 52 kV) use pressures close to atmospheric pressure in sealed pressure systems. Low
pressure and small size result in little gas quantities of only some kg. The leakage rate is extremely low, less than 0.1
% per year.
HV switchgear (< 52 kV) use closed pressure systems with leakage rates less than 0.5 %, which is the maximum
permitted by the relevant IEC standards. The operating pressure of HV equipment is approx. 5 times higher
compared to MV.
11. What are the main commitments of the voluntary actions/agreements of manufacturers and
users concerning SF6 handling?
Both, switchgear manufacturers and users are committed to a continuous improvement in reduction of emission rates
as well as monitoring and annual reporting.
13. What are the users obligations for monitoring SF6 data of medium voltage switchgear?
As far as sealed pressure systems (sealed for life) are concerned the users do not normally need to either monitor or
report emissions.
Therefore they only have to assure that the disposal and the end of life is carried out by a qualified
entity, in accordance with available national rules.
15. What are the users obligations when taking SF6-switchgear out of service?
To make sure that the SF6 is handled by a qualified entity or by qualified personnel according to IEC 61634
subclause 4.3.1. and according to IEC 60480 subclause 10.3.1.
17. In some European countries bans on SF6-switchgear have been proposed. Where are legal
bans implemented?
There are no legal bans implemented. In political discussions reduced use of SF6 in some applications was
proposed which are not related to the electrical industry.
In the past some proposals of this kind concerning electrical switchgear came up due to insufficient
knowledge on how the electrical industry is using SF6. Once this was clarified and the benefits given
by this technology were explained, the proposals were withdrawn.
20. What about ageing process of SF6 gas? Is replenishment of gas needed after
approximately 20 years?
It is generally not necessary because the gas quality than is in line with the values given in IEC 60480 Table 2
Maximum acceptable impurity levels (applicable for closed pressure systems). For MV sealed for life equipment
no replenishment is necessary, because of the unique qualities of SF6 under normal operating conditions no
degradation occurs.
21. How much SF6 (quantified in kg) can escape due to normal leakage?
This depends on the filling quantity, which depends on the rating and design of the equipment (volume and pressure).
For HV switchgear the emission factor ranges from about 0.1% per year to 0,5% (0,5% per year is the maximum
acceptable leakage rate according to IEC 62271-203)
For sealed for life MV equipment a range below 0,1 % per year is common. For example, a 3 kg filling quantity
(RMU) results in a calculated loss of 3 g per year.
22. How high is the MAC (Maximum allowable working environment concentration) for pure
SF6 in the substation and how hazardous is pure SF6?
It is generally recommended that the maximum concentration of SF6 in the working environment should be kept lower
than 1000 l/l (*). This is the value accepted for a full time (8 h/day, 5 day/week) work schedule. This value is not
related to toxicity, but an established limit for all non-toxic gases which are not normally present in the atmosphere.
Therefore, this limit does not mean that higher SF6 concentrations pose any toxic hazard. According to Clause 7.1 of
IEC 60480: In principle, a mixture of 20% of oxygen and 80% SF6 can be inhaled without adverse effect.
Concentrations above 20% would cause suffocation due to lack of oxygen.
(*) TRGS 900, Technische Regeln fr Gefahrstoffe
23. What decomposition products are created in the case of internal arc faults, and in what
quantities?
Gaseous and dusty by-products will be generated. See IEC 60480, Table 1 and/or CIGRE Report Electra 1991
(Handling of SF6 and its decomposition products in GIS, Table 2 Rough characterisation of the major decomposition
products resulting from different sources).
The decomposition products depend on the type of equipment and its service history; the quantities depend on energy
(voltage, current, time) and the type of the equipment.
Therefore, in all cases, evacuation of the switchgear room is the first measure to be taken
irrespective the switchgear contains SF6 or not. See IEC 61634 sub-clause 5.3: Abnormal release
due to internal fault.
26. Does a (passive or active) ventilation system have to be installed in the switchgear room
or cable basement?
Buildings containing SF6-filled indoor equipment should be provided with ventilation; natural ventilation would
normally be adequate to prevent the accumulation of SF6 released due to leakage (see IEC 61634, sub-clause 3.4:
Safety of personnel and IEC 61936-1). Type and extent of required measures depend upon location of the room, the
accessibility, and the ratio of gas to room volume.
