Chapter 11

OSPF (Single Area OSPF)
Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 11
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2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction
In this chapter, you will learn basic, single-area OSPF implementations

and configurations.
More complex OSPF configurations and concepts (multi-areas OSPF)
are reserved for CCNP-level courses.
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Introduction to OSPF
Background of OSPF
Began in 1987
1989 OSPFv1 released in RFC 1131
This version was experimental & never deployed
1991 OSPFv2 released in RFC 1247
1998 OSPFv2 updated in RFC 2328
1999 OSPFv3 published in RFC 2740
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OSPF Message Encapsulation
OSPF packet type
There exist 5 types (next slide)
OSPF packet header
Contains - Router ID an area ID

and Type code for OSPF packet
type
IP packet header
Contains - Source IP address,

Destination IP address, & Protocol
field set to 89. the destination
address is set to one of two
multicast addresses: 224.0.0.5 or
224.0.0.6.
Data Link Frame Header
Contains - destination MAC address is

also a multicast address: 01-00-5E-0000-05 or 01-00-5E-00-00-06.
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5 OSPF Packet Types:
1. Hello - Hello packets are used to establish and

maintain adjacency with other OSPF routers.
2. DBD - The Database Description (DBD) packet

contains an abbreviated list of the sending router's
link-state database and is used by receiving
routers to check against the local link-state
database.
3. LSR - Receiving routers can then request more

information about any entry in the DBD by sending
a Link-State Request (LSR).
4. LSU - Link-State Update (LSU) packets are
used to reply to LSRs as well as to announce new
information.
LSUs contain 7 different types of Link-State
Advertisements (LSAs).
LSUs and LSAs are discussed in a later topic.
5. LSAck - When an LSU is received, the router

sends a Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck) to
confirm receipt of the LSU.
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OSPF: Hello Protocol
Purpose of Hello Packet
Discover OSPF neighbors & establish adjacencies
Advertise parameters on which routers must agree to become

neighbors
Used by multi-access networks to elect a Designated Router and
a Backup Designated Router
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Type: OSPF Packet Type: Hello (1), DD (2), LS

Request (3), LS Update (4), LS ACK (5)
Router ID: ID of the originating router
Area ID: area from which the packet originated
Network Mask: Subnet mask associated with the
sending interface
Hello Interval: number of seconds between the
sending router's hellos
Router Priority: Used in DR/BDR election (discussed
later)
Designated Router (DR): Router ID of the DR, if any
Backup Designated Router (BDR): Router ID of the
BDR, if any
List of Neighbors: lists the OSPF Router ID of the
neighboring router(s)
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Establish adjacencies:
Also need to have the

same Area ID.
They must agree on three values: Hello

interval, Dead interval, and network type.
OSPF Hello Intervals
Hello interval indicates how often an OSPF

router transmits its Hello packets
Usually multicast (224.0.0.5) for
ALLSPFRouters
sent every 10 seconds on multiaccess and
point-to-point segments
Sent every 30 seconds for NBMA segments
OSPF Dead Intervals
This is the time that must transpire before the

neighbor is considered down
Default time is 4 times the hello interval
For multiaccess and point-to-point segments,
this period is 40 seconds.
For NBMA networks, the Dead interval is 120
seconds.
If the Dead interval expires before the routers
receive a Hello packet, OSPF will remove that
neighbor from its link-state database.
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To reduce the amount of OSPF traffic on

multiaccess networks, OSPF elects a
Designated Router (DR) and Backup
Designated Router (BDR).
Hello protocol packets contain information that

is used in electing DR and BDR
The DR is responsible for updating all other

OSPF routers (called DROthers) when a change
occurs in the multiaccess network.
The BDR monitors the DR and takes over as
DR if the current DR fails.
In the figure, R1, R2, and R3 are connected

through point-to-point links. Therefore, no
DR/BDR election occurs.
The DR/BDR election and processes will be

discussed in a later topic and the topology will
be changed to a multiaccess network.
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More detail discussion

on the DR, BDR,
DROther later. You
need to know this for
CCNA exam.
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OSPF Link-state Updates
Purpose of a Link State Update (LSU)

