understood is a
problem half solved.
LEGAL APTITUDE
ORIENTATION BOOKLET
Torts
Contracts
Criminal Laws
Constitutional Law
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Illustration
Principle:Apersonisguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder,iftheactbywhichthedeathiscausedisdonewithinan
intentionofcausingdeath.
Facts:AnilandPrakashareplayinghideandseek.Anilhidesbehindabush.Amar,whoisonaprowltohuntforrabbits,observing
somemovementnearthebushandassumingarabbitwashidingthere,firesandkillsAnil.AmardoesnotknowthatAnilwashiding
behindthebush.ThepoliceprosecuteAmarformurder.
(a) Amarwouldnotbeliableformurder,ashedidnothavetheintentiontokillAnil.
(b) Amarwouldbeliableformurder,becauseheshouldhavetakencaretofindoutthetargetbeforeshooting.
(c) Amarwouldnotbeliableformurder,becauseitwouldbetoomuchtoexpecthimtoidentifythetargetbeforeshooting.
(NLSIUEntranceExam.2001)
Youcanbreakupthelegalprincipleintodifferentpartstounderstanditbetterandthenapplyittothegivensituation.Inthis
example,thedifferentpartsofthelegalprinciplemaybe:
(1) Personguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder
(2) Actbywhichthedeathiscaused
(3) Donewithintentionofcausingdeath.
Itisveryclearthatintentionofcausingdeathisamusttoholdapersonguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder.Inthegiven
case,AmarhadnointentiontokillAnil.So,youcansafelymark(a)intheanswer.Further,itisimportanttonotethatyoumustnot
deviatefromthelegalprinciplegiven.Youhavetoavoidoptionslike(b)whichadvocatesreasonablecare,asitisnotmentioned
anywhereinthelegalprinciple.
Theproblemsoflegalreasoninggenerallypertaintothelawoftorts,contracts,crime,constitutionetc.Astudentwhoisawareof
thelegalprinciplescansolvetheproblemfasterandmoreaccurately.
Importanceinlawentranceexamination
LegalreasoningholdsthekeytotheentranceexaminationofNationalLawSchoolsandDelhiUniversity'sFacultyofLaw.Itformsan
importantpartofthequestionpaperduetotheverynatureofthissubject.UnliketheothersectionsonEnglish,reasoningand
generalknowledge,legalreasoningproblemstestthelegalsenseandaptitudeoftheentrants.
Legalreasoningisallaboutthinkinglikealawyerinagivensituation.Legalreasoningisuniquelyimportantasnoentrantstudieslaw
beforeenteringalawschool.Apriorknowledgeofsomelegalprinciplesandtheircorrectapplicationisnecessarytosolvelegal
reasoningquestions.Generally,thereisnegativemarkinginthissectioninentranceexamsofNationalLawSchoolsandtheDU.
Therefore,asoundknowledgeoflegalprinciplesisamustbeforeansweringaquestion.
LawsandClassificationofLaws
Lawmaybebestdefinedas"rulesofhumanconduct".Whentheserulesapplywithinnationalboundaries,theyareknownasnational
law,whilerulesofconductbetweennationsareknownasinternationallaw.Torts,contracts,criminallaws,constitutionallaws,
corporatelaws,businesslawsandeconomiclawsareallpartofnationallaws.
ThemostfundamentalsourceofalllawsinIndiaistheIndianConstitutiontowhichalllawsmustconform.
Lawsmaybedividedintocivillawsandcriminallaws.Thebasicdistinctionbetweencivilandcriminallawsisthatcivillawsinvolve
restorationoftherightsofprivateparties,whilecriminallawsdealwithconductwhichisharmfultothesocietyatlarge.
Lawscanalsobeclassifiedintopubliclawsandprivatelaws.Whilepubliclawdealswithrelationsbetweenastateanditssubjects,
privatelawregulatesrelationsamongsubjects.Examplesofpubliclawsareconstitutionallaw,administrativelawandcriminallaw.
Examplesofprivatelawsaretorts,contracts,companylaw,tenancylaw,etc.
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Law of Torts
Tortmeanswrong.Buteverywrongisnotatort.Awrongmaybeacivilwrongoracriminalwrong.Tortisacivilwrongorprivate
wrongi.e.awrongagainstprivateindividuals.Acriminalwrongisapublicwrongoraviolationofpubliclawamountingtoanoffence
againstthestate.Criminalwrongsaretakencareofbycriminallaw(e.g.IndianPenalCode).Lawoftortsdealswithcivilwrongsor
privatewrongs.Further,acivilwrongisredressedorcompensatedbydamageorcompensation.Suchdamagemaybepredetermined
or fixed.
If,underanagreement,AagreestopayRs.100toBifhebreaksthecontract,damagesforthebreachofcontractisfixedtobe
Rs.100only.Suchdamagesarecalledliquidateddamages.But,incaseoftorts,damagesareunliquidated,i.e.notfixedornot
predetermined.Thisisbecauseoftheverynatureofthewrongfallingunderthelawoftorts.
Youcan'tfixacertainsumascompensationfordifferentactsofnegligence,nuisanceordefamation.Thequantumofcompensation
shalldifferaccordingtofactsandcircumstances.
Essentialsofatort
Generally,atortconsistsofsomeactoromissionbythedefendantortortfeasororwrongdoer,withoutreasonablecause,whichhas
causedsomeharmorinjurytotheplaintiff.Theessentialstoconstituteatortare:
1 . Awrongfulactoromissiondonebydefendant.
2 . Somedamageorharmorinjurysufferedbyplaintiff.
3 . Somelegalremedyisthereforcausingsuchinjury.
Twomaxims
Twoimportantmaximshelpindeterminingliabilityunderthelawoftorts.Theseare
1 . Damnumsineinjuria
2 . Injuriasinedamnum
Damnumsineinjuria
Damnummeans"damage"or"harm".Sinemeans"without".Injuriameans"injury"or"legalinjury",i.e.infringementofsomelegal
right.Thus,thefirstmaximDamnumsineinjuriameans"damagewithoutinjury".Itmeans,inagivencase,apersonmayhave
sufferedsomedamageorharmbutnoinjuryorviolationoflegalright.Insuchacase,noactionwilllieunderthelawoftorts.
Because,causingdamageorharm,howeversubstantialitmaybe,isnotactionableunlessthereisinjuriaorinfringementofsome
legalrightofthedependent.
Thus,ifIownasweetsshopandyouopenasimilarsweetsshopinadjacentbuilding,Imaysufferbigdamageorharmorlossdue
toafallinthenumberofcustomers.ButIcannotsueyoufortortasthereisnoinjuria,thereisnoviolationofmylegalright.
IntheGloucesterGrammarSchoolcase,aschoolmastersetuparivalschoolintheneighbourhoodoftheplaintiff,forcinghimto
reducefeesfrom40penceto12penceperstudentandtherebycausingbigmonetarylosstohim.Thecourtheldthattheplaintiff
hadnoremedyforlosssufferedbecausethedefendantwasexercisinghisownlegalrightandnoinjuriaorinfringementoflegalright
ofthedefendanthadtakenplace.
IntheMogulSteamshipCo.case,anumberofshippingcompaniesjoinedtogether,offeredmuchlessfreightandtheplaintiff
companywasforcedtomoveoutoftheteacarryingtrade.TheHouseofLordsheldthatthedefendantshadexercisedtheirown
legalrightandnolegalinjurywascausedtotheplaintiffthoughithadsufferedgreatmonetaryloss.
Injuriasinedamnum
Thesecondmaxim,injuriasinedamnum,meansinjurywithoutdamages.Itmeansplaintiffhassufferedinjury.Hislegalrightis
infringedorviolated.But,nodamageorharmiscausedtohim.Still,theplaintiffcansueistortbecauselawoftortprotectsaperson
frominjuriai.e.legalinjuryorinfringementofsomelegalmight.Whetheranyharmiscausedornot,isimmaterial.
IncelebratedcaseofAshbyv.White,theplaintiffwasaqualifiedvoterataparliamentaryelection.Defendant,areturningofficer
wrongfullyrefusedtotenderhisvote.Thecandidate,forwhomtheplaintiffwantedtovote,wonbyabigmargin.Itappearedthat
theplaintiffsufferednoharmorlossordamage.Yet,thedefendantwasheldliable.Plaintiffwasawardeddamages.
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Lawoftortshasbeenthemostimportantareafortestinglegalreasoningability.Thedifferentlegalprinciplesandconceptsunder
thelawoftorts,whichareimportantforsolvinglegalreasoningproblemsarementionedbelow.Studentsareadvisedtogothrough
thosepagesandlearnthelawfirstbeforeansweringthequestionsonlegalreasoningbasedonthelawoftorts.
1 .
Principle:Nolegalremedyexistsforaninjurycausedbyanact,forwhichonehasconsented.
Facts:Aneesh,acricketenthusiast,purchasesatickettowatchtheonedayinternationalcricketmatchbetweenIndiaand
Australia,organisedbytheBoardofControlforCricketinIndia(BCCI).AsheisabsorbedinwatchingtheexploitsofSachin
Tendulkar,aballstruckforasixbythelatterhitsAneeshonhisbodyandinjureshim.AneeshsuesBCCIforreimbursementof
themedicalbillhepaidfortreatmentoftheinjury.
(a) Aneeshshouldbecompensatedashepurchasedthetickettogetentertainmentandnottogetinjured.
(b) Aneeshwouldloseashevoluntarilyexposedhimselftotherisk.
(c) BCCIisliableasitdidnotensurethatthespectatorswereprotectedfromtherisksofsuchinjuries.(NLSIU,2001)
2 .
Principle:Amasterisliableforthewrongscommittedbytheservantinthecourseofhisemployment.
Facts:AmitworksasaclerkinapharmaceuticalcompanyBioPharmaLtd.Heisrequiredtotakestockofthegoodssuppliedand
maintaintheaccountsofthecompany.Bharat,afriendofAmit,fromtheneighbouringvillage,cametomeetAmitintheoffice.
SinceBharatdidnothaveanyotheracquaintanceinthecity,hegaveRs.10,000thathehadwithhimtoAmitforsafekeeping.
WhenBharatreturnedtotheofficethenextmorningtocollectthemoney,helearntthatAmithaddisappearedwithhismoney.
BharatbroughtalegalactionagainstBioPharmaLtd.fortherecoveryofthemoney.
(a) BioPharmaLtd.,wouldbeliable,sinceAmitreceivedthemoneywhilebeingintheoffice.
(b) BioPharmaLtd.,wouldnotbeliable,asBharathadnobusinesstransactionswiththecompany.
(c) BioPharmaLtd.,wouldnotbeliable,assafekeepingofmoneywasnotpartofAmit'sduty.(NLSIU,2001)
3 .
Principle: Anoccupierisliabletoatrespasserinrespectofsomewilfulactintendedtocauseharmordonewithreckless
disregard.
Facts:AfarmhousebelongingtoNarayanhaditsfencingelectrified.Theobjectwastoensurethatthefarmwassecuredfrom
anywildanimalsinthevicinity.Therewasaclearwarningabouttheelectrifiedfencing.Acricketball,hitfromanearbyplay
ground,fellwithinthefarm.Viren,acoachconductingasummercampforschoolchildren,attemptedtojumpthefenceto
retrievetheballandgotinjuredonaccountoftheelectricshock.VirenfiledasuitagainstNarayanforrelief.
(a) Narayanwillnotbeliable,becauseVirenwasatrespasser.
(b) Narayanwillnotbeliable,becausehehadgivensufficientwarningaboutelectricfence.
(c) Narayanwillbeliable,becausehemusthavetakennoteoftheadjacentplayground.(NLSIU,2001)
4 .
Principle:Acarelesspersonbecomesliableforhisnegligencewhenheowedadutyofcaretoothers.
