Evernote Shared Notebook - Geography PDF

7/30/2015
Evernotesharednotebook:geography
India
Tuesday,April242012,3:37PM
Asustainableagriculturalpractice
However,thereareregionsallovertheworldwhereabstractionofgroundwaterdoesnotrequireapump.Oncethedrillingofboreholetothespecificaquifer
(essentiallyartesian2)iscompleted,thepressurewithintheaquiferforcesthegroundwatertoriseabovethegroundsurfacenaturallywithoutusingapump.Thesetypes
ofwellsareknownasflowingartesianwells.Flowingwellsareanuncommonmanifestationofgeologicalactivities(Swameeetal:2000).Expansionofwaterdueto
releaseofpressureandcompressionofaquiferformationmaterialareresponsibleforthewaterflowfromsuchwells(Jacob:1940).InUttarakhand,suchtypeofwells
ofwidthupto25kmandhavingageneralslopelessthan1%,isrestrictedonlytotheTaraizone..
TheformationoftheTarairegionisdependentontheevenlysortedfinermaterialthatwaswashedawaybythestreamsfromthehillytracts.Thenorthernlimitof
theTaraibeltisincontactwiththeBhabarzonewhichisboundbythelowerShiwalikrangeofHimalayasinthenorth.TheBhabarzonecanalsobereferredas
piedmontalluvialterrainthatcomprisesillsortedsedimentsrangingfrombigboulderstosilt.Sincethiszoneisveryporousandpermeableitformstherechargearea
oftheartesianaquifersystemintheTaraizone.Moreover,theregionbetweenBhabarandTaraibeltsformsthespringline(thelandmasswithmarshyconditions).
Thisspringlineisofthesourceofvariousperennialstreamsintheregion.SincetheslopeofBhabarzonevariesfrom12%,theelevationdifferencebetweenthe
rechargingareainBhabarzoneandwaterwithdrawingposition(i.e.well)inTaraizonecreatestheartesianheadintheaquiferwhichisdirectlyresponsibleforthe
existenceofflowingwells.
TaraisoilsarerichinclayandorganicmatterandthatiswhythisbeltisconsideredoneofthehighlyproductiveagriculturalareasinIndia.Availabilityofirrigation
waterfromflowingwellswithoutspendinganyenergyonitswithdrawalisoneofthefactorsthatcouldreduceagriculturalcosts..Theintroductionofhighly
mechanisedagriculturalpracticessincethelasttwotothreedecadeshasencouragedthefarmerstoadopttheintensivecultivationintheregion.Consequently,the
demandforirrigationwaterhasincreasedsignificantly.Thetrajectoryofwaterresourcesdevelopmenthasthusbeenfollowingasimpleprincipleofdeveloping,
whichinthecaseofgroundwatermeansextractingmorewatertoproducemoregrain(KulkarniandShah:2013).Otherthanthis,therisingdomesticandindustrial
needsforwaterhavefurtherstressedtheexistinggroundwaterresources.Collectively,ithasresultedinthedevelopmentofmorenumberofborewellswhichhas
increasedthedensityofflowingwellsintheTaraibelt.Asexpected,thedischargeratesofthesewellshavedrasticallydecreasedandaredecliningfurtherwithtime.
Overexploitationandenvironmentaldamage
Apreliminarystudyonthethermalcharacteristicsofwatersampledfromthesevenflowingwellslocatedinaradiusofmorethan15kmhasrevealedthatallthewells
areinstalledinthesameaquifer.Definitely,theinstallationofmorewellsinthisstretchwilldirectlyaffecttheyieldofotherwells.Itcanbejudgedfromthefactthatin
year1970,thewaterpressureoftheseflowingwellsatthegroundsurfacewasover2kg/cm2(Michael:2006)whichnowhasdroppedto~0.2kg/cm2.Moreover,the
figuresmentionedareforthemonsoonseasononlywhichwouldbelesserthanthisvalueduringthedryseason.Presently,theflowingbehaviourofwellsincertain
pocketsoftheregionhavebecomeseasonal(seeFigures1)andfewothersarecompletelydried(Figure2a)andareabandonednow.