Used to deliver link state advertisements
Purpose of a Link State Advertisement (LSA)

Contains information about neighbors & path costs
An LSU packet can contain 11 different types of LSAs,
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OSPF Algorithm
OSPF routers build &

maintain link-state
database containing LSA
received from other
routers
1. Information found in
database is utilized upon
execution of Dijkstra SPF
algorithm
2. SPF algorithm used to
create SPF tree
3. SPF tree used to populate
routing table
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Administrative Distance
Default Administrative Distance for OSPF is 110
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OSPF Authentication
It is good practice to authenticate transmitted
routing information.
This is an interface specific configuration
This practice ensures that routers will only accept
routing information from other routers that have been
configured with the same password or authentication
information
MD5 authentication
uses a key ID that
allows the router to
reference multiple
passwords, making
password migration
easier and more
secure.
Note: Authentication
does not encrypt the
router's routing table.
?
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Basic OSPF Configuration

Lab Topology
Topology used for this chapter

Discontiguous IP addressing
scheme
Since OSPF is a classless

routing protocol the subnet mask
is will be configured as part of our
OSPF configuration.
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The router ospf command
To enable OSPF on a router use the following

command
R1(config)#router ospf process-id
ID cannot
Process id
A locally significant number between 1 and 65535
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OSPF network command

Requires entering:
network address
wildcard mask - the inverse of the subnet mask
area-id - area-id refers to the OSPF area. OSPF area

is a group of routers that share link state information
Router(config-router)#network network-address wildcard-ask area area-id
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255.240
-------------------0. 0. 0. 15
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255.252
-------------------0. 0. 0. 03
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Subtract the
subnet mask
Wildcard mask
Subtract the
subnet mask
Wildcard mask
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Cisco IOS now properly handles overlapping network ... area configuration commands.
Consider the following example:
fw#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
fw(config)#router ospf 100
fw(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
13:06:57: %OSPF-6-AREACHG: 10.0.0.0 255.255.252.0 changed from area 0 to area 1
13:07:10: %OSPF-6-AREACHG: 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.248 changed from area 1 to area 2
fw(config-router)#^Z
I've entered overlapping network statements, each one with a smaller address range. Not
only does IOS detect that they overlap, it also prints nice syslog messages and reorders
the commands in the running configuration. Well done !
fw#show run | begin router ospf
router ospf 100
log-adjacency-changes
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.7 area 2
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.3.255 area 1
network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
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ospf network definition for adding all interfaces / default route

Whats the difference?
router ospf 1
network 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 area 0
vs.
router ospf 1
network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
Both add all existing interfaces into area 0 and all later added interfaces
also. Both statements are valid.
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Area area-id
An OSPF area is a group of routers that share link-state

information.
In this chapter, we will configure all of the OSPF routers within a

single area. This is known as single-area OSPF.
Multi-area OSPF is covered in CCNP.
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Router ID
This is an IP address used to identify a router

3 criteria for deriving the router ID
1. Use IP address configured with OSPF router-id command
-Takes precedence over loopback and physical interface
addresses
2. If router-id command not used then router chooses highest
IP address of any loopback interfaces
3. If no loopback interfaces are configured then the highest IP
address on any active physical interface is used
The interface does not need to be enabled for OSPF,
meaning that it does not need to be included in one of the
OSPF network commands.
However, the interface must be active - it must be in the
up state.
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OSPF Router ID
Commands used to verify current router ID

Show ip protocols
Show ip ospf
Show ip ospf interface
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OSPF Router ID
Router ID (not configured) & Loopback addresses

(configured)
Highest loopback address will be used as router ID

Advantage of using loopback address the loopback
interface cannot fail OSPF stability
The OSPF router-id command
Introduced in IOS 12.0

OSPF router-id command, which is a fairly recent
addition to IOS, it is more common to find loopback
addresses used for configuring OSPF router IDs.
Command syntax
Router(config)#router ospf process-id
Router(config-router)#router-id ip-address
Modifying the Router ID
Use the command Router#clear ip ospf process

This command does not work in PT.
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The router ID is selected when OSPF is

configured with its first OSPF network command.
If the OSPF router-id command or the loopback
address is configured after the OSPF network
command, the router ID will be derived from the
interface with the highest active IP address.