Facts:Asthebuswasleavingtheplatform,Baburushedandboardedthebuskeepingthedooropen.Inder,whowasstanding
attheedgeoftheplatform,washitbythedoorofthemovingbusandwasinjured.IndertakesBabutocourtdemanding
monetarycompensation.
(a) BabuisliabletoInderfornothavingtakencaretoclosethedoorofthemovingbus.
(b) BabuisnotliabletoInder,asitwasthedutyoftheconductorofthebustoclosethedoor.
(c) BabuisnotliabletoInder,asitwasthedutyofthelattertotakesufficientcare,whilestandingontheplatform,asnot
toexposeoneselftosuchaccidentalharm.(NLSIU,2001)
DIRECTIONS:Followingquestionsarebasedonthegivenlegalprinciple.Youcanselecttheanswerfromfollowingcodes.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Aisliablefortortofnegligence.
Aisnotliablefortortofnegligence.
Factsofthecasegiveinsufficientevidence.
Noneofthese.
LegalPrinciple:Inactionfornegligence,followingessentialsmustbefulfilled.
(a) That"A"oweddutyofcaretotheplaintiff.
(b) That"A"madeabreachofthatduty.
(c) Plaintiffsuffereddamagesasaconsequencethereof.
5 .
Facts:Awasthemanufacturerofgingerbeer.Theplaintiffpurchasedabottleofthisgingerbeerfromaretailerforhislady
friend.Someofthecontentswerepouredinatumblerandsheconsumedthesame.Whentheremainingcontentsofthebottle
werepouredintohertumbler,thedecomposedbodyofsnailfloatedoutwithhergingerbeer.Herhealthseriouslysufferedby
drinkingthecontaminatedcontents.Thebottlewasofdarkopaqueglassandclosedwithametalcap,sothatcontentscouldnot
beascertainedbyinspection.
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6 .
Facts:Aboardedatrainwhichhadjuststartedmovingbutkeptthedoorofthecarriageopen.Thedooropenedoutside.The
plaintiff,aporter,whowasstandingontheedgeoftheplatformwashitbythedoorandinjured.
7.
Principle:Whenapersonconsentstotheinflictionofsomeharmuponhimself,hehasnoremedyintort.
Facts:Theplaintiffwasatamotorcarracebeingheldonatrackownedbyacompany.Duringtheracetherewasacollision
betweentwocars,oneofwhichwasthrownamongthespectators,therebyinjuringtheplaintiff.Plaintifffiledasuitagainstthe
company.
(a) Companyisliable.
(b) Companyisnotliable.
(c) Companyisnotliablebecauseplaintiffimpliedlytooktheriskofinjury.
(d) Companyisnotliablebecauseitowednodutyofcaretotheplaintiff.
8 .
Principle:Thereisnoliabilityintortincasesofinevitableaccidents.
Facts:Twostrangerstookaliftinajeep.Duringthejourney,oneoftheboltsthatfastenedtherightfrontwheelgaveway.
Thetwostrangerssufferedseriousinjuriesintheaccident,resultinginthedeathofoneofthem.Thesurvivorfiledasuit
againstjeepownerforcompensation.
(a) Jeepownerisliable.
(B) Jeepownerisnotliablebecauseitwasaninevitableaccidentandthedefectinjeepwasnotapparent.
9 .
Principle:Anemployerisresponsibleforanyaccidentorlosscausedtohisemployees,duringthecourseofemployment.
Facts:JohnrunsEmpireCircus.Thecircushasaverypopularshowcalled''MotorCycleinGlobe''.TwomotorcyclistsRohitand
Mohitdrivetheirmotorcycleswithintheglobeincompletedarkness.Duringoneshow,anaccidenthappens.Themotorcycleof
RohitandMohitcollidewitheachother.RohitdiesintheaccidentwhileMohitloseshisleg.Theirparentsclaimcompensation
fromJohnthemanagerandproprietorofEmpireCircus.
(a) Johnisnotliabletopayanycompensation,becausetherewasnofaultofhimintheaccident.
(b) Johnisnotliabletopaybuthemaypayifhethinksso.
(c) Johnisliabletopaybecauseheistheemployerandtheaccidentoccurredduringthecourseofemployment.
(d) Noneoftheabove.
10. Principle:Acarelesspersonbecomesliableforhisnegligencewhenheowesadutytotakecareofanother.
Facts:Neelam,whosehusbandhadbeenkilledinamotoraccident,filesanappealthroughhercounselclaimingenhanced
compensation.Thecaseremainedonthedailylistofthecourtfortwoweeksandthenithasdismissedondefault.Thecounsel
ofNeelamis
(a) liabletoNeelamfornothavingtakencaretoenquirethedailylist.
(b) notliabletoNeelamasitwasthedutyofthecourtofinformNeelam.
(c) notliablebecauseitwasthedutyofNeelamtotakecare.
(d) Both(b)and(c)arecorrect.
11. Principle:Aprincipalshallbeliableforanydamagecausedbytheagentinthecourseofemployment.Thescopeofanagent's
authorityisconditionednotonlybythepowerconferredbytheprincipal,butbythereasonablepublicperceptionofsuch
authority.
Facts:Fortisisawellknownhospital,offeringspecialisedfacilities.Whenapatientcomestothehospital,thegeneralphysician
examineshimandrefershimtotherelevantspecialist.ThebrochureofhospitaldescribesallthedoctorsasdoctorsofFortis.
But,infact,allofthemincludingthegeneralphysicianareindependentpeople,usingthehospital'sfacilitiesundercontractual
arrangements.
Madan,havinggonethroughthebrochure,cametothehospitalseekingacureforararekindofdisease.Hewasadmittedinto
thehospitalandoperateduponforsomeheartproblem.Amongthevariousdocumentshesignedatthetimeofadmission,there
wasaforminwhichFortisdisclaimedliabilityforthenegligenceofanydoctor.Madansignedallthedocumentsmechanicallyas
mostofthepatientstendtodounderthoseagonisingcircumstances.Duetothenegligenceofoperatingsurgeon,Madandied.
WhenhiskithandkinfiledasuitagainstFortisallegingnegligence,Fortisresistedtheclaimonthebasisofthedocument,signed
byMadan.
(a) Fortisshallnotbeliable,sincethecontractsignedbyMadan,exempteditfromanyliability.
(b) Fortisshallnotbeliable,sinceitisnotreallyinapositiontocontrolthespecialistsurgeoninthecourseofacomplicated
operation.
(c) Fortisshallbeliable,becauseMadanwasdrawnintothehospitalbyitsbrochure,describingthevariousfacilitiesavailable.
(NLSIU,2002)
12. Principle: Anemployershallbeliabletotheinjuriescausedtohisemployeebythenegligenceofafellowemployeeinthe
courseofemployment.
SahilandAkhileshweretwoemployeesworkinginthetextilefactoryofGhanshyamdas.Oneday,Sahilcametothefactoryin
aninebriatedstateandhishandswerenotsteadywhileoperatingthemachine.Asaresult,Akhilesh,whojusthappenedtogo
nearthemachineforsomework,gotinjured.HefiledasuitagainstGhanshyamdasforcompensation.
(a) Ghanshyamdaswillbeliable,becauseAkhileshwasinjuredbySahil'sactinthecourseofemployment.
(b) Ghanshyamdaswillnotbeliable,becausehewasnotresponsibleforSahil'sinebriatedcondition
(c) Ghanshyamdaswillnotbeliable,becauseAkhileshhimselfshouldhavebeencarefulwhilegoingnearSahil.(NLSIU1995)
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Law of Contract
LawsrelatingtocontractsarecontainedintheIndianContractAct,1872.Contractsarefundamentaltohumanbehaviourina
societyaseverydayweenterintoagreementsofsomesortortheotherinourdaytodaylife.Lawofcontractisatthecoreofall
commercialactivitiesand,hence,itisoneofthemosttestedareasinlawentranceexamination.Normally,4to5questionsareasked
ineverylawentranceexam,basedontheprinciplesofthelawofcontract.Studentsareadvisedtolearnthebasicprinciplesofthe
lawofcontractbeforeansweringthequestionsthatfollow.
ThequestionsarebasedonpreviousquestionpapersofNLSIU,BangaloreNUJS,Kolkataand,DelhiUniversity.
1 .
Principle:Acontractisanagreementenforceablebylaw.
Facts: SmitainvitedNikitatoherhousefordinner.Nikitaacceptedtheinvitationbutlaterdidnotgo.OnNikita'sfailureto
attend,SmitafiledasuitagainstNikitaforthepriceofnonconsumedfood.Canthisagreementbeenforcedbylaw?
(a) Thisagreementcannotbeenforcedasitisjustasocialagreement.
(b) ThisagreementcanbeenforcedasSmitacanrecoverthepriceofnonconsumedfood.
(c) ThisagreementcannotbeenforcedasNikitadidnotaccepttheinvitationinwriting.(NUJS,2000)
2 .
Principle:Aminor'sagreementisabsolutelyvoid.
Facts:Rajesh,aged16,isastampcollector.HeisparticularlyanxioustogetararestampbelongingtoChirag,whoagreesin
writingtosellittoRajeshforRs.100,butsubsequentlyrefusestodeliverittoRajeshthoughRajeshpaysRs.100.Rajeshnow
wantstosueChirag.Willhesucceed?
(a) RajeshcannotsucceedasChiragisnotliable.
(b) RajeshcansucceedashehaspaidRs.100forthestamp.
(c) RajeshcansucceedasChiragagreedinwritingtosellthestamp.(NUJS,2000)
3 .
Principle: Acontractwithoutconsiderationisvoid.When,atthedesireofoneparty,theotherpartydoessomething,the
considerationissaidtoflowfromthelattertotheformer.
Facts:Ahousewasonfireandachildwastrappedinsidethehouse.Everyonewasshoutingforhelp.Abraveonlooker,hearing
theshrieksofchild,wentinsidethehouseandbroughtitout.Thegratefulfatherofthechildpromisedtopaytherescuer
Rs.10,000.Subsequentlyherenegedonthepromise.Therescuersuedhimforthebreach.
(a) Thefatherofthechildmustpayfortheservicerenderedbytherescuer.
(b) Therescuerisnotentitledtothepayment,sincehehadactedonhisown.
(c) Commercialconsiderationcannotbeappliedtohumanitarianinstincts.(NLSIU,2002)
4 .
Principle: When theparties toan agreementagreeonthesame thingin thesame sense,there arisesa legallybinding
obligationbetweenthem.
Facts: SameerGallerywasawellknownantiqueshopinthecity.Sheela,whohadpenchantforcollectingarticlesofrare
beauty,wastakenupbyanintricatelydesignedflowervaseintheshop.Theshopkeeperexplainedtoherthevasebelonged
totheVijaynagarEmpireperiodandalthoughverydelicate,itwasquitestrongandnoteasilybreakable.Sheelasaidthatshe
wasattractedtoitonlyfortheaestheticpleasureitgaveheranditsothercharacteristicswereimmaterialtoherandbought
thepiece.Shelaterdiscoveredthatitwasnotaperiodpieceandnoticeditdevelopingcracksaswell.Sheproceededagainst
theproprietorofSameerGalleryformonetaryrelief.
(a) SameerGallerymustcompensateSheela,sinceboththecharacteristicsattributedtothearticlewereprovedwrong.
(b) SameerGalleryneednotcompensate,sinceSheelawasunconcernedaboutwhatwasattributedtothearticle.
(d) Theproprietormustcompensateherforirresponsiblestatementsmadebyhim.(NLS IU,2001)
5 .
Principle:Ifboththepartiesagreeuponthesamethinginthesamesense,thepartiesareboundbytheiragreement.
Facts:SunnywrotetoKapilofferingtosellhishorseforRs.20000.Kapilwroteback,''Iagreetopurchaseyourblackhorsefor
Rs.20000.''
