Understanding Yield Line Analysis of Plates

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis
Topic: Yield Line Analysis of plates

Introduction
Why yield line analysis?
Behaviour of a plate under increasing load
Rules for yield lines

What is analysis by virtual work
External work done by loads: examples
Internal work done by resisting moments: examples

Energy dissipation in a yield line
Rectangular plate with an arbitrary chosen dimension
Four examples
Assignments 3 and 4

Learning objectives
Understanding the meaning of yield line theory
Using method of virtual work
Finding the decisive yield line pattern
Analysing the failure load of plated structures

variation of:
support conditions: free edge, restraint, simply supported
loadings: uniform, non-uniform, concentrated force, partly

uniform loaded
material behavior: isotropic, orthotropic, moment capacity

Introduction
We studied already the use of plasticity in case of beam elements (plastic hinges).
Now we extend the theory of plasticity to plates (yield lines).
Regarding plasticity of plates three different solutions techniques can be
distinguished:
Incremental (stepwise) elastic-plastic calculation.
Discussed last week (also part of assignment 1).
Application of lower-bound theorem based on equilibrium equations.

Application of upper-bound theorem based on a mechanism.

Introduction
Incremental (stepwise) elastic-plastic calculation
This method normally can not be done analytically (by hand) because of
its complexity (assignment 1 which is approx. the most simple case - one
beam element only and we concluded that this already resulted into a lot
of work to be done). This method in fact can only be carried out by the use
of software.
Application of lower-bound theorem based on equilibrium equations
This method will be discussed in week 4.
Application of upper-bound theorem based on a mechanism

This method is expressed by yield-line theory (use of virtual work).
It provides an upper-bound solution which forms a restriction for its
application on arbitrary practical problems.
However, from validation of the theory based on experimental research
shortcomings has been solved to a large extend. But still precautions
should be taken to ensure that calculated failure load at least closely
approaches the correct value.

Introduction
The load increases stepwise and finally the applied moment
becomes equal tot the flexural capacity of the cross section of
the plate.
Upon yielding, the curvature of the plate at the yield line cross
section increases sharply and deflection increases
disproportionately.
The elastic curvature along the plate is relatively very small
and therefore it is acceptable to consider the plate parts
between the yield lines straight (flat).
The resistance at the yield lines is mp. Notice that for some
materials there is a difference in mp between positive and
negative yield line (like reinforce concrete slab).
A mechanism means there are now other positions possible for
the formation of plastic hinges (lines) and the ratio of moment
distribution just before collapse is 1:1.
5

Why Yield Line analysis
An analysis approach for determining the ultimate load
capacity of lateral loaded plates.
It is only applicable to ductile plates (like steel plates) since
we assume a certain moment-rotation diagram.
a yield line occurs when the moment capacity has been

reached
no additional moment can be taken at the
cross section
the cross section can undergo any amount of
rotation
The main advantage of this approach over conventional

code-based approach to plate analysis and design is its
ability to cater for irregular geometries, plates with
uncommon supports conditions and uncommon loadings
(like concentrated point load, partly distributed load, non
uniform partly distributed load, plate column supported, etc).



Consider a rectangular plate which is loaded by a
uniformly distributed load q (q is a fixed value and
is the load factor.
Starting from unloaded state =0 the load is
gradually increased.
In first instance the response of the plate is
completely elastic.
At a certain level = e somewhere in the plate the
stress state satisfied the yield stress and initial
yielding occurs, so-called plastic hinge which for a
plate is called a yield line.
9

During continuing loading more plastic points appear.
These points chain together and form finally a

complete pattern of yield lines and plate zones. For
this state = p and the plate deflects unlimited.
The unit of the yield bending moment is force and is
expressed in Nm/m or shortly N.
The entire increase of plastic deformation is
concentrated in a number of yield lines and the plate
parts can be considered to be flat.
10

Yield lines are straight lines because they represent the

intersection of two planes.
Yield lines represent axes of rotation.
The supported edges of the plate will also establish axes of

rotation. If the edge is fixed, a negative yield line may form
providing constant resistance to rotation. If the edge is simply
supported, the axis of rotation provide zero restraint.
Yield lines form under concentrated loads, radiating outward from

the point of application.
A yield line between two plates must pass through the point of
intersection of the axes of rotation of the adjacent plate segments.
Yield moments are principal moments and therefore twisting

moments are zero along the yield lines and in most cases the
shearing forces are also zero.
11

12

Wrong: points ABCD are no laying is a
single plane.
Wrong: yield lines are not straight.
Wrong: yield line of intersect EF is not

parallel to AB.
Right: yield line is a correct solution.