The router ID can be modified with
1. the IP address from a subsequent OSPF router-id
command by reloading the router or
2. by using the following command:
Router#clear ip ospf process

3. Modifying a router ID with a new loopback or
physical interface IP address may require
reloading the router
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Duplicate Router IDs
When two routers have the same router ID in

an OSPF domain, routing may not function
properly.
If the router ID is the same on two
neighboring routers, the neighbor
establishment may not occur.
When duplicate OSPF router IDs occur, IOS

will display a message similar to:
%OSPF-4-DUP_RTRID1: Detected router
with duplicate router ID
To correct this problem, configure all routers

so that they have unique OSPF router IDs.
Because some IOS versions do not support
the router-id command, we will use the
loopback address method for assigning
router IDs.
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Quick Review
We just went over 3 different types of ID
ospf process-id.
OSPF process.
Cannot be 0
Area ID:
OFPS area
If it is the first, and the backbone area, it is 0
Router ID
Router ID
1 IP address is elected per router,
Highest physical address (or)
Highest logical address (loopback)
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Verifying OSPF
Use the show ip ospf command to verify &

trouble shoot OSPF networks:
Neighbor adjacency
Adjacency indicated by
The OSPF state of the interface is

full state
No adjacency indicated by -
Neighboring routers Router ID is not

displayed
A state of full is not displayed
-Consequence of no adjacency-
No link state information exchanged
Inaccurate SPF trees & routing tables
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Neighbor ID - The router ID of the neighboring router.

Pri - The OSPF priority of the interface..
State - The OSPF state of the interface. FULL state
means that the router and its neighbor have identical
OSPF link-state databases.
Dead Time - The amount of time remaining that the
router will wait to receive an OSPF Hello packet from the
neighbor before declaring the neighbor down. This value
is reset when the interface receives a Hello packet.
Address - The IP address of the neighbor's interface to
which this router is directly connected.
Interface - The interface on which this router has formed
adjacency with the neighbor.
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Note:
On multiaccess networks such as Ethernet,
two routers that are adjacent may have their
states displayed as 2WAY.
This will be discussed in a DR and BDR
section.
Two routers may not form an OSPF

adjacency if:
The subnet masks do not match, causing

the routers to be on separate networks.
OSPF Hello or Dead Timers do not match.

OSPF Network Types do not match.
There is a missing or incorrect OSPF

network command.
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Neighbor ID - The router ID of the neighboring router.

Pri - The OSPF priority of the interface..
State - The OSPF state of the interface. FULL state
means that the router and its neighbor have identical
OSPF link-state databases.
Dead Time - The amount of time remaining that the
router will wait to receive an OSPF Hello packet from the
neighbor before declaring the neighbor down. This value
is reset when the interface receives a Hello packet.
Address - The IP address of the neighbor's interface to
which this router is directly connected.
Interface - The interface on which this router has formed
adjacency with the neighbor.
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Verifying OSPF
Show ip protocols
OSPF process ID,

the router ID,
networks the router is advertising,
the default administrative distance, 110 for OSPF.
Show ip ospf
OSPF process ID
router ID.
OSPF area information
the last time the SPF algorithm was calculated.
R1 has participated in during the past 11 and a half hours is to

send small Hello packets to its neighbors.
SPF schedule delay
The router waits 5000 msecs after receiving an LSU before

running the SPF algorithm.
There is an additional Hold Time of 10000 msecs between 2

SPF calculations.
Show ip ospf interface
The quickest way to verify Hello and Dead intervals
for OSPF routers to become neighbors, their OSPF Hello and

Dead intervals must be identical.
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Configuring OSPF loopback address and router priority

The command show ip ospf interface will display the
interface priority value as well as other key information.
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Examining the routing table
Use the show ip route command to display the routing table