(a) Thepartiesareboundbytheiragreementastheyagreeonthepriceandalsoonthegoodsforsale.
(b) Thepartiesarenotfoundbytheagreementastheobjectisuncertain.
(c) Thepartiesareboundbytheiragreementasthecolourofthehorseisonlyaquestionofdetail.(NLSIU,2001)
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6 .
Principle1: Noconsideration,nocontract.
Principle2:Considerationissomethingdoneornotdoneatthedesireofanotherparty.
Principle3:Considerationmusthavevalueintheeyeoflaw.
Facts:InnovativeEducationTrustmanagesaschoolnamedBharatVidayaniketan.Raman,theparentofastudentintheschool
suggestedtothetrustthatitcouldbuildanewlibrarybuildingforwhichhewouldbearapartofthecost.Theschoolauthorities
acceptedthesuggestionandstartedconstructionofthebuilding.Raman,whosufferedalossinbusiness,nowrefusestopay
themoneyhehadofferedearlier.
(a) Ramanisnotliabletopayasthebuildingwasforthebenefitoftheschoolandhehadnothingtodowithitbywayof
enjoymentandbenefit.
(b) HeisliabletopayasRaman'schildisastudentinthesameschool.
(c) Ramanisliabletopaybecause,baseduponhispromise,theschoolauthoritiesstartedconstructionofthebuilding.
(NLSIU,2000)
7.
Principle1:Acceptanceofanofferiscompletewhentheacceptanceisputintothecourseoftransmissionsoastobeoutof
thepoweroftheacceptor.
Principle2:Acceptance,oncecompleted,makestheagreementbindingonboththeparties.
Facts:PacceptsQ'sofferofhismotorcarforRs.4lakh.Theacceptancewasputintoanemail.Unfortunately,whentheemail
wastransmitted,thereweredistortions,asaresultofwhich,QisnotinapositiontoreallyreadwhatPhadwritten.
(a) Boththepartiesareboundtoperformtheirpartoftheagreement.
(b) Nobodyisboundtoperformtheagreement.
(c) PisboundtoperformtheagreementbutnotQ.
(d) QisboundtoperformtheagreementbutnotP.(NLSIU,2000)
8 .
Principle:Agreements,themeaningofwhichisnotcertainorisnotcapableofbeingmadecertain,arevoid.
Facts:RohitagreestosellSalim''onethousandmoundsofriceatapricetobefixedbyPrem.''IstheagreementbetweenRohit
andSalimvoid?
(a) Yes.
(b) No,becausethepricecanbemadecertainbyPrem.
(c) Yes?,becauseRohithasnotfixedtheprice.
9 .
Principle:Apersonwhoisusuallyofsoundmind,butoccasionallyofunsoundmind,maynotmakeacontractwhenheisof
unsoundmind.Apersonwhoisusuallyofunsoundmind,butoccasionallyofsoundmind,maymakeacontractwhenheisof
soundmind.
Facts:Mayur,apatientinalunaticasylum,is,atintervals,ofsoundmind.CanMayurcontractatintervals?
(a) Yes,becauseheisahumanbeing.
(b) No.
(c) Yes,becauseheisofsoundmindduringthoseintervals.Whodecidesifheissoundataparticularinterval?How?
10. Principle:Whereboththepartiestoanagreementareunderamistakeastoamatteroffactessentialtotheagreement,the
agreementisvoid.
Facts:KartikagreestobuyfromArifacertainhorse.Itturnsoutthatthehorsewasdeadatthetimeofthebargain,though
neitherpartywasawareofit.IstheagreementbetweenKartikandArifvoid?
(a) Yes,becauseKartikandArifwerefriends.
(b) Yes,becauseKartikandArifwereunderamistakeastoamatteroffact,whichisessentialtotheagreement.
(c) No,becauseKartikwasinformedofthehorsebeingdead.
(d) No,becauseArifwasinformedofthefact.
11. Principle:Apersontowhommoneyhasbeenpaid,oranythingdelivered,bymistakeorundercoercionmustrepayorreturn
it.
Facts:MohiniandHemajointlyowe100rupeestoMegha.MohinialonepaystheamounttoMegha.Hemanotknowingofthis
fact,pays100rupeesagaintoMegha.IsMeghaboundtorepayHema?
(a) No.
(b) Yes,MohiniandGitaarefriends.
(c) Factsarenotclear.
(d) Yes,becauseHemahaspaidMeghaundermistakeorunknowingly.
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Criminal Laws
Criminallawdealswiththeactsofcrimeandpunishmentsprovidedtherefor.ItiscontainedmainlyundertheIndianPenalCode,1860
(IPC).TheIPCclassifiescertainactstobecrimesoroffencesandmakesthempunishable,generallywithimprisonment.
TheCodeofCriminalProcedure,1973(Cr.P.C.)laysdowntheprocedureofthecourtdealingwithanoffenceunderIPC.
Legalreasoningofalawentrantistestedintheareaofcriminallawtoappreciatehisunderstandingoftheprinciplesofacriminalact.
Thelegalprinciplesgenerallycomefromsomespecificcrimeslikecheating,theft,culpablehomicide,murder,criminaltrespass,
extortion,kidnapping,rashandnegligentact,etc.
Studentsareadvisedtogothroughthebasicprinciplesofcriminallawbeforeansweringthequestionsgivenbelow.
1 .
Principle:EverypersonwhocommitsanoffenceintheterritoryofIndiashallbeguiltywithinthemeaningofIndianPenal
Code.
Facts:John,acitizenofFrancecommitsmurderinMadras.Inthiscase
(a)
John,isnotguiltybecauseheisnotacitizenofIndia
(b)
JohnisguiltyofmurderbecauseeverypersonwhetherheisacitizenofIndiaornot,isliableifhecommitsonoffencein
India.
(c)
2 .
Johnisliablebuthecan'tbetriedinIndia.
Principle:AnIndiancitizen,ifhecommitsanoffencewithinthemeaningofIndianPenalCodeinanyothercountry,willstillbe
liabletobetriedinIndia.
Facts:Avinash,acitizenofIndia,commitsamurderintheUSA,whichisnotanoffenceintheUSA.Inthepresentcase,
3 .
(a)
AvinashisguiltyofmurderandcanbetriedinIndiairrespectiveofthefactthatmurderisnotanoffenceintheUSA.
(b)
AvinashisnotguiltyofmurderinIndiabecauseitisnotanoffenceintheUSA.
(c)
AvinashisnotguiltyofmurderbecauseitwasnotcommittedinIndia.
Principle:Nothingisanoffencewhichisdonebyaccident,andwithoutanycriminalintention.
Facts:Aneezfiresarevolverintheair.Ahmad,whoiscomingdownbyaparachuteishitandkilled.Inthiscase
4 .
5 .
(a)
Aneezcanbeheldguiltyifhehasdonetheactintentionally.
(b)
Aneezcan'tbeheldliableifhecanprovethatAhmadwaskilledaccidentally.
(c)
Aneezisnotliablebecausehefireditintheair.
Principle:Nothingisanoffencewhichisdonebyachildwhoisbelowsevenyearsofage.
Facts:Paras,achildof6yearsfiresarevolver,whichresultsinthedeathofhisfather.Inthiscase,
(a)
Paraswillbeguiltyofmurder,becausehehascommittedmurder.
(b)
Paraswillnotbeguiltyofmurderbecausehefiredtherevolveraccidentallyathisfather.
(c)
Paraswillnotbeguiltybecauseheisbelow7yearsofageandthusincapableofanoffence.
Principle:Everypersonhasarighttodefendhisownbodyandthebodyofanyotherperson,againstanyoffencecommitted
by anybody.
Facts:Vasu,undertheinfluenceofmadness,attemptstokillVenkatesh.Venkatesh,defendinghimselfagainstVasu'sattacks,
killsVasu.Inthepresentcase,
6 .
(a)
Venkateshisguiltyofmurder.
(b)
Venkateshisnotguiltyofmurder,becausehehastherightofprivatedefenceofbodyevenagainstamadperson.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
Principle:Apersonwhoinstigatesanotherpersontocommitanoffenceissaidtoabetthesaidoffence.
Facts:VidhuinstigatesBhaskartomurderShobhit.Bhaskar,inpursuanceoftheinstigation,stabsShobhit.Shobhitsubsequently
recoversfromthewound.
Inthepresentcase
(a)
Vidhuisnotliableforanyoffence.
(b)
VidhuisnotliablebecauseShobhithasrecoveredfromthewound.
(c)
VidhuisguiltyofinstigatingBhaskartocommitmurder.
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7.
Principle:Apersonisguiltyofcheating,whenhefraudulentlyinducesanotherpersontodeliverthelatter'spropertytohim.
Facts:VimalfalselyrepresentedtoKamal,ashopownerthathewasanofficerfromtheCommercialTaxDepartment.While
examiningtheaccountsoftheshop,Vimalshowedinterestinbuyingamicrowaveovenoninstalmentbasis.Kamalreadily
agreedwith thehopethathe wouldgeta favourableassessmentfrom Vimalregardshistax liability.Vimalpaid thefirst
instalment,tookthemicrowaveovenanddisappearedfromthescene.Thepolice,however,managedtocatchholdofVimaland
prosecutehimforcheating.
(a)
Vimalcommittedcheating,becauseheinducedKamaltopartwiththemicrowaveoven,posingasthoughhewasfromthe
CommercialTaxesDepartment.
8 .
(b)
Vimalcommittedcheating,becausehedidnotpaythesubsequentinstalments.
(c)
Vimaldidnotcommitcheating,becauseKamalhandedoverthearticleinordertogetafavourableassessmentfromVimal.
(NLSIU,2001)
Principle:Whoeverbywords,signsorotherwise,bringsintohatredorcontemptorexcitesdisaffectiontowardsthegovernment
establishedbylawinIndiashallbepunishedwithimprisonmentforlife.
Facts:Inapublicmeeting,YashpalReddy,theleaderofanoppositionpartythunders.''Thisisagovernmentofscoundrels,
bootleggersandscamsters.Theydeservetobeunseated.Teachthemalessoninthecomingelectionsbyvotingthemoutof
power.''ThegovernmentiscontemplatingtoprosecuteYashpalReddy.
(a)
YashpalReddyisguiltyofseditionforhavingmadeirresponsibleandinflammatorystatementsagainstthegovernment.
(b)
YashpalReddyisnotguiltyofseditionasheisonlyexercisinghisfreedomofspeechinpublic.
(c)
YashpalReddyisguiltyofseditionashisstatementwouldincitepeopletoviolenceleadingtoabreakdownoflawand
order.(NLSIU,2001)
9 .
Principle:Whenapersonrepresentstoanothersomethingasatruefact,knowingfullywellthatitisnottrue,heisguiltyof
fraud.Thepersonsubjectedtofraudmayavoidanagreement.
Facts:Mayankpresentsahorseforsale.Thehorseiskeptondisplaysothatanyoneinterestedcouldexamineit.Thehorsehas
acrackedhoofanditiscleverlyconcealedbytheowner.NishanttellsMayank''Ifyoudonotdenyit,Ishallassumethatthe
horseissound.''Mayankkeepssilent.Nishantpurchasesthehorse.
(a)
Nishantcanavoidtheagreementondiscoveryofthedefect.
(b)
Nishantcannotavoidtheagreement,asthehorsewasondisplayandhecouldhavesatisfiedhimselfofitssoundnessby
personalexamination.
(c)
NishantcannotavoidtheagreementasMayankdidnotmakeanyrepresentationtomisleadhim.Hemerelykeptsilentso
thatNishantcouldfindthingsoutbyhimself.(NLSIU,2001)
10. Principle: An act done by a child between 7 and 12 years of age is not an offence, if he/she is not mature enough to
understandthenatureandconsequencesoftheact.