13

Typical yield line patterns.

a solid line represents a positive
yield line caused by sagging yield moment.
a broken yield line represents a
negative yield line caused by a hogging yield
moment
14

15

Once the general pattern of yielding and rotation has been established by applying
the rules of yield lines, the specific location and orientation of the axes of rotation
and the failure load of the plate can be analyzed by virtual work.
Its a must to investigate all possible mechanisms for any plate to confirm that the
correct solution, giving the lowest failure load, has been found.
16

What is analysis by Virtual Work?
The external work done by a load to cause a small arbitrary virtual deflection must
equal the internal work done as the plate rotates at the yield lines to accommodate
this deflection.
Elastic rotations and deflections are not considered when writing the work equations,
as they are very small compared to plastic deformations.
External energy
Internal energy
Expended by loads moving
Dissipated by rotations about yield lines
Expended
Dissipated
Ed
(N )
(m l )
for all regions
W Ed
for all regions
17

Energy is dissipated in the yield lines only.
Energy is dissipated in the yield
lines only.
Because of equilibrium, the forces
and moments per unit length along
the yield line are:
Deformations and internal loads in a yield line
mnn = bending moment

mns = torsional moment
qn = transverse force
The plastic deformation equals the
difference in rotation of both planes
about the s-axis.
This angle is small and therefore
tan d sin d d
18

(N )
for all regions
(m l )for all regions
Load(s) acting within a particular region [kN]
Vertical displacement of the load(s) N on each region expressed as a fraction of unity [m]
The moment in or the moment of resistance of the plate per metre run [kNm/m]
The length of yield line or its projected length onto the axis of rotation for that region [m]
The rotation of the region about its axis of rotation [m/m]
19

In case of uniform distributed lateral (surface) load, the amount
of work equals:
q( x, y)w( x, y)dxdy
plate
w(x,y) = increase in displacement during failure
q S wz
plate parts
S = plate area
w = vertical displacement (gravity) at plate centre
20

Of all forces along the yield line, only mnn provides a contribution
to the energy dissipation
Ed
mnn d ds
along the yield line
The yield line is the intersection between two planes and

therefore the value of d is constant.
Ed m p d ls
ls = the length of the yield line
21

External work done by Loads: Examples
1
A square plate carrying a single concentrated load at its

center
W P 1 P
A plate supported along three sides and free along the

fourth. Loaded with a line load w per unit length along the
free edge
1
W b w 1 a w 2 w (a b) 1 w (a b)
2
22

3
A distributed load w per unit area on a triangular segment

defined by a hinge and yield lines
1
1
a b
a b
W w a b 1 w
1 w
2
3
6
6
4
A rectangular plate carrying a distributed load w per unit

area
1
a b
a b
W w a b 1 w
1 w
2
2
2
23

More complicated trapezoidal shapes may always be
subdivided into component triangles and rectangles.
1
7,5 3, 75 2 9,375
2
3
5
5
3, 75 3, 75 4 9,375
2
3
1,5 3, 75 2 5, 625
2
9,375 9,375 5, 625 24,375
W w 24,375
24

More complicated trapezoidal shapes may always be
E
subdivided into component
triangles and rectangles.
Simply supported plate uniformly loaded by a surface load q.

