Non Destructive Testing

Introduction to
Non-Destructive
Testing
By: E. E. Reaso, Jr.
I. Properties of Materials
II. Types of Defects
III.What is NDT?
IV.Who are capable to perform
NDT?
V. What are the references used ?
VI. What are the different methods
of NDT?
VII.Reporting/recording of
findings.
I. Properties of Material
(Metallic & Non-Metallic)
1) Elasticity
- The property that enables a metal to return to its
original size and shape when the force which causes the
change of shape is removed.
- Elasticity is a property extremely valuable because it

would be highly undesirable to have a part permanently
distorted after an applied load was removed.
- In aircraft construction, members and parts are so

designed that the maximum loads to which they are
subjected will not stress them beyond their elastic limit.
2) Strength
- The ability of a material to resist change in shape or
size (deformation) when external forces are applied.
- Strength is also the ability of a material to resist stress

without breaking.
- The type of load or stress on the material affects the

strength exhibits.
- Fuselage is designed to withstand both radial and

longitudinal stress
- Wing designed to with stand bending stress during

static and flight.
3) Hardness
- The ability of a material to resist abrasion,
penetration, cutting action, or permanent distortion.
Hardness may be increased by cold working the metal

and in case of steel and certain aluminum alloys, by
heat treatment.
structural parts are often formed from metals in their

soft state and are then heat treated to harden them so
that the finished shape will be retained.
4) Ductility
- The property of a metal which permits it to be
permanently drawn, bent, or twisted into various shapes
without breaking.
4) Ductility
- this property is essential for metals used in making
wire and tubing
4) Ductility
-greatly prefered for aircraft use because of ease of
forming and resistance to failure under shock loads.
4) Ductility
-for this reason, aluminum alloys are used for cowl
rings, fuselage and wing skin, and formed or extruded
parts, such as ribs, spars and bulkhead.
5) Malleability
- The property that allows a metal
permanently when loaded in compression.
to
deform
6) Brittleness
- The property of a metal which allows little bending or
deforming without shattering.
6) Brittleness
- because structural metals are often subjected to shock
loads, brittleness is not very desirable property
7) Conductivity
- The property which enables a metal to carry heat or
electricity.
7) Conductivity
- the heat conductivity of a metal is especially important
in welding because it governs the amount of heat that
will be required for proper fusion.
7) Conductivity
- in aircraft, electrical conductivity must also be
considered in conjunction with bonding, to eliminate
radio interference.
7) Conductivity
- the aircraft is designed to redirect and discharge high
voltage from lightning strike.
8) Density
- The weight of a unit volume of a material
8) Density
- in aircraft work, the specified weight of a material per
cubic inch is preferred since this figure can be used in
determining the weight of a part before actual
manufacture.
9) Toughness
- a material which possesses toughness will withstand
tearing or shearing and may be stretched or otherwise
deformed without breaking.
10) Fusibility
- the ability of a metal to become liquid by the
application of heat.
11) Thermal Expansion

- Refers to the contraction and expansion that are
reactions produced in metal as result of heating or
cooling.
II. Types of Defects
1) Casting Defects
2) Porosity
3) Slag Inclusions
4) Shrinkage
- Casting defect that occurs during the middle and later
stages of solidification of the cast metal.
5) Cracks
6) Corrosion
III. What is Non-destructive

Testing (NDT)?
- NDT is a wide group of analysis

techniques used in science and
industry to evaluate the properties
of a material, component or system
without causing damage.
IV. Who are capable to perform

NDT?
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) training is provided for

people working in many industries.
Successful and consistent application of NDT techniques

depends heavily on personnel training, experience and
integrity.
It is generally necessary that the candidate successfully

completes a theoretical and practical training program, as
well as have performed several hundred hours of practical
application of the particular method they wish to be trained
in.
Personnel involved in application of industrial NDT methods

and interpretation of results should be certified, and in
some industrial sectors certification is enforced by law or
by the applied codes and standards
Three (3) Levels of NDT Personnel:

Level I
-technicians qualified to perform only
specific calibrations and tests under close supervision
and direction by higher level personnel.
- They can only report test results.
- Normally they work following specific work
instructions for testing procedures and rejection
criteria.