Facts:Amarachildof9years,findsagoldchaininthehouseofhisuncleandgivesistohisbrotherRohit,aged5years,asking
himnottotellanyone.Theunclereportedittothepolicestationandpoliceconductedasearch.Duringthesearch,thegoldcoin
fallsfromthepocketofRohitandwhenthepoliceaskRohit,hesaysthatitwasgiventohimbyhisbrotherAmar.
(a)
BothAmarandRohitareguiltyoftheft.
(b)
AmarisguiltyoftheftbutRohitisnot.
(c)
BothAmarandRohitarenotguiltyoftheft.(NLSIU,2000)
11. Principle1:Preparationtocommitanoffenceisnotanoffence.
Principle2:Afteronehasfinishedpreparationtocommitanoffence,anyactdonetowardscommittingtheoffencewiththe
intentiontocommitit,isanattempttocommittheoffence,whichisbyitselfanoffence.
Facts:MohitwantstokillVikas.Hebuysagunandcartridgesforcommittingthemurder.HethensetsoutsearchingforVikas
andwhenheseesVikas,heloadshisgunandtakesaimatVikasandpullsthetrigger.Thegundoesnotfire.
(a)
MohitisguiltyofattempttomurderVikasfromthetimehesetsoutinsearchofVikas.
(b)
Mohitisguiltyofattempttomurderfromthetimeheloadshisgun.
(c)
MohitisguiltyofattempttomurderfromthemomenthetakesaimatVikas.(NLSIU,2000)
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12. Principle:Tobeheldguiltyofanoffence,oneshouldhavedonetheactthatcausestheintendedresult.
Facts:VikramwiththeintentiontomurderPranavstabshimrepeatedlywithknife.Pranavistakentohospitalandisfoundout
ofdanger.Thereafter,duetothenegligenceofthedoctor,Pranav'swoundsareinfectedandherequiressurgicalintervention.
Duringthetimeofoperationtoremovehisinjuredinfectedleg,Pranavdiesonaccountofadministrationofgeneralanaesthesia.
(a)
VikramisguiltyofmurderofPranav.
(b)
VikramisnotguiltyofmurderofPranav,butmaybeguiltyofattempttomurder.
(c)
VikramisnotguiltyofmurderofPranav,butmaybeguiltyofcausinghurt.(NLSIU,2000)
13. Principle1:Mischiefisaninjurytopropertywiththeintentionofcausingwrongfullosstoanypersonorpublic.
Principle2:Thepersontowhomthelossiswrongfullycausedbymischiefneednotbetheownerofthepropertyhimself.
Facts:AamirhasleasedhishousetoSohailfor5years.Afteroneyear,AamirfeelstheneedforthehouseandrequestsSohail
tovacatethehouse,butSohailrefuses.Aamir,inordertogetSohailvacatethehouse,setsfiretoit,butSohail,withthehelp
oftheneighbours,quicklyextinguishesthefirebeforeitcanreallydamagetheproperty.
(a)
Aamirisguiltyofmischief.
(b)
Aamircannotbeguiltyofcausingmischief.
(c)
Aamirisnotguiltyofmischiefastherewasnodamage.(NLSIU,2000)
14. Principle:Theftisthedishonestmovingofpropertywiththeintentionoftakingitoutfortheperson'spossessionwithouthis
consent.
Facts:Shahidgiveshiswoollencoattoadrycleaneralongwithhiswife'ssareesforthepurposeofdrycleaning.Heistoldto
collecttheclothesaftertwodays.Whenhecomesaftertwodays,hefindsthathedoesnothaveenoughmoneytopaythedry
cleaner.Butsince,duetothewinter,heneedsthecoatdesperately,hesurreptitiouslyplacesthecoatnearhisgoodssothat
hecanquietlytakeitwithouttheknowledgeofthedrycleaner.
(a)
Shahidisguiltyoftheft.
(b)
Shahidisnotguiltyoftheft.
(c)
Shahidisnotguiltyoftheftbuthastopaycompensationtothedrycleaner.(NLSIU,2000)
15. Principle:Amanisguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder,iftheactwithwhichthedeathiscausedisdonewiththe
intentionofcausingmurder.
Facts:DhanrajissufferingfromjaundiceandinflammationofthebrainandShankarknowsthisconditionverywell.Oncethey
hadaheatedargumentonsomeissueandDhanrajslappedShankarinanger.Shankarlosthisselfcontrolanddealtasevere
blowonDhanraj'shead.Asaresult,Dhanrajdied.ThepolicesoughttoprosecuteShankarformurder.
(a)
Shankarwasliableformurder,becauseheknewDhanraj'sdelicatecondition.
(b)
(c)
Shankarwasnotliableformurder,becauseheactedinselfdefence.
Shankarwasnotliableformurder,becausehedidnothavetheintentiontokillDhanraj.(NLSIU,1995)
16. Principle:Selfdefenceisconsideredasauniversalexceptionforintentionallycausingharm.
Facts:Robbers,armedwithknivesandcrowbars,broketheaccessdoorofahouseandenteredit.Theownerofthehousetook
outhisgunandthreatenedtoshootthem.Therobbersranoutofthehouseandstartedpeltingstones.Theowneropenedfire.
Having heard the gun shot, thepolice rushed to the place and announced that the owner must stop firing. The owner,
suspectingmischiefcontinuedtofireandapolicemanwasinjuredbyashot.Therobbersmeanwhilefled.Theownerwassued
forattackingapublicservantonduty.
(a)
Theownershallbeliableforcausingharm,inexcessofwhatisnecessaryforselfdefence.
(b)
Theownershallnotbeliableforattackingthepublicservantassuch,thoughhemaybeheldliableotherwise.
(c)
Theowner'sactionisjustifiedbytheconsiderationofselfdefence.(NLSIU2002)
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17. Principle:Whenacriminalactisdonebyonepersoninfurtheranceofthecommonintentionofhimselfandsomeotherpersons,
eachofsuchpersonsisliablefortheactinthesamemannerasifitweredonebyeachoneofthem.
Facts:A,BandCdecidedtocommitburglary.Theybrokeintoalockedhouse.However,adomesticservantappearedfromthe
outhousebeforetheyhadfinished,andstartedshouting.A,BandCleftthehouseandstartedrunningaway.Theywere
pursuedbyasmallcrowd.A,onbeingcaughtbyX,oneofthepersonspursuingthem,stabbedhimandranaway.Bythattime,
BandChaddisappeared.Xdiedonaccountofthestabwounds.Laterthepolicearrestedallthree.Theywerechargedfor
attemptedburglaryandmurderofX.
(a)
AlongwithA,thepersonwhostabbedX,BandCarealsoguiltyofmurderbecauseAstabbedXinfurtheranceofthe
commonintentiontocommitmurder.
(b)
AlongwithA,BandCarealsoguiltyormurderbecauseA,atthetimeofstabbingX,wasactingonbehalfofBandCand
hewantedtosavenotonlyhimselfbutBandCaswell.
(c)
Aaloneisguiltyofmurderbecause,thoughtherewascommonintentiontocommittheoffenceofburglary,therewasno
commonintentiontocommittheoffenceofmurder.
(NLSIU,1997)
18. Principle:Whoevercausesdeathbydoinganactwiththeintentionofcausingdeathcommitstheoffenceofculpablehomicide.
Facts:ParikshitknowsVinaytobebehindabush.Umeshdoesnotknowit.Parikshit,withanintentiontocauseVinay'sdeath,
inducesUmeshtofireatthebush.UmeshfiresandkillsVinay.
(a)
UmeshisguiltyofculpablehomicideandnotParikshit.
(b)
Umeshisnotguiltyofanyoffence,butParikshitisguiltyoftheoffenceofculpablehomicideasheinducedUmeshtofire
withtheintentionofcausingVinay'sdeath.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
19. Principle:Ifanypersondoesanyactwithintentiontocausedeath,commitsculpablehomicideevenifsomepersonotherthan
thepersonwhomheintendstokill,dies.
Facts:Birju,giftssweetsmixedwithpoisontoGanpatwithanintentiontocausethedeathofGanpat.Ganpatoffersthose
sweetstoBirju'schildreninBirju'sabsence,withoutknowingthefactthatpoisonwasmixedwiththesweets.Consequently,
Birju'schildrendie.
(a)
GanpatisguiltyofcausingthedeathofBirju'schildrenashegavethemthesweets.
(b)
Birjuisnotguiltybecausehedidnotintendtokillhisownchildren.
(c)
Birjuisguiltyofcommittingculpablehomicide,inasmuchashehadtheintentiontocausedeath.
NischalcannotbesaidtohavewrongfullyconfinedVikrant,asVikrantcanfreelymoveinsidethehouse.
(b)
NischalhaswrongfullyrestrainedVikrantinasmuchasheispreventedfromproceedingbeyondthebuilding.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
Gauravisnotliableforanyoffence.
(b)
GauravissaidtohavekidnappedOmprakash,inasmuchasOmprakashwenttotheothercity,becauseoftheallurement
ofGaurav.
(c)
GauravisnotguiltybecauseOmprakashcametothecityonhisown.
22. Principle:Whoeverintentionallyputsanypersoninfearofphysicalormentalinjuryandtherebyinducestheperson,soputin
fear,todeliveranypropertytoanyperson,commitsextortion.
Facts:Ajay,byputtingRajendrainfearofcausingdeath,inducesRajendratodeliverhisRolexwatchtoShakti.
(a)
Ajayisguiltyextortion,inasmuchasthewatchwasnotdeliveredtohimbutwasdeliveredtoShakti.
(b)
Ajayisnotguiltyofanyoffence.
(c)
AjayisguiltyofextortionbecausethewatchwasdeliveredtoShaktionlybecauseAjayputRajendrainfearofdeath.
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23. Principle:Theftamountstorobberyiftheoffenderforcommittingtheftvoluntarilycausesanyperson'sdeathorcauseshurt.
Facts:ParmanandpushesAnandonhisfaceandthereafterParmanandremovesAnand'swatchandwallet.
(a)
ParmanandisguiltofcommittingrobberyasheinflictedinjuriesonAnandforcommittingtheft.
(b)
Parmanandisnotguiltyofanyoffence.
(c)
Parmanandisguiltyoftheft,notofrobbery.
24. Principle:Whoever,bydeceivinganyperson,fraudulentlyinducesthepersonsodeceivedtodeliveranyproperty,issaidto
cheat.
Facts:Arindam,byfalselyrepresentingthatheisagoldsmith,inducesAhishektodelivergoldoncredit.
(a)
Arindamisnotliableforanyoffence
(b)
Arindamisliableforcheating
(c)
Arindamisguiltyofcheatingbecausehefalselyrepresentedthathewasagoldsmithforobtainingthegoldoncredit.
OtherImportantLaws
Reasoningistheessenceofallexistinglaws.Therefore,legalreasoningquestionsmaybeaskedfromanylawotherthan
contract,tortandcrime,whichhavebeendiscussedsofar.Theotherareasfromwherequestionsmaybeaskedare:
1 .
(a)
Constitutionallaw
(b)
Administrativelaw
(c)
Familylaw(e.g.Hindulaw)
(d)
Generallegalprinciples
Principle:Allminorities,whetherbasedonreligionorlanguageshallhavetherighttoestablishandadministereducational
institutionsoftheirchoice(Article30).
Facts:Jayantwantstoestablishaneducationalinstitutiontohelpthepoorofhiscommunityandtoeducatethechildrenofhis
community.Jayantbeingaveryrichmanhasnoproblemregardingfinancefortheinstitution.Therefore,heappliestostate
governmenttogranthimpermissiontoestablishandadministertheinstitution.Stategovernmentrejectshispleaontheground
thatsaidinstitutionwillcreatecommunaltensionintheproposedarea.WhatshouldJayantdo?
2 .