-An O at the beginning of a route indicates that the router source is
OSPF
-OSPF does not automatically summarize at major network
boundaries
Loopback
interface counts
as a network.
These loopback
interfaces are
not advertised in
OSPF.
They function as
router ID.
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OSPF Metric
OSPF uses cost as the metric for determining the

best route
A cost is associated with the output side of each
router interface.
The lower the cost, the more likely the interface is
to be used to forward data traffic
The Cisco IOS uses the cumulative

bandwidths of the outgoing interfaces from
the router to the destination network as the
cost value.
-Cost is based on bandwidth of an interface
Cost is calculated using the formula
108 / bandwidth
-Reference bandwidth
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The 100Mbps (FastEthernet) and higher will have the

same OSPF cost of 1.
This reference bandwidth can be modified using
auto-cost reference-bandwidth command
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OSPF Metric
COST of an OSPF route is the accumulated value from

one router to the destination network
For example, in the figure,

the routing table on R1 shows
a cost of 65 to reach the
10.10.10.0/24 network on R2.
Because 10.10.10.0/24
is attached to a
FastEthernet interface,
R2 assigns the value 1 as
the cost for 10.10.10.0/24.
R1 then adds the
additional cost value of 64
to send data across the
default T1 link between
R1 and R2.
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64 + 1 = 65
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OSPF Metric
Sometimes the actual speed of a link is different than

the default bandwidth
This makes it imperative that the bandwidth value reflects

links actual speed
Reason: so routing table has best path information
The show interface command will display interfaces

bandwidth
Most serial link default to 1.544Mbps

However, some serial interfaces may default to 128 kbps.
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Modifying OSPF cost metric
OSPF uses cost as the metric for determining the

best route.
Cost is calculated using the formula 108/bandwidth,
where bandwidth is expressed in bps. (Cost =
100,000,000/Bandwidth)
The Cisco IOS automatically determines cost based

on the bandwidth of the interface.
It is essential for proper OSPF operation that the
correct interface bandwidth is set.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0

Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
The default bandwidth for Cisco serial interfaces is
1.544 kbps.
2A/S
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COD has these 2 types

of serial cards in the lab
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OSPF Metric: Bandwidth
Remember, this bandwidth value

does not actually affect the speed of
the link; it is used by some routing
protocols to compute the routing
metric.
It is important that the bandwidth
value reflect the actual speed of the
link so that the routing table has
accurate best path information.
The figure displays the routing table

for R1.
R1 believes that both of its serial

interfaces are connected to T1 links,
one of the links is a 64 kbps link
the other one is a 256 kbps link.
This results in R1's routing table
having two equal-cost paths to the
192.168.8.0/30 network, when Serial
0/0/1 is actually the better path.
How to modify the cost of all the links?

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Modifying the Cost of a link
Both sides of a serial link should be

configured with the same bandwidth
Commands used to modify bandwidth value

Bandwidth command
Example: Router(config-if)#bandwidthbandwidth-kbps
ip ospf cost command allows you to directly specify
interface cost
-Example:R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562
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Modifying the Cost of the link
Difference between bandwidth command & the ip ospf

cost command
Ip ospf cost command
Sets cost to a specific value
Bandwidth command
Link cost is calculated
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OSPF and Multiaccess Networks

Challenges in Multiaccess Networks
OSPF defines five network types:
Point-to-point
network there are only two devices on

the network, one at each end.
Broadcast Multiaccess
a network with more than two devices on

the same shared media.
all devices on the network see all
broadcast frames.
Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA)
networks include Frame Relay, ATM,

and X.25 networks.
Point-to-multipoint
networks include Frame Relay, ATM,

and X.25 networks.
Virtual links
Virtual links are a special type of link that

can be used in multi-area OSPF.
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OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
2 challenges presented by
multiaccess networks
Multiple adjacencies
Extensive LSA flooding
The creation of an adjacency between

every pair of routers in a network
would create an unnecessary number
of adjacencies.
This would lead to an excessive
number of LSAs passing between
routers on the same network.
5 routers in the figure will need 10
adjacencies,
10 routers would require 45
adjacencies.
20 routers would require 190
adjacencies
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Extensive flooding of LSAs
For every LSA sent out there must be an acknowledgement of
receipt sent back to transmitting router.
consequence: lots of bandwidth consumed and chaotic traffic
Solution:
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Steps in the operation of OSPF
OSPF routers send Hello packets on OSPF enabled interfaces.
On multi-access networks, the routers elect a DR and BDR. On these networks other routers
become adjacent to the DR.
To reduce the number of adjacencies traffics