OtherthantheoverexploitationofgroundwaterduetooveralldevelopmentandindustrialisationintheTaraizone,haphazardfellingoftreesforconvertingforestland
intoindustrial/agriculturalland,reductionofwaterpressureintheartesianaquifersduetoincreasedleakageofwaterfromconfinedtounconfinedaquifersthroughthe
increasednumberofboreholesfordevelopingtubewells,andunattendedflowingofthesewellswithoutanybeneficialpurpose(Figure2bbelow)aretheadditional
causesfortheirchangedbehaviour.ThecurrentscenariowillfurtherworsenwiththereductioninrechargingoftheseartesianaquifersinBhabarzoneduetochanged
rainfallpatterninHimalayan(VashishtandBam:2013)andShiwalikfoothillregions.Forproperrechargingoftheaquifers,rainfallintensityshouldbelessthanthe
waterintakecapacityofthelandsurface.
AccordingtoaWorldBankreport,globalmeanwarmingisapproaching4C.Thiswillresultina10%increaseinannualmeanmonsoonintensityanda15%increase
inayeartoyearvariabilityofIndiansummermonsoonprecipitationisprojectedcomparedtonormallevelsduringthersthalfofthe20thcentury(WorldBank:
2013).Thereportfurtheremphasisesthatthesechangesimplyanextremewetmonsoon.Thisisprojectedtooccurevery10yearsbytheendofthecenturycomparedto
thecurrentlyprobabilityofitoccurringonlyoncein100years.Theseextremesofweatherconditionsarelikelytoaffectflowingwellsadversely.Withthenumberof
flowingwellsdwindling,abstractionofwaterwillbedependentonthedieselengineorelectricmotoroperatedpumps.Thisincreaseintheenergycostwillbeaddedto
theproductioncostofthecrops.Toequalisetheprofitmargin,itislikelythatfoodpriceswillbeincreasedwhichwillaffecttheendconsumeradversely.
Nevertheless,theimpactoftheabovementionedfactorscanbedrasticallyreducedbystrengtheningthefarmersknowledgeregardingthegroundwaterhydraulicswith
specialattentiononthegroundwatermovementfromtherechargingzonetoflowingartesianwellsintheirfields.But,theimmediateactionthatisrequiredatthisstage
istoincreaseawarenesssothatthefarmersintheregioncaninstallcontrolvalvesontheflowingwellstoavoidwaterloss.Thefarmerswhoareawareofthe
consequencesofthiswaterlosshavealreadyadoptedthesemeasuresbyusingendplugsorendplatesforthepurpose.However,thesemeasuresarenotsoeffectivein
completelycontrollingthewaterloss(seeFigure3below).Lackofgeneralmaintenanceofcontrolvalves,nonreplacementofendpluggasketsatappropriateintervals,
andimpropertighteningofthenutsandboltsofthepipearethemainreasonsofthismajorwaterloss.
Additionally,thereisaneedtodemarcatethemajorrechargingzonesinBhabarbeltandanykindofdevelopmentotherthantheconstructionofwater
conservation/harvestingstructuresshouldberestrictedonit.Environmentalisotopetechniquescanbeefficientlyusedforthepurpose(Shivannaetal:2008).
ConservinggroundwaterresourcesatthisstageiscrucialintheTaraiandBhabarbeltbeforeitstoolate.