Displacement at centre =
r 1
R
rd dr
plate
2 R
q 1
0 0
R2
W 2 q
6
r
rd dr
R
dr
rd
25

Internal work done by Resisting Moments
Summing the products of yield moment m per unit length of plastic hinges times
the plastic rotation at the respective yield lines.
Consider a rectangular plate simply supported.
Assume a most logic yield pattern, with one
unknown parameter a.
Total rotation diagonal yield line = 1
Total rotation horizontal yield line = 2
26

The correct value of a will be such as to maximize
the moment resistance required to support the
uniform distributed load w.
From comparison of triangular shapes it is found
5 25 a 2
b
a
a 25 a 2
c
5
and
This means
1
b
1
c
1
1
5
2 2
a
5 25 a 2
2
5
5
a 25 a 2
a 5

25 a 2 5 a
1
27

1 s
a 5
a 5
25 a 2 2 2
5 a
25 a 2 5 a
1
1
1
a 5
10
Similar to 5

a
5 a
It seems that we can do all this in a

simplified way by considering support
edges only.
28

The total internal work done by resisting moments is
Ed m 25 a 2 1 4 m 20 2 a 2
For a number of different values of a results in the
following data
a
Ed
11.36 m
6.5
11.08 m
10.87 m
7.5
10.69 m
And we know already that W=Ed

29

Internal work done by
Resisting Moments
External work done

by Loads
The external work done by uniform distributed load is
W q 20 2 a 5 2 a 5 4 10 a 2
2
2
3
2
3
80,0q
80,0q/11.36=7,07q
6.5
78,4q
6.5
78,4q/11.08=7,08q
76,6q
76,6q/10.87=7,04q
7.5
75,0q
7.5
75,0q/10.69=7,02q
With =unit=1. gives
30

80,0q/11.36=7,07q
6.5
78,4q/11.08=7,08q
76,6q/10.87=7,04q
7.5
75,0q/10.69=7,02q
The largest values a=6,5 is most critical and the required

resisting moment for the plate is 7.08 q.
31

The largest values a=6,5 is most critical and
the required resisting moment for the plate is
m=7.08 q.
This method is fantastic because for each
plate configuration, boundary conditions and
loading we can analyse:
-
Max loading, or
Needed minimum plastic moment capacity
Plate
thickness
t
t
Fp f y 1
2
t
t
t
t2
M p Fp 2 f y 1 f y 1
2
2 2
4
Wp
1
b t2
4
1
We b t 2
6
Shape factor = 1.5

32

Resisting Moments
External work done

by Loads
Example for unequal values of mp.

Values of mp are 5, 5, and 7.5 at points A, B
and C respectively (kNm/m).
W kNm/m
We consider a sag yield line at point B, unit

vertical displacement 1 and position x.
1
1
W w x w 10 x 5w
2
2
1
1
1
1
E mA mB mB
mC
x
x
10 x
10 x
1
1
1
1
E 5 5 5
7.5
x
x
10 x
10 x
33

Resisting Moments
External work done

by Loads
1
1
1
1
E 5 5 5
7.5
x
x
10 x
10 x
5 x 200
E 2
2 x 20 x
W kNm/m
W E
5 x 200
2 x 2 20 x
x 40
w 2
2 x 20 x
5w
The minimum value of w is found by

differentiating to x and set this equal to zero
34

Resisting Moments
External work done

by Loads
w
W kNm/m
x 40
2 x 2 20 x
2
dw 1 2 x 20 x 4 x 20 x 40
0
2
2
dx
2 x 20
x 4.72
Substitution of this value for w results in

w
x 40
4.72 40
0.89 kNm/m
2
2
2 x 20 x
2 4.72 20 4.72
This is super because now we can:

- analyse the position of yield lines
- analyse the plate capacity (failure load)
35

Energy Dissipation in a Yield Line
The yield line ab divides the plate into two rigid
portions A and B.
Part A rotates A about support axis eg.
Part B rotates B about support axis df.
The rotations are represented by vector following
the right-hand-corkscrew rule.
The energy dissipation per unit length of the yield
line is
Ei m nA nB
Ei m A cos A B cos B
36

Energy Dissipation in a Yield Line
For the length l of the yield line
Ei m A l cos A B l cos B
Ei m A l A B lB
Therefore
Ei m (projection of l on an axis) (rotation of rigid region about that axis)

37

Rectangular plate with arbitrary chosen dimensions
38

Plate part
ABE
EFB
BDF
Yield line
Area
Displacement centre
of gravity
1
w
3
1 1
b a
2 2
1 1
a b 2 a
2 2
2
w
3
1
a a
2
lx
1
w
3
ly
FE
b 2 a
EC
1
a
2
x
4w
a
2w
a
y
0
w
a
39