Level II
-engineers or experienced technicians who are able to
set up and calibrate testing equipment, conduct the
inspection according to codes and standards (instead of
following work instructions) and compile work
instructions for Level 1 technicians.
-They are also authorized to report, interpret, evaluate
and document testing results.
-They can also supervise and train Level 1 technicians.
In addition to testing methods, they must be familiar
with applicable codes and standards and have some
knowledge of the manufacture and service of tested
products.

Level III
- specialized engineers or very experienced
technicians. They can establish NDT techniques and
procedures and interpret codes and standards.
- They also direct NDT laboratories and have central
role in personnel certification.
- They are expected to have wider knowledge covering
materials, fabrication and product technology.
V. What are the references used in

NDT?
1) NDT Manuals
2) International Standards
3) Regulatory Issued Publication
4) Manufacturers Service Bulletin
5) Engineering Order
VI. What are the Different

Methods of NDT?
NDT is divided into various methods of testing, each

based on a particular scientific principle.
These methods may be further subdivided into
various techniques.
The various methods and techniques, due to their

particular natures, may lend themselves especially well
to certain applications and be of little or no value at all
in other applications.
Therefore choosing the right method and technique is
an important part of the performance of NDT.
The Basic NDT Methods are:

1) Penetrant Inspection
2) Magnetic Particle Inspection
3) Eddy Current Inspection
4) Ultrasonic Inspection
5) Radiographic Inspection
6) Visual Inspection
PENETRANT
INSPECTION
1) PENETRANT INSPECTION
-a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used
to locate surface-breaking defects in all nonporous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics).
-The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous
materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous
components magnetic-particle inspection is often used
instead for its subsurface detection capability.
- LPI is used to detect casting, forging and welding
surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface
porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on
in-service components.
a) Principle
- penetrant inspection is based upon capillary action,
where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean
and dry surface-breaking discontinuities.
Capillary Action
- is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces
without the assistance of, and in opposition to,
external forces like gravity.
- The effect can be seen in the drawing up of
liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a
thin tube, in porous materials such as paper, in
some non-porous materials such as
liquified carbon fiber, or in a cell.
a) Principle (contd)
- penetrant may be applied to the test component by:
- Brushing.
- Dipping the component/part
- Spraying
- After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the
excess penetrant is removed, a developer is applied.
- The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw
where an invisible indication becomes visible to the
inspector.
- Inspection is performed under ultraviolet light when
using a fluorescent penetrant, or
- Inspection is performed on visible light when using
visible dye penetrant (red dye)
b) Materials/Equipments Used
- Penetrant
b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

- Developer

- Solvent Cleaners

- Blacklight
c) Inspection Procedure
- Pre-cleaning
- The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt,
paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could either
keep penetrant out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or
false indications
c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

- Application of Penetrant
- The penetrant is then applied to the surface of the
item being tested.

- Application of Penetrant
-The penetrant is allowed "dwell time" to soak into
any flaws (generally 5 to 30 minutes).
- The dwell time mainly depends upon the penetrant
being used, material being tested and the size of
flaws sought.
- As expected, smaller flaws require a longer
penetration time.

- Removal of Excess of Penetrant
-The excess penetrant is then removed from the surface.
The removal method is controlled by the type of
penetrant used.
-Water-washable, solvent-removable, lipophilic postemulsifiable, or hydrophilic post-emulsifiable are the
common choices. Emulsifiers represent the highest
sensitivity level, and chemically interact with the oily
penetrant to make it removable with a water spray.
-When using solvent remover and lint-free cloth it is
important to not spray the solvent on the test surface
directly, because this can remove the penetrant from the
flaws.
Solvent
Removable
Penetrant
Water-washable
Penetrant

- Removal of Excess of Penetrant
-If excess penetrant is not properly removed, once the
developer is applied, it may leave a background in the
developed area that can mask indications or defects.
-In addition, this may also produce false indications
severely hindering your ability to do a proper inspection.