(a)
Heshouldfileacivilsuitinthedistrictcourt
(b)
HeshouldfileaspecialleavepetitionbeforeSupremeCourt
(c)
Hehasnoremedyunderthelaw
(d)
HeshouldfileawritpetitionbeforeSupremeCourtorHighCourt.
Principle:AmarriagecanbesolemnisedbetweentwoHindus,ifneitherpartyhasaspouselivingatthetimeofmarriage.
Facts:GeetadecidestomarryDivyaaHindugirl.Geetaisof18yearsandDivyaisof21years.Istheproposedmarriagevalid?
3 .
(a)
Yes,becauseboththegirlsarenotminor.
(b)
Yes,becauseneitherGeetanorDivyahasalivingspouse.
(c)
No,becausemarriageitselfimpliesthatitshouldbeperformedbetweenagirlandaboy.
(d)
Noneofthese.
Principle:Thecourthaspowertoissueaninjunctiontoprohibitachildmarriagefrombeingperformed.
Facts: AmarriageisperformedbetweenYogeshandRashi.Yogeshis14yearsofageandRashiis17yearsofage.Ravi,a
publicspiritedpersonfiledasuittodeclarethesaidmarriagevoid.Isthesuitmaintainable?
(a)
No,becausecourthaspowertoissueinductionandnottodeclaremarriageasvalidandvoid.
(b)
No,becausethemarriageisperformedwiththeconsentoftheirparents.
(c)
Yes,becausethepolicyofthelawistopreventthechildmarriages.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
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4 .
Principle:Onapetitionpresentedbyeitherthehusbandorthewife,adecreeofdivorcemaybegranted,iftheotherparty
hastreatedthepetitionerwithcruelty.
Facts:RahulandAnjaliarehusbandandwife.WhiletheyarereturningfromatriptoPune,atthebusterminal,their6yearold
sonalmosthasanaccidentduetothenegligenceofthewife.Husbandslapswifeinafitofanger.
5 .
6 .
(a)
Petitionofdivorcecannotbefiled
(b)
Petitionofdivorcecanbefiled
(c)
Petitionofdivorcecannotbefiledongroundofcruelty,becauseslappingbyRahulinthegivensituationdoesnotamount
tocruelty.
(d)
Petitionfordivorcecannotbefiledonthegroundofcruelty.
Facts:Rajivignoredaredlightanddrovehiscarontotherailwaytracksasatrainwasapproaching.Theenginestalledand
Rajivdidnothavesufficienttimetogetthecaracrossthetracks.Sahil,therailwayenginedriver,sawRajivandcouldhave
stoppedthetrainhadhenotbeenwavingatagroupofgirlsjoggingalongaroadbesidethetrack.TheycollidedandRajivwas
injured.InanactionbyRajivagainstSahil,
(a)
Rajivwillwinbecausehecouldnotgettosafetyintime.
(b)
RajivwillwinbecauseSahilwasoperatingthetraininacarelessmanner.
(c)
RajivwilllosebecauseSahilwasrelyingonthewarningsignal.
(d)
Rajivwilllosebecausehedidnotobeytheredsignal. (NLSIU,88)
Principle:Apartnerhasimpliedauthoritytoraisealoanonbehalfofthepartnershipbusiness,ifitisnecessaryintheusual
courseofbusiness.
Facts:A,BandCarepartnersinafirmofcharteredaccountants.Theyhadagreedthatnoneofthemwouldcontractaloan
inthenameofthefirmwithouttheconsentofallthepartners.Nevertheless,Atookaloanfromabankinthenameofthefirm
andspentthemoneyforhispersonalneeds.Thebankdemandedrepaymentfromthepartnershipfirm.
7.
(a)
Thepartnershipfirmisnotliable,becausethepartnershadunanimouslyagreedthatnoneofthemwouldraisealoanin
thenameofthefirm.
(b)
Thepartnershipfirmisnotliable,becauseraisingaloanisnotintheusualcourseofbusinessinthiscase.
(c)
ThepartnershipfirmisliablebecauseAhadactedasapartnerwhileraisingtheloan.(NLSIU94)
Principle:UndertheIndianConstitution,everybodyshallbeequalbeforelaw.
TheIncomeTaxActhappenstoprovidethatthosewhoseannualincomeisuptoRs.60,000shallpay10percentoftheirincome
astaxandthosewhoseannualincomeexceedsRs.60,000shallpaythetaxattherateof20percent.Thosecitizenswhose
annualincomeexceedsRs.60,000,challengethelegislationonthegroundthatitisaviolationoftheprincipleofequalitybefore
law.
(a)
Theywillsucceed,becausethelawdiscriminatesagainstpeoplewhoearnmorethanRs.60000perannum.
(b)
Theywillnotsucceed,becausethepeoplewhoearnmorethanRs.60,000arenotequaltothepeoplewhoearnlessthan
Rs.60,000.
(c)
Theywillnotsucceed,becausethislawenablesthegovernmenttoequalisetheincomesofallthepeopleinthecountry.
(NLSIU1994)
8 .
Principle:Apartnershallsharewithotherpartnerswhateverprofitshemakesinthecourseofpartnershipbusiness.
Facts:Mani,KareemandAbdularepartnersdoingbusinessinsarees.WhenManiwenttothemanufacturerstobuysarees,he
wastoldthatifhebought600sarees,hewouldgetadiscountofRs.100oneachsaree.Thepartnershipbusinessrequiredonly
500sarees.However,Manibought600sareesandkept100sareesforhimself.Heaccountedforthesaleof500sareestohis
partnersandpocketedtheprofitshemadefromthesaleofthe100sareestohimself.Onfindingthisout,KareemandAbdulare
demandingashareintheprofitsmadefromthesaleofthe100sareesaswell.
(a)
Maniisboundtosharetheprofitsfromthesaleofthe100sareesalso,asitwasmadeinthecourseofpartnership
business.
(b)
Maniisnotboundtosharetheadditionalprofitashewasaccountableonlyfor500sareestohispartners.
(c)
Manineednotsharetheadditionalprofit,becausehisbuyingoftheadditional100sareeswastogetthediscountandhelp
thefirm.(NLSUI,2001)
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9 .
Facts:SunriseIndustriesLtd.isalargeindustrymanufacturingindustrialchemicalsandenzymesusedintanningprocess.Itis
located in Sambalpur inOrissa. It was found recently that the industry is discharging industrial toxic waste in theriver
Mahanadi.Asaresultthewaterishighlypolluted.TheOrissaPollutionControlBoarddecidestotakelegalactionagainstthe
companyforviolationofapplicableenvironmentallaws.Theyobtainanorderfromthecourttopreventtheindustryfrom
dischargingpollutantsintheriver.NowthePollutionControlBoardisconsideringwhetherthedirectorsofthecompanymaybe
prosecutedandpunishedwithimprisonmentforviolatingthepollutioncontrollawswhichmakesuchpollutionacriminaloffence.
(a)
Itisunreasonabletopunishthehigherofficerslikedirectorsofacompanybysendingthemtojail.Insteadofthat
companymaybeaskedtopayahugeamountoffineonly.
(b)
Althoughthedirectorsarenotresponsibleforthedaytodaymanagementofacompany,theycontrolresponsibility.
Hence,theymustbeprosecutedandpunished,evenwithimprisonment.
(c)
Thecompanymaybeaskedtopaycompensationforpollutingtheenvironment.Butthereneednotbeanycriminal
responsibilityasfarasthehigherofficialsofthecompanyareconcerned.
(d)
Itwouldbeunreasonabletosendofficialsofacompanytojailforviolationofpollutioncontrollaws,becausethatwill
affectindustrialproductionandeconomicgrowthofthenationandthepeoplewillsufferbecauseofsuchharshaction
againstindustrialists.(NLSIU,1997)
10. Principle:Anadoptedchildshallbedeemedtobethechildoftheadoptiveparentswitheffectfromthedateofadoption,and
fromthisdate,thechild'srelationswiththenaturalparentsshallbereplacedbyitsrelationswiththeadoptedparents.
Facts:MahendrawasbornintoaprosperousHindujointfamily.UnderHindulaw,Mahendraisentitledtoashareintheproperty
inheritedbyhis(i.e.Mahendra's)fatherfromhis(i.e.Mahendra's)grandfather.Mahendrawasgiveninadoptiontoanother
person,namelyVineet.Afterthisadoption,therewaspartitionintheerstwhilefamilyofMahendra.Mahendraclaimedashare
inthecourseofpartition.
(a)
Mahendra willsucceed,because by virtue of beingborn into the family,Mahendra should get a sharein the family
property.
(b)
Mahendrawillnotsucceed,becauseheisentitledtothepropertiesoftheadoptiveparentsonly.(NLSIU,1994)
11. Principle1:UnderIndianConstitution,ifapersonisconvictedofanoffence,hecannotbeprosecutedagain.
Principle2:UnderCriminalProcedureCode,ifapersonisprosecutedinanoffenceandiftheprosecutionresultseitherin
acquittalorinconviction,thenhecannotbetheprosecutedforthesameoffence.
Facts: Ismailwasprosecutedforanoffenceofmurderandhewasacquitted.Thereafteradditionalevidencecametolight
pointingtoIsmail'scomplicityinthesameoffence.Sothepolicewenttoprosecutehimagain.
(a)
IsmailcannotbeprosecutedasheenjoystherightunderourConstitutionnottobeprosecutedtwiceforthesame
offence.
(b)
IsmailcannotbeprosecutedasheenjoystherightunderCriminalProcedureCodenottobeprosecutedtwiceforthesame
offence.
(c)
IsmailcannotbeprosecutedasheisprotectedbothbytheConstitutionandCriminalProcedureCode.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
12. Principle1:AnylawmadebytheParliamentthatinfringesonthefundamentalrightsofthecitizensisinvalidandunenforceable.
Principle2:Freedomtocarryontradeorprofessionofone'sownchoiceisafundamentalright.
Principle3:TheParliamentiscompetenttoimposereasonablerestrictionsontheexerciseofthisright.
Principle4: IftherestrictionimposedbytheParliamenttotallyremovesornullifiesanyfundamentalright,thenitwillbe
construedasanunreasonablerestriction.
Facts:InordertoensurethatpeopleliveinanamicableatmospherethegovernmentofIndiadecidedtoabolishcourtsand
constitutedDisputeSettlementBoards.Further,toachievethisobjective,thelawstipulatedthatlawyersshouldnotbeallowed
toespousetheclaimsofparties,insteadtheirclaimsbeespousedbysocialworkers.
(a)
ThelawmadebytheParliamentisvalidasitdoesnotinfringeanyfundamentalright.
(b)
ThelawmadebytheParliamentisvalidas,eventhoughthereisrestrictionoffundamentalright,sucharestrictionis
reasonable.
(c)
ThelawmadebyParliamentisinvalidasitconstitutesaninfringementoffundamentalrightsandtherestrictionimposed
isnotreasonable.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.(NLSIU,1990)
IC : PTtkllo01
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13. Principle:MarriageofminorsundertheHinduMarriageAct,1955,isnotnullandvoid.
Facts: Apetitionisfiledbyawifeclaimingmaintenancefromherhusbandin1989.Thehusbandopposedtheclaimonthe
groundthatatthetimeofmarriage,thewifewas5yearsofageandhehimselfwas10yearsoldandthattheirmarriagewas
illegal.Willthewifesucceed?
(a)
Thewifewillsucceedasthemarriagewasvalid.
(b)
Thewifewillsucceedbecausebothofthemwereminors.
(c)
Thewifewillnotsucceedbecausethemarriagewasillegal.(NUJS,2000)
14. Principle:Apromissorynoteisaninstrumentinwritingsignedbythemakertopayacertainsumofmoneyonlytoortothe
orderofacertainperson.