The work done by external load q yields:
w 1
2
1
w
1
W 2 q ba a b 2 a w a 2
3 4
3
2
3
4
1
2
W qa b a w
2
3
The internal work yields

w
2w 1
w
Ed m p b 2 a 4 4 m p a
a
a
a 2 a
b 1
Ed 4 m p
w
a
2
40

b a
W
1
2
qa a a w
2
3
1
2
1
qa 2 w 4 m p
w
2
3
2
mp
2
2 qa 2

3
The variable has to be determined such that is minimised.

1
The following condition exists 0
2
41

2 1 2
1
m p
d
3 2 2 3
2
8 2
2
d
qa
2
2 1 2
1

2
0
3 2 3
2
4 2 4 3 0
1 3 2 1
A number of examples.
Type of plate
qa 2
mp
Square plate
0.5
24.00
Length twice the width
0.5
14.40
Length twice the width: optimised 2
The choice of a mechanism which

does not give the lowest value of Infinetely long plate
not necessarily leads to large
mistakes in the load factor
1
4
13 1 0.651
1
3 0.866
2
14.14
8.00
42

As shown the load carrying

capacity pf the plate increase with
decrasing span in x-direction.
The maximum is reached for a

square plate, which can resist a
three times higher failure load than
the infinitely long plate.
The value of 8 is logic because
1
M q a2
8
43

Comparison elastic versus plastic
0.75
2.7
0.28
Shape factor plate
1
3.0
8
24
1
1 t 2
4
1.5
1
1 t 2
6
44

Example 1
A simply supported square steel plate is

loaded by a uniform distributed load.
Calculate the load carrying capacity.
Assuming point O is displaced by
tan x
a/2
2
a
2
x
a
Internal work
Ed mx x a m y y a
2
Ed m
a 0 4 8m
a
45

Example 1
External work
Ed qdxdy w
a 1
Ed q a 4
2 2 3
q a2
Ed
3
Equilibrium
q a2
8m
3
q a2
m
24
46

Example 2
A simply supported rectangular steel

plate with length 1.5 x width. The plate
is loaded by a uniform distributed load.
Assuming a displacement at O =
Rotations of the parts are:
1,3 x
2,4 y
l/2
2
l
47

Example 2
Internal work:
Ed m l s
Part 1, 2 : Ed m l 2
x
2
Part 3,4 : Ed m 1,5l
2
l
1 3
Total : Ed 2 ml
x l
48

Example 2
External work:
W qdxdy w
1
Part 1, 2 : W q l x 2
2
3
l
1
l
Part 3,4 : W q (1,5l 2 x) 2 q x 4

2 2
2
2 3
3 l 2 lx
Total : W q

4
3
49

Example 2
Equilibrium
3 l 2 lx
1 3
2 ml q

3
x l
4
3l x
ql
2
2
9
8 6 q
24
l
l 3 x
This means
m f ( x)
The optimised m is found by
dm
0
dx
50

Example 2
q 9 l
x 4 l x2
l 3 x
2
2
2
l
x
9
dm q
0
2
dx 24
l 3 x
24
q
0
24
l 3 x 9 l 2 8 l x 3 9 l 2 x 4 l x2 0
9l 3 8l 2 x 12lx 2 0
x 1.26l
and
x 0.595l
q 9 l 0.595l 4 l 0.595l
m
24
l 3 0.595l
2
0.0584ql
example 1: 0.042ql 2
51

Example 3
A rectangular steel plate with length b and

width a. The plate have three different support
conditions: clamped, simply supported, freed
edge. The steel plate is loaded by a uniform
distributed load.
Assuming a displacement at O =
Rotations of the parts are:
1,3 x
2, y
a
52

Example 3
Internal work:
Ed m l s
Part 1, 2 : Ed m a 2
x
Part 3: Ed m x 2 m ' b
a
a
Assume m=m '
m
Total : Ed 2 x 2 bx 2a 2
ax
53

Example 3
External work:
W qdxdy w
1
Part 1, 2 : W q a x 2
2
3
Part 3 : W q b 2 x a
Total : W
q xa 2
2
2
3
q a
3b 2 x
6
54