To reduce the number of adjacencies each router must form, OSPF calls
one of the routers the designated router. A designated router is elected as
routers are forming adjacencies, and then all other routers establish
adjacencies only with the designated router. This simplifies the routing
table update procedure and reduces the number of link-state records in the
database. The designated router plays other important roles as well to
reduce the overhead of a OSPF link-state procedures. For example, other
routers send link-state advertisements it to the designated router only by
using the all-designated-routers multicast address of 224.0.0.6.
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OSPF routers send Hello
packets on OSPF enabled
interfaces.
On multi-access networks, the

routers elect a DR and BDR. On
these networks other routers
become adjacent to the DR.
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To reduce the number of adjacencies traffics
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Solution to LSA flooding issue is the use of
Designated router (DR)

Backup designated router (BDR)
this solution is analogous to electing
someone in the room to go around and learn
everyone's names and then announce these
names to everyone in the room at once.
DROther
All other routers become DROthers (this
indicates a router that is neither the DR or the
BDR).
DROthers only form full adjacencies with the
DR and BDR in the network.
DR & BDR
On multiaccess networks, OSPF elects a

Designated Router (DR) to be the collection and
distribution point for LSAs sent and received.
A Backup Designated Router (BDR) is also
elected in case the Designated Router fails.
DR & BDR are elected to send & receive LSA
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DR & BDR & DROther
Routers on a multiaccess network

elect a DR and BDR.
DR & BDR are elected to send &
receive LSA
DROthers only form full
adjacencies with the DR and BDR in
the network.
Sending & Receiving LSA
DRothers send LSAs via multicast

224.0.0.6 to DR & BDR
(ALLDRouters - All DR routers)
DR forward LSA via multicast
address 224.0.0.5 to all other routers
(AllSPFRouters - All OSPF routers).
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DR/BDR Election Process
DR/BDR elections DO
NOT occur in point-topoint networks
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DR/BDR elections will take

place on multiaccess
networks as shown below
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Criteria for getting elected DR/BDR
1. DR: Router with the highest OSPF
interface priority.
2. BDR: Router with the second highest
OSPF interface priority.
3. If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the
highest router ID is used to break the tie.
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Criteria for getting elected DR/BDR

1. DR: Router with the highest OSPF interface
priority.
2. BDR: Router with the second highest OSPF
interface priority.
3. If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the
highest router ID is used to break the tie.
Example:
The OSPF for all interface priority is 1.

The OSPF router ID is used to elect the DR
and BDR.
RouterC with the highest router ID,
becomes the DR
RouterB, with the second highest router
ID, becomes the BDR.
Because RouterA is not elected as
either the DR or BDR, it becomes the
DROther.
DROthers only form FULL adjacencies with the DR and BDR, but will still form
a neighbor adjacency with any DROthers that join the network.
When two DROther routers form a neighbor adjacency, the neighbor state is
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as 2WAY.
Chapter 1
You need 4 routers

topology to see this
2way adjacency.
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OSPF network types (cont.)

Real DR and BDR election process
The first router up on the network is the DR.
The second router up on the network is the
BDR.
If the DR fails then the BDR becomes DR
and another router is elected the BDR.
The DR does not change just because
another router comes on line with a higher
priority or a higher router id.
If both the existing DR and BDR fail and a
new DR must be elected, the router with the
highest priority is elected DR.
If there's a tie, the router with the highest
router id is elected DR.
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Timing of DR/BDR Election

(This is really of how the election works)
Election occurs as soon as 1st router has its OSPF

enabled on multiaccess network. This can happen
when
1. When the routers are powered-on
it is possible that a router with a lower router ID

will become the DR. This could be a lower-end
router that took less time to boot.
2. when the OSPF network command for that

interface is configured.
When a DR is elected it remains as the DR until

one of the following occurs
-The DR fails.
-The OSPF process on the DR fails.
-The multiaccess interface on the DR fails.
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DR Fails
If the DR fails, the BDR assumes the role of