28. Under which conditions needs SF6 gas in gas-insulated switchgear to be replaced?
Which are the parameters to be checked e.g. (concentration, dew point, decomposition products) and what
are the related acceptable limits?
Normally the gas remains until disassembly. During a maintenance operation requiring the evacuation of the gas, it
should be analysed. Guidance on how to proceed then is given in IEC 60480.
30. How much SF6 gas is in my switchgear? Where do I find this information?
On the nameplate or in the operating manual. For older equipment please ask your manufacturer.
alumina, soda lime, molecular sieves or mixtures thereof are suitable for this purpose (see also IEC 61634,
Annex B.3: Measures for the removal of SF6 decomposition products). Maximum tolerable moisture levels for reuse can be taken from IEC 60480, Annex A .
IEC 61634, Annex E: General safety recommendations, equipment for personal protection and
first aid
For medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear using sealed pressure systems, the contents of this annex are
applicable only during end-of-life treatment or in the very unlikely event of an abnormal release. For other types of
equipment, information in this annex is provided for use in situations where workers have to make contact with SF6
decomposition products.
Such situations include:
Maintenance or any other activity involving opening the SF6-filled enclosures of equipment which has been in
service;
Restorative activity after an internal fault or external fire provoking opening of the enclosure.
Experience over more than 25 years in working environments where contaminated gas is handled regularly has
shown that personnel are unlikely to suffer adverse effects to their health, as long as they are suitably trained and
equipped as indicated in this report and as recommended in the manufacturers instructions.
33. What environmental and safety at work aspects have to be taken into account?
See IEC 61634 [8], clause 4: Handling of used SF6.
The need to handle used SF6 arises where:
1. Topping up of the SF6 in closed pressure systems is carried out;
2. The gas has to be removed from an enclosure to allow maintenance, repair or exten-sion to be carried out;
3. The gas has been wholly or partially expelled due to an abnormal release;
4. The gas has to be removed at the end of the life of an item of equipment;
5. Samples of the gas must be obtained or the gas pressure measured through tempo-rary connection of
measuring apparatus.
Situations 1 and 1 arise mainly with respect to high-voltage equipment and may arise with medium-voltage GIS
equipment in particular if it is required to add further equipment to an existing switchboard. They do not arise with
equipment using sealed pressure systems.
34. What has to be observed for cleaning of the switchgear room after an internal fault with
emission of decomposed gas?
See IEC 61634, sub-clause 5.3/5.3.3:
Abnormal release due to internal fault (Indoor installations, and national requirements.)
An internal fault occurs when abnormal arcing is initiated inside a switchgear and controlgear enclosure.
In certain types of equipment, particularly metal-enclosed medium-voltage switchboards, air insulation is used for the
busbars between cubicles and around cable connections and SF6 is present only within switching chambers. In this
case an internal fault could occur within the switchboard but outside the switching chamber, so that no SF6 is
released.
An internal fault is a very rare occurrence but cannot be completely disregarded.
It can occur as a result of:
A defect in the insulation system;
A mechanical defect leading to a disturbance of the electric field distribution inside the equipment;
The mal-operation of part of a switching device due to faulty assembly, components or malfunction or misuse of
interlocks.
An internal fault will cause an increase of pressure inside the enclosure, the effects of which will depend upon
circumstances. The pressure rise is caused by the transfer of the electrical energy from the arc into the gas. The
increase in pressure will depend upon the value of the arc current, the arc voltage, the arc duration and the volume of
the enclosure in which the arc has developed.
Following an internal fault leading to pressure relief or enclosure burn-through, the SF6 and much of any
solid decomposition products (powders) will have been expelled from the SF6 enclosure.
References:
CAPIEL (Coordinating Committee for the Associations of Manufacturers of Industrial Electrical Switchgear and
Controlgear in the European Union) Frequently asked Questions (FAQ) and Answers on SF6
IEC 61634 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Use and handling of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in highvoltage switchgear and controlgear
IEC 60480 Guidelines for the checking and treatment of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) taken from electrical
equipment and specification for its re-use