- Application of Developer
-After excess penetrant has been removed a white
developer is applied to the sample. Several developer
types are available, including: non-aqueous wet
developer, dry powder, water suspendable, and water
soluble..
The developer draws

penetrant from defects
out onto the surface to
form a visible indication,
commonly known as
bleed-out.
Any areas that bleed-out
can indicate the location,
orientation and possible
types of defects on the
surface.

- Inspection
-The inspector will use visible light with adequate
intensity (100 foot-candles) for visible dye penetrant.
- Ultraviolet (UV) radiation of adequate intensity
(1,000 micro-watts per centimeter squared is
common), along with low ambient light levels (less
than 2 foot-candles) for fluorescent penetrant
examinations.
- Inspection of the test surface should take place after
10 to 30 minute development time

- Post-Cleaning
-The test surface is often cleaned after inspection and
recording of defects, especially if post-inspection
coating processes are scheduled.
d) Advantages & Disadvantages

- Advantages
- the speed of the test and the low cost
- Disadvantages
- the detection of only surface flaws, skin irritation,
and the inspection should be on a smooth clean
surface where excessive penetrant can be removed
prior to being developed.
- Conducting the test on rough surfaces, such-as "aswelded" welds, will make it difficult to remove any
excessive penetrant and could result in false
indications.
- Also, on certain surfaces a great enough color
contrast cannot be achieved or the dye will stain the
workpiece.
MAGNETIC
PARTICLE
INSPECTION
2) MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

- is an NDT method for detecting surface and slightly
subsurface discontinuities in ferroelectric materials.
-The process puts a magnetic field into the part. The
piece can be magnetized by direct or indirect
magnetization.
Classification of Magnetizing the Material

-Direct magnetization occurs when the electric current
is passed through the test object and a magnetic field is
formed in the material.
-Indirect magnetization occurs when no electric current
is passed through the test object, but a magnetic field is
applied from an outside source.
a) Principle
- Right Hand Rule.
-The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the

direction of the electric current.
- The presence of a surface or subsurface

discontinuity in the material allows the magnetic
flux to leak, since air cannot support as much
magnetic field per unit volume as metals.
-Ferrous iron particles are then applied to the part.

-If an area of flux leakage is present the particles
will be attracted to this area.
-The particles will build up at the area of leakage

and form what is known as an indication.
-The indication can then be evaluated to determine
what it is, what may have caused it, and what action
should be taken, if any.
Two Types of Magnetization

i) Longitudinal Magnetization
Two Types of Magnetization

ii) Circular Magnetization
Different Technique on Magnetizing

i) ElectroMagnetic Yoke Technique
ii) Bench Technique
iii) Cable Wrap Technique
iv) Prod Technique
- Electromagnetic Yoke

- Bench

- Cable Wrap

- Prods

- Blacklight

- Magnetic Particle

- Solvent Cleaner
c) Inspection Procedure
- Pre-cleaning
- The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt,
paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could either
keep penetrant out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or
false indications

- Magnetizing of Parts using Mobile Equipment

- Magnetizing of Parts using Mobile Equipment

- Magnetizing of Parts using Stationary Equipment

- Application of Particle



- Inspection

- Inspection

- Demagnetization

- Demagnetization

- Advantages
- Fast results can be obtained
- Inspection results are reliable.
- Disdvantages
- Can only be used in ferromagnetic materials
EDDY CURRENT
INSPECTION
3) EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION

- uses electromagnetic induction to detect flaws
in conductive materials.
- a circular coil carrying current is placed in proximity

to the test specimen (which must be electrically
conductive).
-The alternating current in the coil generates changing
magnetic field which interacts with test specimen and
generates eddy current
- Variations in the electrical conductivity or magnetic

permeability of the test object, or the presence of any
flaws, will cause a change in eddy current and a
corresponding change in the phase and amplitude of the
measured current.
a) Principle
- Right Hand Rule.
-The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the

direction of the electric current.
- Electromagnetic field is induced in the conductive
material.
- a discontinuity/flaw will disturb the flow of eddy
current.
- the disturbance (change in impedance) will create a
graphical signal on the CRT screen.
- Eddy Current Equipment

- Eddy Current Probes & Cables

- Battery & Charger

- Calibration Blocks
c) Inspection
- Calibration of Equipment
c) Inspection (contd)
- Inspection on the area of concern (fan blades)
- Inspection on the area of concern (wheel hubs)
- Inspection on the area of concern (components)
- Inspection on the area of concern (welds)
- Inspection on the area of concern (tubes)
- Inspection on the area of concern (airframe)
- Identification of Coating Thickness
- Conductivity Testing

- Advantages
- Fast results can be obtained
- Inspection results are reliable.
- Disdvantages
- only conductive materials can be tested
- the surface of the material must be accessible
- the finish of the material may cause bad readings,
- the depth of penetration into the material is limited
by the materials' conductivity,
- flaws that lie parallel to the probe may be
undetectable
ULTRASONIC
INSPECTION
4) ULTRASONIC INSPECTION
- very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center
frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally
up to 50 MHz are launched into materials to detect
internal flaws or to characterize materials.
4) ULTRASONIC INSPECTION (contd)

- Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and
other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on
concrete, wood and composites.
a) Principle
- current is applied on the piezoelectric crystal inside
the probe/transducer.
-The transducer vibrates at a constant frequency
producing the high frequency sound wave.
-The Piezoelectric effect describes the relation between

a mechanical stress and an electrical voltage in solids
- A probe sends a sound wave into a test material.
- there are two indications, one from the initial pulse of
the probe, and the second due to the back wall echo.
- The machine displays these results in the form of a
signal with an amplitude representing the intensity of
the reflection and the distance, representing the arrival
time of the reflection
Different UT Scanning Technique

- A Scan

- B Scan
-It is a graphical presentation method of the results
of a series of thickness measurements that shows, in
scale, the cross-section of the component or the
inspected part.

- C Scan
- provides a plan-type view of the location and size of
test specimen features.
- UT Equipment

- Transducers

- Calibration Blocks

- Couplant
c) Inspection
- Calibration of equipment
- Inspection on the area of concern (industrial)

- Advantages
- High penetrating power, which allows the
detection of flaws deep in the part.
- High sensitivity, permitting the detection of
extremely small flaws.
- Only one surface needs to be accessible.
- Greater accuracy than other nondestructive
methods in determining the depth of internal
flaws and the thickness of parts with parallel
surfaces.
- Some capability of estimating the size,
orientation, shape and nature of defects.
- Non hazardous to operations

- Disadvantages
- Manual operation requires careful attention by
experienced technicians
- Extensive technical knowledge is required for
the development of inspection procedures.
- Parts that are rough, irregular in shape, very
small or thin, or not homogeneous are difficult to
inspect.
- Couplants are needed to provide effective
transfer of soundwave between transducers and
parts being inspected unless a non-contact
technique is used.
- Inspected items must be water resistant, when
using water based couplants that do not contain
rust inhibitors.
RADIOGRAPHIC
INSPECTION
5) RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
- is an NDT method used to evaluate objects and
components for signs of flaws which could interfere with
their function.
5) RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
- It is accomplished with the use of radiographs, images
generated by bombarding the object under inspection
with radiation
Radiation Source
- X-Ray
Radiation Source
- Gamma Ray
a) Principle
- Radiation was produced by the X-Ray machine
What is X-Ray?
-is a form of electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths shorter than visible light.
How is X-Ray produced?