Facts:RitwikpromisestopaySahilasumofRs.5,000throughemail.Later,Ritwikrefusestopay.CanSahilsuehim?
(a)
SahilcansuehimasRitwikmadeapromisetopayhimRs.5,000
(b)
Sahilcannotsuehimasthisisnotapromissorynote.
(c)
Sahilcansuehimasthisisapromissorynote.(NUJS,2000)
15. Principle:Alawtakingawayafundamentalrightisunconstitutional.
The44thamendmenttotheConstitutionhasremovedfundamentalrighttopropertyforeverfromtheConstitution.Decide
whetheritisconstitutional.
(a)
Yes,becauserighttopropertyisnotasfundamentalasrighttolife.
(b)
No,becausewhenrighttopropertyisdeclaredafundamentalrightbyConstitution,alawtakingawayitisunconstitutional.
(c)
Yes,statecanamendanyfundamentalright.(NLSIU,1999)
16. Principle:Nopersoncanbeprosecutedandpunishedtwiceforthesameoffence.
Facts:AmanandotherswereprosecutedandpunishedforanoffenceundertheSeaCustomsAct.Asecondprosecutionwas
againinitiatedagainsthimandothersforcriminalconspiracyundertheIndianPenalCode.Decide.
(a)
Amanandotherscan'tbeprosecutedforsameoffenceastheyhavealreadybeenpunishedundersomeotherlawi.e.Sea
CustomsAct.
(b)
Yes,theycanbeprosecutedandpunishedbecauseanoffenceunderSeaCustomsActisdifferentfromanoffenceunder
IPC.(NLSIU,1999)
17. Principle:Legalaidisarightandnotacharity.
Apersonfacingacriminalchargeinacriminaltrialpleadsthatheisunabletoengageanadvocateforreasonsofpovertyand
thatheshouldbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensestodefendhim.Decide.
(a)
Stateisboundtoprovidehimalawyerasitisamatterofhisright.
(b)
Statemayrefusetopaytheexpensesoflawyertoacriminalperson.
(c)
Staymaydenyonthegroundofunavailabilityoflawyerorlackoffinance.(NLSIU,1999)
18. Principle:Nopersonshouldbecondemnedunheard.
Facts:Therewasacomplaintagainstagovernmentservantthathehadacceptedbribefromapersonfordoinghimafavour.
Ashowcausenoticewasissuedtothegovernmentservantaskinghimshowcausewhydisciplinaryproceedingsshouldnotbe
initiatedagainsthim.Hesubmittedarepresentationinreplytotheshowcausenotice.Theofficerinchargethensubmittedhis
reportthedisciplinaryauthoritytotheeffectthatthechargewasproved.Thegovernmentservantwasthendismissedfrom
service.Hecontendsthathewasnotgivenanopportunityofbeingheard.
(a)
Thegovernmentservantcanberemovedashehadbeengivenanopportunityofbeingheard.
(b)
Hecan'tberemovedbecauseashowcausenoticeisnotsufficientopportunityofbeingheard.
(c)
Dismissalitsrighttochargeisproved.(Optionnotclear).(NLSIU,1999)
19. Principle:Nopersoncanbeajudgeinhisowncause.
Facts:Anadmissiontestistobeheldtoselectthebeststudentsforadmissiononmerit.Thefatherofacandidatewithout
disclosingthathissonisappearinginthetestisinvolvedinconductingthetest.Objectionsareraisedonthegroundthatthe
sanctityofthetestisvitiatedasapersoninterestedinthetesthastakenpartinconductingit.Decide.
(a)
Testisvalidbecausethefatherofcandidateisnotajudgeinthiscase.
(b)
Admissiontestisvitiatedbecausethefatherisapartofconductingthetestandhenceinapositiontoaffecttheresult.
(c)
Objectionisnotonsoundground.(NLSIU,1999)
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IC : PTtkllo01
20. Principle:Arbitrarinessistheveryantithesisoftheruleoflaw.
Facts:Anadmissiontestforadmissiontothelawschoolisconductedintwoparts.First,awrittentestisheldwhichcarries200
marks.Thisisfollowedbyanoralpersonalitytest,whichalsocarries200marks.Thesubjectiveelementinherentintheoral
test,itisalleged,makesthewholeexercisearbitrary.Decide.
(a)
Alawschoolhastherighttoconductitsadmissiontestinthemanneritthinksfit.
(b)
Assigning200markstointerviewisarbitraryandagainstruleoflaw.
(c)
Ifthereisafairexamandinterview,theadmissiontestisvalidandlawful.(NLSIU,1999)
ModelQuestions
ThefollowingquestionsaretakenfromorbasedonthequestionpapersofDelhiUniversityandNationalLawSchools,inthe
previousyears.Youneedtosolvethesequestionsinasimulatedexaminationcondition,settingyourselfatimelimit.Youmay
allotabout50minutesforthe50questions.
1 .
Principal:Anoffercanbeacceptedonlywhentheacceptorhasknowledgeofsuchoffer.
Facts: ArpitofferstopayarewardofRs.10,000,toanyonewhofindshiswatch,Mithilesh,withoutknowledgeoftheoffer
madebyArpit,findsandreturnsthewatch.
2 .
(a)
Mithileshcan'tclaimtherewardofferedbyArpit,becausetheofferwasnotspecifictohim.
(b)
Mithileshcan'tclaimtherewardamountastheoffermadebyArpitwasfrivolous.
(c)
Mithileshcan'tclaimtherewardbecausehedidn'thaveknowledgeoftheoffermadebyArpit.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
Principle:Foranacceptancetobeavalidacceptanceitmustbecommunicatedtotheotherpartyandmereintentiontoaccept
isnotsufficient.
Facts:GaganofferstosellmustardoiltoViren.Virenintendstopurchasetheoil,writesaletterbutforgetstopostit.Gagan
comestoknowaboutViren'sintentionanddispatchestheoiltoViren.
(a) Itisavalidacceptance,asVirenwithanintentiontoaccept,wrotetheletter.
3 .
(b)
ThereisnoacceptanceatallasitwasnotcommunicatedtoGagan.
(c)
Mereintentiontoacceptissufficient.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
Principle:Inordertoconvertanofferintoapromise,acceptanceofsuchoffermustbeabsoluteandunqualified.
Facts: ChamanofferstosellhishousetoYashforRs.1000.YashagreestopurchaseChaman'shouseforRs.900.Chaman
rejectsYash'sofferofRs.900.Thereafter,YashagreestopurchasethehouseforthepricestatedbyChaman.Chamanrejects
thistoo.
4 .
(a)
ChamanisnotboundtosellthehousebecauseYashrejectedtheofferinitiallymadebyChamanandthustheofferlapsed.
(b)
ChamanisboundtosellthehousebecauseYashhasaccepted,thoughsubsequently,theoffermadebyChaman.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
Principle: Anofferisrevokedifthepersonmakingtheofferdiesandthefactofthisdeathcomestotheknowledgeofthe
personaccepting,beforeheaccepts.
Facts: SawanofferstosellhishousetoNeela.Subsequently,Sawandies.NeelawithoutknowledgeofthefactofSawan's
death,acceptstheoffer.
5 .
(a)
TheoffermadebySawantoNeelawasrevokedassoonasSawandiesandNeelacan'taccepttheoffer.
(b)
Inordertoenterintoacontract,thedeathofapersonisirrelevant.
(c)
NeelahasvalidlyacceptedtheoffermadebySawan,asNeeladidn'thavetheknowledgeofSawan'sdeath,beforehe
accepted the offer.
Principle:Anagreementmadewithoutconsiderationi.e.thepriceforwhichthepromiseoftheotherisboughtorsoldisnot
enforceable.Pleaseverifythissentence.
Facts:MeenapromisestogiveAartiRs.10000withoutanyconsiderationinreturn.
(a)
TheagreementtopayAartiRs.10000isvoidasthereisnoconsideration.
(b)
AgreementtopayAartiisvalid.
(c)
AarticanvalidlyenforcethepromisemadebyMeenaeventhoughthereexistsnoconsideration.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
IC : PTtkllo01
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6 .
Principle:Anagreemententeredintobyaminor(below18years)isvoidabinitio(fromthebeginning).
Facts: Kamal,aminor,contractedtosellhishousetoBaldev.Kamal,receivedRs.15,000asconsiderationandrefusedto
deliverpossessionofthehouse.
7.
(a)
TheagreementbetweenKamalandBaldevisvalid.Kamalhastodeliverpossessionofthehouse.
(b)
TheagreementbetweenKamalandBaldevisvoidabinitiobecauseKamalwasaminorwhenheenteredintotheagreement.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
Principle: Aminorwhofraudulentlyrepresentsthatheisamajor,isnotstopped(precluded)fromtakingthedefenceof
minoritytoavoidthecontract.
Facts:Aminor,Rohit,succeededindeceivingsomemoneylendersbytellingthemalieabouthisageandreceivedaloanof
Rs.500.
8 .
(a)
Theminor,Rohitcanvalidlypleadthatheisaminorandcanavoidthecontract.
(b)
Theminorcan'ttakethedefenceofminority,becauseheobtainedtheloanfromthemoneylenderontherepresentation
thatheisanadult.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
Principle:Apersonwhosuppliesnecessitiesoflifetoaminorisentitledtobereimbursedforsuchsupply.
Facts:Pawan,aminor,borrowsRs.10000fromNitin,fordefendinghimselfinadacoitycase.
9 .
(a)
Nitinisnotentitledtobereimbursedasanagreementwithaminorisvoidabinitio.
(b)
NitinisentitledtobereimbursedasthemoneyborrowedbyPawanmustbetakentohavebeenborrowedfornecessaries,
i.e.todefendhislibertyinlife.
(c)
MoneysuppliedbyNitin,notbeingnecessaries,heisnotentitledtobereimbursed.
Principle:Apersonwhoisusuallyofunsoundmind,butwhoisoccasionallyofsoundmind,mayenterintoacontractwhenhe
isofsoundmind.
Facts:Kunal,alunaticwhoislodgedinamentalhospital,agreestosellhishouseforRs.100000toBrijMohan,adoctor.Kunal,
whileacceptingtheoffermadebythedoctor,wasofsoundmind.
(a)
Theagreemententeredintobyalunaticisnotatallenforceable.
(b)
Alunatichasnocapacitytoenterintoanagreement,onlyhis/herrelativescandoso.
(c)
Theagreemententeredintobythelunaticisenforceablebecause,whileacceptingtheoffer,hewasofsoundmindand
couldunderstandandformarationaljudgment.
10. Principle:Wheretherelationsbetweenthepartiesaresuchthatoneofthepartiesisinapositiontodominatethewillofthe
otherpartytherebyobtainsanunfairadvantagebyusingsuchinfluence,thensuchcontractisvoidable.
Facts:A,aspiritualguru,inducedB,adevotee,togiftthewholeofhispropertysothathecouldsecuresalvation.
(a)
Becausethedevoteegiftedthepropertyundertheundueinfluenceofthespiritualguru,thecontractisviolable.
(b)
Thedevoteegiftedthepropertyoutofhisownwill,sothecontractisvalid.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
11. Principle:Apromisemadewithoutanyintentionofperformingit,therebyinducinganotherpartytoenterintoacontract,
amountstofraud.
Facts:VikaspurchasesgoodsfromVimal,withthepriceofthegoodstobepaidsubsequently.Vikastakespossessionofthe
goodswithoutanyintentiontopaythepriceofthegoods.
(a)
Vikas'sactoftakingpossessionofthegoodswithoutanintentiontopaythepriceamountstofraud.
(b)
Itdoesn'tamounttofraud.
12. Principle:Everyagreementofwhichtheobjectorconsiderationisforbiddenbylawisunlawfuland,hence,void.
Facts:GaneshagreestolethisdaughteronhireforprostitutionforRs.1000.