DR and an election is held to choose a new
BDR.
In the figure, RouterC fails and the former
BDR, RouterB, becomes DR. The only other
router available to be BDR is RouterA.
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New Router
If a new router enters the network after

the DR and BDR have been elected, it will
not become the DR or the BDR even if it
has a higher OSPF interface priority or
router ID than the current DR or BDR.
If the current DR fails, the BDR will
become the DR, and the new router
can be elected the new BDR.
After the new router becomes the
BDR, if the DR fails, then the new
router will become the DR.
The current DR and BDR must both

fail before the new router can be
elected DR or BDR.
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Old DR Returns
A previous DR does not regain DR status

if it returns to the network.
In the figure, RouterC has finished a
reboot and becomes a DROther even
though its router ID, 192.168.31.33, is
higher than the current DR and BDR.
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BDR Fails
If the BDR fails, an election is held

among the DRothers to see which router
will be the new BDR.
In the figure, the BDR router fails.
An election is held between RouterC

and RouterD.
RouterD wins the election with the
higher router ID.
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New DR Fails
In the figure, RouterB fails. Because

RouterD is the current BDR, it is promoted
to DR. RouterC becomes the BDR.
So, how do you make sure that the

routers you want to be DR and BDR
win the election? Without further
configurations, the solution is to
either:
Boot up the DR first, followed by the

BDR, and then boot all other routers, or
Shut down the interface on all routers,
followed by a no shutdown on the DR,
then the BDR, and then all other routers.
OR: use the priority command set

not desired DR and BDR to 0
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OSPF Interface Priority
Manipulating the DR/BDR election process continued
Use the ip ospf priority interface command.

Example:Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority {0 - 255}
Priority number range 0 to 255
0 means the router cannot become the DR or BDR
1 is the default priority value
router ID determined the DR and BDR
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OSPF Interface Priority
Modify Priority
Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority {0 - 255}
Force Election
After doing a shutdown and a no shutdown

on the FastEthernet 0/0 interfaces of all three
routers, we see the result of the change of
OSPF interface priorities.
The show ip ospf neighbor command on
RouterC now shows that RouterA (Router ID
192.168.31.11) is the DR with the highest
OSPF interface priority of 200
RouterB (Router ID 192.168.31.22) is still
the BDR with the next highest OSPF
interface priority of 100.
Notice from RouterA's output of show ip
ospf neighbor that it does not show a DR,
because RouterA is the actual DR on this
network.
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DR
BDR
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More OSPF Configuration

Redistributing an OSPF Default Route
Topology includes a link to ISP
Router connected to ISP

In this topology, the
Called an autonomous system border router
Loopback1 (Lo1) simulate
the connection to another
Used to propagate a default route
router.
Example of static default route
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback 1
Requires the use of the default-information originate
command
Example of default-information originate command
R1(config-router)#default-information originate
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Redistributing an OSPF Default Route
The default route in R2 and R3 with the routing

source OSPF, but with the additional code, E2. For
R2, the route is:
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 192.168.10.10, 00:05:34,
Serial0/0/1
E2 denotes that this route is an OSPF External
Type 2 route. the cost of an E2 route is always the
external cost, irrespective of the interior cost to
reach that route. (CCNP)
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Fine-Tuning OSPF
Since link speeds are getting

faster it may be necessary to
change reference bandwidth
values
Do this using the auto-cost

reference-bandwidth command
Example:
R1(config-router)#auto-cost
reference-bandwidth 10000
the default value is equivalent to 100. To
increase it to 10GigE speeds, you would need
to change the reference bandwidth to 10000.
Again, make sure you configure this command
on all routers in the OSPF routing domain.
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Fine-Tuning OSPF
R1(config-router)#autocost reference-bandwidth
10000
the default value is equivalent to 100. To

increase it to 10GigE speeds, you would need
to change the reference bandwidth to 10000.
R1 Before, the cost to 10.10.10.0/24 is 1172.
After configuring a new reference bandwidth,
the cost for the same route is now 117287.
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Fine-Tuning OSPF
Modifying OSPF timers
Reason to modify timers
Faster detection of network failures
Manually modifying Hello & Dead intervals
Router(config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval seconds