Example 3
Equilibrium
m
2 x 2 bx 2a 2 qa 3b 2 x
ax
2
2
36
qa
m
6 2 x 2 b x 2a 2
u
m
v
du
dv
v
u
dm
dv 2 dx
dx
v
55

Example 3
Equilibrium
2
2
2
dm qa 2 (36 4 x) 2 x b x 2a (4 x b) 36 x 2 x
2
2 2
dx
6
2
x
2
a
(36 4 x) 2 x 2 b x 2a 2 (4 x b) 36 x 2 x 2 0
solver equation
56

Example 3
q a 2 36 x 2 x
m
6 2 x 2 b x 2a 2
2
57

Example 4
Capacity negative yield
moment = m-
a
A
Capacity positive yield

moment = m+
Ed m a
m a
m a
W q aa 2
2
3
Ed W
B
C
58

Example 4
E W
d
Capacity negative yield

moment = m-
2
a
2m a m a q
3
qa
2m m
3
m
3
m 0 q
a
m
6
m 0 q
a
9m
q
m m m
a
Capacity positive yield

moment = m+
This way we
can also
handle
orthotropic
material
behaviour
59

Assignment 3
A steel plate is simply supported at two sides only. The minimum length of side b =
length of side a. The other two sides are free edges. The plate is uniform loaded by
q. A yield pattern (line AE) is considered as shown in figure below.
b=a
Based on upper-bound theory (virtual work)

determine:
1.
Internal work.
2.
External work.
3.
Optimised value of m by solving dm/d.
qa 2
and starting with
4.
Plot the relation between

=1.
5.
Plot the relation between and .
mp
60

Report no specific conditions: hand written, word editor, etc. It should

clearly show answers obtained.
Focus should be right answering the questions: 2 students per
assignment allowed.
Name, study number and assignment number on front page
Digital using e-mail: a.romeijn@tudelft.nl
Deadline 14 sept. 10.00 a.m.
61

Assignment 4
A square steel plate is simply supported at two sides only. The other two sides are
free edges. The plate is at location D loaded by a concentrated force F. Two
alternative yield pattern are shown. The material is orthotropic, m+ and m-, which
are not the same.
a
a-x1
E
x1
Positive yield moment
Negative yield moment
62

Assignment 4
Determine the value for decisive F expressed by m+ and expressed by m- and for
which ratio of m+/m- are the results the same.
a
a
x1
a-x1
E
Positive yield moment
Negative yield moment
63

Report no specific conditions: hand written, word editor, etc. It should
clearly show answers obtained.
Focus should be right answering the questions: 2 students per

assignment allowed.
Name, study number and assigment number on front page
Digital using e-mail: a.romeijn@tudelft.nl
Deadline 14 sept. 10.00 a.m.
64

Understanding Yield Line Analysis of Plates

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MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Topic: Yield Line Analysis of plates

Rules for yield lines

Internal work done by resisting moments: examples

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Analysing the failure load of plated structures

loadings: uniform, non-uniform, concentrated force, partly

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Application of lower-bound theorem based on equilibrium equations.

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Application of upper-bound theorem based on a mechanism

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

a yield line occurs when the moment capacity has been

The main advantage of this approach over conventional

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

These points chain together and form finally a

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Yield lines are straight lines because they represent the

Yield lines represent axes of rotation.

The supported edges of the plate will also establish axes of

Yield lines form under concentrated loads, radiating outward from

Yield moments are principal moments and therefore twisting

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Wrong: yield lines are not straight.

Wrong: yield line of intersect EF is not

Right: yield line is a correct solution.

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Typical yield line patterns.

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Expended by loads moving

Dissipated by rotations about yield lines

for all regions

for all regions

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

Deformations and internal loads in a yield line

mnn = bending moment

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

for all regions

(m l )for all regions

Load(s) acting within a particular region [kN]

The rotation of the region about its axis of rotation [m/m]

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

w(x,y) = increase in displacement during failure

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

along the yield line

The yield line is the intersection between two planes and

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

A square plate carrying a single concentrated load at its

A plate supported along three sides and free along the

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

A distributed load w per unit area on a triangular segment

A rectangular plate carrying a distributed load w per unit

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis

9,375 9,375 5, 625 24,375

MTM1412: Structural Design and Analysis