(a)
Theagreementisvalidand,hence,enforceable.
(b)
Theagreementtoletthedaughteronhireforprostitutionisvalidbecausetheactisnotforbidden.
(c)
Theagreementisvoidasitisimmoralandisalsoforbiddenbylaw.
(18)of(24)
IC : PTtkllo01
13. Principle:Anagreement,themeaningofwhichisnotcertain,isvoid.
Facts:Harish,agreestoselltoVaibhav''hundredtonsofoil''.
Inthepresentcase
(a)
TheagreementbetweenHarishandVaibhavisenforceableasthereisnouncertainty.
(b)
TheagreementbetweenHarishandVaibhavisvoidforuncertaintybecausethereisnothingwhatevertoshowwhatkind
ofoilwasintended.
(c)
Noneoftheabove.
14. Principle:Anagreementtodoanimpossibleactisvoid.
Facts:RajaniagreeswithBalatodiscovertreasurebymagic.
(a)
Theactisnotvoidbecausetheactiscapableofbeingperformed.
(b)
Theactisnotvoidbecauseitisnotforbiddenbylaw.
(c)
Theactisvoidbecausetheagreementtodiscovertreasurebymagicisimpossibleofperformance.
15. Principle:Whoever,bywordseitherspokenorwritten,orbyvisiblerepresentation,orotherwise,bringsorattemptstobring
intohatredorcontempt,orexcitesorattemptstoexcitedisaffectiontowardsthegovernmentestablishedbylawinIndia,shall
bepunishedwithimprisonmentforlife,towhichfinemaybeadded.
Facts: An environmentalist, Kaushik Banerjee, enraged by the environmental policy of government delivered a very hot
speech.Hesaid,"Thisisthegovernmentoffools,scoundrelsandscamsters.Teachthemalessoninthecomingelectionsby
votingthemoutpower."KaushikBanerjeeisbeingtriedforsedition.
(a)
KaushikBanerjeeisguiltyofseditionforhavingmadeirresponsibleandinflammatorystatementsagainstthegovernment.
(b)
KaushikBanerjeeisnotguiltyofseditionbecauseheisusinghisfreedomofspeechandexpression.
(c)
KaushikBanerjeeisguiltyofseditionashisstatementwouldcauseviolence.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
16. Principle:Whoever,intendingtotakedishonestlyanymoveablepropertyoutofpossessionofanotherperson,movesthat
propertywithoutthatperson'sconsent,suchtakingissaidtobetheft.
Facts:KshitijwithadishonestintentiontotakeParag'sdogputsbaitforthedoginhispocket.Onnoticingthebait,thedog
startsfollowinghim.LateronKshitijfoundagoldchaintiedroundthedog'sneck.
(a)
Kshitijcommittedthetheftofdog.
(b)
Kshitijcommittedthetheftofthedogaswellasofthegoldchainbecausethechainwasattachedtothedog.
(c)
Kshitijcommittedtheftofdog,becausehewantedtotakedishonestlythedog,notthechain.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
17. Principle:Whoevercausesthedeathofanypersonbydoinganyrashornegligentactshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdiscretion(?)foratermwhichmayextendedtotwoyears.
Facts:MeetawasboardingaD.T.C.busfromthefrontentrance.Theconductorwhistledandthedrivertookoffspeedily.She
felloffandwascrushedtodeathundertherearwheel.Thedriverandconductorareprosecuted.
(a)
Bothdriverandconductorareguiltyofnegligentandrashact.
(b)
Onlythedriverisguiltyofnegligentactbecausehetookoffspeedily.
(c)
Onlytheconductorisguilty.
(d)
Neitherofthemisguilty.
18. Principle:Whoevercausesthedeathofanypersonbydoinganyrashornegligentactshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdiscretionfortermwhichmayextendtotwoyears.
Facts:Aboyenteredinterredintotheswimmingpoolofacountryclubsurreptitiously,withouttheknowledgeofChowkidar
Ramdev.Hewaslostinwater.ThesecretaryoftheclubNageshandRamdevarebothprosecutedfortherashandnegligent
act.
(a)
BothRamdevandNageshareguiltyofnegligentact.
(b)
Ramdevaloneisguiltyofnegligentact.
(c)
Nageshaloneisguiltyofnegligentact.
(d)
Nooneisguiltyofnegligentactbecausetheboyenteredtheclubsurreptitiously.
IC : PTtkllo01
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19. Principle:Whoevercausesthedeathofanypersonbydoinganyrashornegligentactshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdiscretionfortermwhichmayextendtotwoyears.
Facts:Inordertomakeupafevermixture,Akhil,acompounder,tookabottlefromacupboardwherenonpoisonousmedicines
werekept.Withoutreadingthelabelofthebottle,whichwasinawrapper,headdedthecontentstothemixture,whichwas
administeredtoSunil.Sunildiedofpoisoning.Lateron,itwasfoundthatthebottlewasmarkedpoison.
(a)
Akhilisnotguiltyofanynegligentact.
(b)
Akhilisguiltyofanegligentactbecauseheshouldhavereadthelabelofthebottle.
(c)
Akhilisnotguiltyofanegligentactbecausethebottlewasplacedwithnonpoisonousmedicine.
(d)
Noneoftheabove.
20. Principle:Tocreateacontract,theremustbeacommonintentionofthepartiestoenterintolegalobligation.
Facts: NalinandhiswifewereenjoyingtheirleaveinEngland.WhenNalinwasduetoreturntoSriLanka,wherehewas
employed,hiswifewasadvisedtostaybackinEnglandforhealthreasons.Nalinpromisedtosendheranamountof30amonth
fortheprobableexpensesofmaintenance.Hedidsendthemoneyforsometime,butafterwardsdifferencesaroseandhe
stoppedsendingthemoney.HasNalinenteredintoabindingcontractwithhiswife?
(a)
Yes,becausecommonintentionofthepartieswastoenterintoabindinglegalcontract.
(b)
No,becausethecommonintentionofthepartieswasnottoenterintobindinglegalcontract.
(c)
Can'tsayfromtheabovefacts.
(d)
Noneofthese.
Thisagreementisabindingcontract,astherewascommonintentiontoenterintolegalobligations.
(b)
Thisagreementisnotabindingcontractastherewasnosuchcommonintention.
(c)
Can'tsay.
(d)
Noneofthese.
22. Principle:Anofferneednotbemadetoanascertainedperson,buttoworldatlargeandcontractismadeonlywiththatperson
whocomesforwardandperformstheconditionsoftheproposal.
Facts:Acompanymanufacturingsmokeballsofferedbyadvertisementtopay100toanyone"whocontractstheincreasing
epidemicofinfluenza,coldsoranydisease,afterhavingusedtheballaccordingtoprinteddirections".Rajatusedthesmoke
ballsaccordingtothedirections,butsheneverthelesssufferedfrominfluenza.WillRajatget100?
(a)
No,becauseshehasnotinformedthecompanyofherintentiontoenterintocontractwiththecompany.
(b)
No,becauseshemighthavecaughtcoldduetootherreasons.
(c)
Yes,becauseshehasperformedtheconditionsoftheproposal.
(d)
Noneofthese.
DIRECTIONS :Readthelegalprinciplegivenbelowanddeterminewhether'A'hascommittedtheoffencedefined.Youcanchoose
theanswerfromfollowingcodes
(a)
Yes
(b)
No
(c)
Can'tsay
(d)
Noneofthese
Principle: Apersonwhofindspropertynotinpossessionofanyotherperson,andtakessuchpropertyforthepurposeof
restoringitorprotectingitcommitsnooffencebutheisguiltyofoffence,ifheappropriatesittohisownuse,whenheknows
orhasthemeansofdiscoveringtheowner.
23. Facts:Afindsarupeeontheroad,notknowingtowhomtherupeebelongs.
24. Facts:Afindsaletterontheroad,containingabanknote.Fromthedirectionandcontentsoftheletterhelearnstowhomthe
notebelongs.Heappropriatestheuseofthenote.
(20)of(24)
IC : PTtkllo01
25. Facts: A findsa purse with money, notknowing to whom it belongs. A,afterwards discovered that it belongsto Z, and
appropriatesittohisownuse.
DIRECTIONS :Answerthequestionsonthebasisoflegalprinciplegivenbelow.Youcanselecttheanswerfromthefollowingcodes
(a)
Agreementisvoid
(b)
Agreementisvalid
(c)
Can'tsay
(d)
Noneofthese
26.Principle:Acontracttodoanactwhich,afterthecontractismade,becomesimpossible,becomesvoidwhentheactbecomes
impossible.
Facts:PareshandVarshacontracttomarryeachother.Beforethetimefixedforthemarriage,Pareshgoesmad.
27. Facts: Acommunityhallwasbookedfortwodaysforamarriage.But,thehallwasdestroyedbyaccidentalfirebeforethe
ceremony.
28. Principle: Culpablehomicideisnotmurderiftheoffender,whilstdeprivedofpowerofselfcontrolbygraveandsudden
provocation,causesthedeathofthepersonwhogavetheprovocation.
Facts:UndertheinfluenceofpassionexcitedbyaprovocationfromZ,AintentionallykillsY,Z'schild.
(a)
Aisnotguiltyofmurder.
(b)
Aisguiltyofmurder.
(c)
Aisnotguiltyofmurderbecausehewasactingunderprovocation.
(d)
AisguiltyofmurderbecausetheprovocationwasnotfromYbutfromZ,hisfather.
29. Principle:Nothingisanoffencewhichisdoneintheexerciseofrightofprivatedefence.Thisrightalsoextendstolawfully
causingthedeathoftheassailant,iftheoffencewhichoccasionstheexerciseoftherightofprivatedefence,beanassault
whichcausesreasonableapprehensionof
(a)
deathorgrievoushurt.
(b)
rape.
(c)
kidnapping.
Thisrightisavailableforprotectingone'sownbody,aswellasthebodyofanyother,providedtheassaultisnotselfinvited.
Facts: DeveshandSameerwerefightingoveragirl.SameertookoutacyclechaintohitDevesh.Devesh,apprehending
devioushurt,struckaknifethroughSameer'sheart.Deveshis:
(a)
Protected.
(b)
Notprotected.
(c)
NotprotectedbecausetheassaultwasoccasionedbyDevesh'sfaultinpickingupafight.
(d)
Notprotectedbecausetherewasnoreasonableapprehensionofgrievoushurt.
30. Principle:Whenacriminalactisdonebyonepersoninfurtheranceofcommonintentionofselfandsomeothers,eachofthe
personsisliablefortheactinthesamemannerasifitweredonebyeachofthem.
Facts:Varun,Rakesh,OmkarandChetandecidedtocommitdecoity.TheybrokeintoAryan'shouseforsaidpurpose.While
theywerecommittingtheoffenceofdacoity,ChetanshotAryandeadduetosomerivalry.
(a)
Varun,Rakesh,OmkarandChetanareguilty.
(b)
OnlyChetanisguilty.
(c)
Chetanisguiltybecausehecommittedthemurderwhichwasnottheircommonintention.
(d)
Chetanisnotguiltybecausedacoitywastheircommonintention,notmurder.
IC : PTtkllo01
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31. Principle:Whoeverdeliverstoanyotherpersonasgenuine,anycounterfeitcurrencywhichheknowstobecounterfeit,but
whichhedidnotknowtobecounterfeitatthetimewhenhereceivedit,isguiltyofanoffence.
Facts:Mr.Chaturvediisacashierinaschool.Oneevening,hiswifereturnedhomefrommarket.Whileshewascountingthe
remainingmoney,Mr.ChaturvedinoticedacounterfeitcurrencynoteofRs.100.Hiswifetoldhimthatitwasgiventoherbyway
ofchangewhenshegaveaRs.500noteatthegroceryshop.Mr.Chaturvedigoestothesameshopwithaviewtogetridofthe
counterfeitnote.HebuysashavingcreamworthRs.32.50andgivesthecounterfeitnoteatthecashcounter.Thecashier
inspectsthenoteandrealisesthatitiscounterfeit.Hecallsthepolice.