Router(config-if)#ip ospf dead-interval seconds
Point to be made
Hello & Dead intervals must be the same between

neighbors
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The End
Questions?
What will be the result of the DR and BDR elections for this single area
OSPF network? (Choose three.)
*. Decision process:
HQ will be DR for 10.4.0.0/16.
Router A will be DR for 10.4.0.0/16.
HQ will be BDR for 10.4.0.0/16.
Router A will be DR for 10.5.0.0/16.
Remote will be DR for 10.5.0.0/16.
Remote will be BDR for 10.5.0.0/16.
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1.
Which segment will have election?
2.
Priority?
3.
Router ID (each router will only has 1

ID)?
1.
Set using router-ID command
2.
Highest Loopback IP address?
3.
Highest physical IP address

(include serial interface)?
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The End
Questions?
The routers in the diagram are configured as shown. The loopback interface on
router R1 is labeled as lo0. All OSPF priorities are set to the default except for
Ethernet0 of router R2, which has an OSPF priority of 2. What will be the result of
the OSPF DR/BDR elections on the 192.1.1.0 network? (Choose two.)
R1 will be the DR
R1 will be the BDR
R2 will be the DR
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*. Decision process:
1.
Which segment will have election?
2.
Priority?
3.
Router ID (each router will only has 1 ID)?
R2 will be the BDR
1.
Set using router-ID command
R3 will be the DR
2.
Highest Loopback IP address?
R3 will be the BDR
3.
Highest physical IP address (include

serial interface)?
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Summary
RFC 2328 describes OSPF link state concepts and

operations
OSPF Characteristics
A commonly deployed link state routing protocol
Employs DRs & BDRs on multi-access networks

DRs & BDRs are elected
DR & BDRs are used to transmit and receive LSAs
Uses 5 packet types:

1: HELLO
2: DATABASE DESCRIPTION
3: LINK STATE REQUEST
4: LINK STATE UPDATE
5: LINK STATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Summary
OSPF Characteristics
Metric = cost
Lowest cost = best path
Configuration
Enable OSPF on a router using the following command

R1(config)#router ospf process-id
use the network command to define which interfaces will

participate in a given OSPF process
R1(config-router)#network network-address
wildcard-mask area area-id
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Summary
Verifying OSPF configuration
Use the following commands
show ip protocol
show ip route
show ip ospf interface
show ip ospf neighbor
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Chapter 11

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OSPF (Single Area OSPF)

Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 11

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

In this chapter, you will learn basic, single-area OSPF implementations

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

There exist 5 types (next slide)

OSPF packet header

Contains - Router ID an area ID

Contains - Source IP address,

Data Link Frame Header

Contains - destination MAC address is

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Hello - Hello packets are used to establish and

2. DBD - The Database Description (DBD) packet

3. LSR - Receiving routers can then request more

LSUs and LSAs are discussed in a later topic.

5. LSAck - When an LSU is received, the router

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

OSPF: Hello Protocol

Purpose of Hello Packet

Discover OSPF neighbors & establish adjacencies

Advertise parameters on which routers must agree to become

Type: OSPF Packet Type: Hello (1), DD (2), LS

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

OSPF: Hello Protocol

Also need to have the

They must agree on three values: Hello

OSPF Hello Intervals

Hello interval indicates how often an OSPF

OSPF Dead Intervals

This is the time that must transpire before the

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

OSPF: Hello Protocol

To reduce the amount of OSPF traffic on

Hello protocol packets contain information that

The DR is responsible for updating all other

In the figure, R1, R2, and R3 are connected

The DR/BDR election and processes will be

More detail discussion

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Purpose of a Link State Update (LSU)

Purpose of a Link State Advertisement (LSA)

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

OSPF routers build &

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Default Administrative Distance for OSPF is 110

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic OSPF Configuration

Topology used for this chapter

Since OSPF is a classless

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic OSPF Configuration

To enable OSPF on a router use the following

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic OSPF Configuration

OSPF network command

wildcard mask - the inverse of the subnet mask

area-id - area-id refers to the OSPF area. OSPF area

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic OSPF Configuration

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic OSPF Configuration