-Xrays are generated by an X-ray tube, a vacuum
tube that uses high voltage to accelerate the electrons
released by a hot cathode to a high velocity.
-The high velocity electrons collide with a metal target,
the anode, creating the X-rays.
a) Principle
- Since the amount of radiation emerging from the
opposite side of the material can be detected and
measured, variations in this amount (or intensity) of
radiation are used to determine thickness or
composition of material.
b) Materials & Equipment Used

- X-Ray Machine
b) Materials & Equipment Used (contd)

- Films

- Processing Tanks

- Warning Signs

- Dosimeters

- Survey Meter

- Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
c) Inspection
- Set-up of Film
- Set-up of Film
- Set-up of X-Ray Tube
- Securing and clearing the Area before exposure
- Exposure of film
- Exposure of film
- Developing of film
- Evaluation of radiograph
-Radiographic images

- Advantages
- Technique is not limited by material type or

density.
-Can inspect assembled components.
-Minimum surface preparation required.
-Sensitive to changes in thickness, corrosion, voids,
cracks, and material density changes.
-Detects both surface and subsurface defects.
-Provides a permanent record of the inspection.
d) Advantages & Disadvantages (contd)

- Disadvantages
- Many safety precautions for the use of high

intensity radiation.
-Many hours of technician training prior to use.
-Access to both sides of sample required.
-Orientation of equipment and flaw can be critical.
-Determining flaw depth is impossible without
additional angled exposures.
-Expensive initial equipment cost.
VISUAL INSPECTION
6) VISUAL INSPECTION
- is a common method of quality control, data
acquisition, and data analysis. Visual Inspection, used
in maintenance of facilities, mean inspection of
equipment and structures using either or all of raw
human senses such as vision, hearing, touch and smell
and/or any non-specialized inspection equipment.
a) Materials & Equipment

- Magnifying Glass
a) Materials & Equipment (contd)

- Flashlight
a) Materials & Equipment (contd)

- Borescope / Videoscope
b) Inspection
- Borescope inspection on Engines
b) Inspection (contd)
- Borescope inspection on Engines
c) Advantages & Disadvantages

- Advantages
- The most accurate inspectors made the fewest eye
fixations and were the fastest.
- Disadvantages
- cant detect very fine crack not visible to eye.
- cannot detect discontinuity that are inaccessible.
Borescope Inspection of Compressor Turbine Blades PT6 Engine
VII. Reporting & Recording of

Findings
1) Photos / Images
1) Photos / Images (contd)
1) Photos / Images (contd)
2) Reporting
Thank You

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Introduction to

By: E. E. Reaso, Jr.

- Elasticity is a property extremely valuable because it

- In aircraft construction, members and parts are so

- Strength is also the ability of a material to resist stress

- The type of load or stress on the material affects the

- Fuselage is designed to withstand both radial and

- Wing designed to with stand bending stress during

Hardness may be increased by cold working the metal

structural parts are often formed from metals in their

11) Thermal Expansion

II. Types of Defects

III. What is Non-destructive

- NDT is a wide group of analysis

IV. Who are capable to perform

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) training is provided for

Successful and consistent application of NDT techniques

It is generally necessary that the candidate successfully

Personnel involved in application of industrial NDT methods

Three (3) Levels of NDT Personnel:

Three (3) Levels of NDT Personnel:

Three (3) Levels of NDT Personnel:

V. What are the references used in

3) Regulatory Issued Publication

4) Manufacturers Service Bulletin

VI. What are the Different

NDT is divided into various methods of testing, each

The various methods and techniques, due to their

The Basic NDT Methods are:

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

The developer draws

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

d) Advantages & Disadvantages

2) MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

Classification of Magnetizing the Material

-The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the

- The presence of a surface or subsurface

-Ferrous iron particles are then applied to the part.

-The particles will build up at the area of leakage

Two Types of Magnetization

Two Types of Magnetization

Different Technique on Magnetizing

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

b) Materials/Equipments Used (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)

c) Inspection Procedure (contd)