(a)
Mr.Chaturvediisnotguiltyofanyoffencebecauseheneithermanufacturedthecounterfeitnotenordidhecirculateit
withaviewtodeceiveinganybody.
(b)
Mr.Chaturvediisgotguiltybecausehewasattemptingtoreturnthecounterfeitnotetothesamepersonfromwhomhe
receivedit.
(c)
Mr.Chaturvediisguiltybecauseheattemptedtodeliveracounterfeitcurrencynoteasgenuine,whichheknewwas
counterfeit.(NLSIU,1997)
32. LalitgoestothegroceryshopofRanjan,whichhevisitsquiteoftenforhisrequirements.
Lalit:Iwanttenbagsofoldrice.
Ranjan:Hereisthericeyouarelookingfor.
LalitbuystenbagsofricefromRanjanandsubsequentlydiscoversthatthericesuppliedisnotreallyold.Lalitfilesasuitagainst
Ranjan.
(a)
Lalitwillnotsucceed,becauseRanjandidnotpromisehimtosupplyoldrice.
(b)
Lalitwillsucceed,becauseRanjanhadagreedtosupplythericeofLalit'sspecifications.
(c)
Lalitwillnotsucceed,becauseLalitshouldhaveverifiedthequalityofricehimself.
33. Gaurishisrunningapolyclinicwellequippedwithoperationtheatresandsupportingstaff.Paramjeetisasurgeonwhomakes
useofthispolyclinictooperateonhispatients.Whileoperatingonapatient,Tej,duetothenegligenceofnurseJyoti(whowas
asupportstaffofpolyclinic),thesurgicalknifewasleftinsidetheabdomenofTej.Asaresult,Tejdevelopedseveralcomplications
AdviseTejastoagainstwhom(GaurishorParamjeet)heshouldfilethesuitfordamages.
(a)
Gaurishshouldbesued,becauseJyotiwasthestaffnurseinhispolyclinic.
(b)
Paramjeetshouldbesued,becausehewasresponsibleforwhateverwasdoneduringtheoperation.
(c)
Paramjeetshouldbesued,becauseheshouldhaveselectedabetterstaffnurse.
34. Principle:Inacontractofagency,noliabilityexistsupontheagenttowardshisprincipal(master),ifheactswithreasonable
diligenceinthematterofagency.
Facts: Indrajit,theownerofanestate,instructedKaushal,anestateagenttofindabuyerforhisestate.Kaushal,gotan
offerfromSadanandtobuy theestateforRs.9,50,000andthesamewaspromptly communicatedtoIndrajit.Beforethe
contractofsalewasconcluded,theagentgotanofferofRs.10,25,000fromMilind.Kaushaldidnotcommunicatethisinformation
toIndrajit.Thelatterbringsanactionovertheformerfornothavingperformedhisfunctionasanagent.
(a)
KaushalisnotliabletoIndrajitashisjobwasonlytofindabuyerandnomore.
(b)
KaushalisnotliabletoIndrajitashegotgoodpricefortheestate,which,undertheprevailingmarketconditions,wasa
bonanza.
(c)
KaushalisliabletoIndrajitashedidnotcompletelyperformthefunctionofanagent.(NLSIU,2001)
35. Principle:Theownerofaproperty,whoallowsitsusebyanotherperson,becomesliable,forthedamagecausedbyitsuse,
bythelatter.
Facts: Tilaktakeshiscartothegarageforservicing.Sincehisofficeisacoupleofkilometresawayfromthegarage,he
requeststheownerofthegaragetoaskoneofthelatter'sassistantstodrophimtooffice.TheownerofthegarageasksYatin,
anemployee,todotheneedful.Ontheway,thecarcollideswithamotorcycleowingtonegligentdrivingbyYatinandinjures
itsrider.ThemotorcyclistbringslegalactionagainstTilak,seekingmonetaryrelief.
(a)
Motorcyclistwillfailinhisaction,asheshouldhavebroughtanactionagainstthegarageowner,inwhoseemploymentwas
Yatin.
(b)
MotorcyclistwillnotsucceedasYatin,whoisnottheagentofTilak,isdrivingthevehicle.
(c)
MotorcyclistwillsucceedasthecarwasdrivenbyYatinwiththeconsentofTilak.(NLSIU,2001)
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36. Principle:Amasterwillbeliableforthewrongfulactsofhisservantsinthecourseofemployment.
Facts:PrabhathasaregularsavingsbankaccountinKarnatakaBankinwhichheusedtodepositmoneyfromtimetotime.One
day,whenhewantedtowithdrawsomebigamount,hediscoveredthattwoentriesinhispassbook,immediatelypriortothe
dateofwithdrawal,werenotauthenticatedbythemanager,asrequiredunderbankingrules.Thebankdeclinedresponsibility
fortheseentriesandthemanagerdisclaimedanyknowledgeinthisregard.Prabhatfiledasuitagainstthebank.
(a)
Prabhatwilllose,becauseheshouldhavetakencarethattheentrieswereauthenticated.
(b)
Prabhatwilllose,becausethemanagerwasnotawareoftheissue.
(c)
Prabhatwillwin,becauseitwasforthemanagertoensuretheauthentication.
37. Principle:Amastershallbeliablefortheactsofhisservantsdoneinthecourseofemployment.
Facts:HMT,apublicsectorundertakingisoperatinganumberofbusservicesforitsemployeesinBangalore.Thesebusesare
quitedistinctintheirappearanceandcarrytheboard"ForHMTemployeesonly".Eknath,avillagerfromaneighbouringstate,
waswaitingforaregularbusinoneofthebusstopsinBangalore.AbusbelongingtoHMThappenedtostopnearbyanda
numberofpeoplegotintothebus.Eknath,withoutrealisingthatitwasanHMTbus,gotintothebusandsoonthereafter,the
busmetwithanaccidentduetothedriver'snegligence.Eknath,alongwithseveralothers,wasinjuredintheaccident.Eknath
seekstofileasuitagainstHMTclaimingdamages.
(a)
Eknathwillsucceed,becausehegotintothebuswithoutrealisingthatitwasHMTbus.
(b)
Eknathwillnotsucceed,becauseitwasforhimtofindoutwhetheritwasapublictransportbus.
(c)
Eknathwillsucceed,becausethedriverwasanyhowdutyboundtodrivecarefully.(NLSIU,94)
38. Principle:Apartnershallsharewithotherpartnerswhateverprofithemakesinthecourseofthespartnershipbusiness.
Facts:Bipin,apartnerinaBangalorefirmengagedintextilebusiness,wenttoanearbyplacetobuysomesilksarees.The
manufacturertoldhim:"Ifyoubuy500sarees,youwillgetadiscountofRs.50oneachsaree".Bipin,infact,requiredonly400
sareesforhisfirm.Nevertheless,hebought500sareesandkept100sareesforhimself.Aftersometime,heonhisownsold100
sareesandmadeagoodprofit.Otherpartnersdemandthatheshouldsharetheseprofitswiththem.
(a)
Bipinhastosharetheprofits,becauseheboughtthose100sareesinthecourseofpartnershipbusiness.
(b)
Bipinneednotshareit,becausehehasalreadybenefitedthefirmbygettingasubstantialdiscountinthepurchases.
(c)
Bipinneednotsharetheprofits,becausehisadditionalbuyingof100sareeswastogetthediscountandhelpthefirm.
(NLSIU94)
39. Principle1:Masterisliablefortheactoftheemployee/servant.
Principle2:Thehusbandorthewifeisnotresponsibleforanycommissionofwrongoneachother.
Facts:UditisamanagerofahotelbelongingtoAbhay.BecauseofthenegligenceofUdit,afoldingchairfellfromthefirstfloor
tothegroundfloorinjuringthereceptionistofthehotel,namedHimaniwhoisthewifeofUdit.Himaniasksforcompensation
fromAbhayandUdit.
(a)
BothAbhayandUditareresponsibletocompensateHimani.
(b)
OnlyAbhayisresponsibletocompensateHimani.
(c)
OnlyUditisresponsibletocompensateHimani.
(d)
NooneisresponsibletocompensateHimani.
40. Principle1:Ifapersonusesgoodswhichareleftinhiscareduetomistakebyanotherperson,hehastocompensatetheother
person.
Principle2:Apersonisliabletopaythepriceofgoodswhentheyaresoldtohim.
Facts:AfriendMahesh,leavesabagofricebymistakeinthehouseofhisfriendSatish.Satish'swife,thinkingthatthebagof
ricehasbeenbroughtbySatishforhomeconsumption,startsconsumingtherice.Aftertwodays,themistakewasrealised
whenMaheshcomestoSatish'shousefortakingawaythebag.Bythetime,10kgofriceisconsumedfromthebag.Mahesh
demandsthepricefromSatish.
(a) Satishisnotliabletopaytheprice.
(b) SatishisliabletocompensateMaheshfor10kgrice.
(c) Satishisliabletopaythepriceoftheentirebagofrice.
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41. Principle1:Ifthereisundueinfluenceonapartytoanagreementhemayrefusetoperformtheagreement.
Principle2:Whenonepartyinanagreementisinapositiontodominatethewilloftheotherpartyandheuseshisposition
overtheotherpartytogettheotherparty'sconsenttotheagreement,thisisundueinfluence.
Facts:Thelandlordasksthetenanttoagreetoincreasetherenttodoublethepreviousamountortovacatethehouse.The
tenanthadtoagreetogivedoublethepreviousrentandcontinuelivinginthehouse.Hethereafterrefusestopay.
(a)
Tenanthastopaythenewrent.
(b)
Tenanthastopaytheoldrentandcontinuetooccupythehouse.
(c)
Tenanthastopaytheoldrentbutvacatethehousewithinareasonabletime.
42. Principle1:Amasterisliableforthewrongscommittedbyhisservantduringthecourseofemploymentbutnotfortheacts
ofanindependentcontractor.
Principle2:Whetherapersonisaservantofanotherornotistobedeterminedbyfindingoutwhocontrolsthemethodof
workorownsthetoolsorwhobenefitsfromtheprofitoftheventureorbearstheloss.
Facts:BikashHospitalisawellknownhospitalandDr.Hemantisacardiologistinthehospital.Heisalsoattachedtoafewother
hospitalsastheservicerulesofBikashHospitaldonotprohibitit.DuetothenegligenceofDr.Hemant,thepatientofthe
hospitaldiesandhischildrendecidetofileasuitagainsttheBikashhospitalandDr.Hemant.
(a)
BothDr.HemantandBikashHospitalareliable.
(b)
Dr.HemantisliablebutnotBikashHospital.
(c)
BikashHospitalisliableandnotDr.Hemant.
43. Principle1:Negligenceistheomissiontodosomethingwhichareasonablemanwoulddo,breachofwhich,ifitcauses
damage,makesoneliabletothepersonwhosufferedloss.
Principle2:Oneowesadutyofcaretoanotherifareasonablemancanforeseethathewillbeaffectedbythebreachofduty.
Principle3:Oneisnotliableiftheinjuredpartyvolunteerstotaketherisk.
Facts:Acricketmatchisbeingheldinastadium.Vilas,beingunabletoaffordtheticketprice,isviewingthecricketmatch
sittingatopanearbytree.Whenabatsmanhitsaballovertheboundary,theballhitsPiyushandhesustainsaninjuryonhis
spinalchordduetothefallfromthetree.
(a)
TheorganisersandthestadiumownersareliabletocompensatePiyush.
(b)
Thecricketerwhohitstheballisliablealongwiththeorganisers,butthestadiumownerisnotresponsible.
(c)
Nobodyisresponsible.
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