JANUARY2014CURRENTAFFAIRSCVILSERVICESEXAM2014
Q1WRITEASHORTNOTEON"SMILEWELLNESSPROGRAMME&ITSSIGNIFICANCE?[50WORDS]
Q2ENUMERATETHESALIENTFEATURESOFSUPPRESSIONOFUNLAWFULACTSAGAINSTSAFETYOFMARITIMENAVIGATIONANDFIXED
PLATFORMSONCONTINENTALSHELFACT,2002?HOWAPPLICATIONOFSUAACTINITALIANMARINESCASEMAYAFFECTINDIAEURELATIONS[200
words]
Q3WHATDOYOUMEANBYDEXTER?BRIEFLYMENTIONTHESIGNIFICANCEOFDEXTER?DISCUSSTHEROLEOFCERTIn?[200WORDS]
Q4WHATISFEDTAPERING?ENUMERATETHEREASONSWHYUSHASSTARTEDFEDTAPERING?WHATARETHEIMPLICATIONSOFFEDTAPERING
ONEMERGINGMARKETSLIKEINDIA?[200words]
Q5DEFINEAVALANCHES?HOWITOCCURS?DESCRIBETHEVARIOUSPREVENTIVESTEPSTAKENBYGOVERNMENTOFINDIATOCONTROL
AVALANCHES?[200WORDS]
https://www.evernote.com/pub/crazyphoton/geography
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Q6WHATDOYOUMEANBYPONZISCHEME?HOWPONZISCHEMEDIFFERSFROMPYRAMIDSCHEME?DISCUSSTHEROLEOFSEBIIN
CONTROLLINGPONZISCHEMES?[200WORDS]
Q7WHATDOYOUMEANBYEAVESDROPPING?INDIANEEDSEAVESDROPPINGSYSTEMLIKECENTRALMONITORINGSYSTEMCOMMENT?[200
WORDS]
Q8TEESTARIVERWATERSHARINGISSUE&ITSIMPACTONINDIABANGLADESHRELATIONS[200WORDS]
Q9WHATDOYOUMEANBYQUANTITATIVEEASING?HOWITINFLUENCESEMERGINGECONOMIESLIKEINDIA?CANINDIAFOLLOW
QUANTITATIVEEASINGPOLICYLIKEUSACOMMENT?[200WORDS]
Q10WHATDOYOUMEANBYSPECTRUM?SPECTRUMISCONSIDEREDASASOVEREIGNASSETCRITICALLYANALYZE?[200WORDS]
Q11WRITEASHORTNOTEONSTRUCTURE,MANDATE&FUNCTIONSOFNCPCR?[100WORDS]
Q12WRITEASHORTNOTEONNAWADCO?[50WORDS]
Q13SPECIALARTICLE"GEOPOLITICALGAMEAROUNDATEMPORARYLINELINEOFCONTROL"
Q14INDIAISOFTENCALLED"INTANGIBLECULTURALHERITAGE"OFTHEWORLD.CRITICALLYEVALUATETHESTATEMENTBYUSINGFOLKDANCES
OFINDIAASANEXAMPLE[300WORDS]
Q15WHATDOYOUMEANBYATMOSPHERICBROWNCLOUD?DESCRIBETHEREASONSANDITSIMPACTSONSOUTHASIA?[200words]
Q15WHATISASACUSAEXPERIMENT?DISCUSSINDETAILTHESIGNIFICANCEOFIT?[100WORDS]
Q16WRITEASHORTNOTEONNATIONALSPORTSDEVELOPMENTFUND[50WORDS]
Q17WHATDOYOUMEANBYINNOVATION?THEBOTTOMOFECONOMICPYRAMID[SME]NEEDSCAPITALASSISTANCETOENHANCETHEIR
INNOVATIONSKILLS.INTHISBACKGROUND,DISCUSSTHEVARIOUSOBJECTIVESANDSIGNIFICANCEOFRECENTLYLAUNCHEDINDIAINCLUSION
INNOVATIONFUND[100WORDS]
Q18WHATDOYOUMEANBYRURALURBANCLUSTERS?THERECHRISTINEDPURASCHEMEWILLENSURETHEDEVELOPMENTOFRURALURBAN
CLUSTERSCOMMENT?[200WORDS]
Q19WRITEASHORTNOTE"NATIONALCOMMUNALHARMONYAWARDS&ITSSIGNIFICANCE"?[50WORDS]
Q20WHATDOYOUMEANBYTHETERM"ABENOMICS"?HOWABENOMICSISDIFFERENTFROM'LIKONOMICS'?DISCUSSINDETAILTHE
IMPLICATIONSOFABENOMICSTOINDIA?[200WORDS]
Aluminiumindustrychangesinworld
Higherenergyprices
Energyshocksof1973and1979,andthesurgeofenergydemandinChina,India,Braziland
otherfastgrowingemergingeconomiesintheearlyyearsofthenewmillenniumhavepushed
uppricesnotonlyofoilbutalsoofallotherformsofenergy(Figure6).Evenifdiscoveriesof
newenergysupplyorfinancialcriseshavekeptpricesatbay,thegeneraltrendhasdefinitely
beenupward,thusincreasingthepriceofelectricitygeneration.Thelatterjumpinelectricity
priceshasdramaticallyalteredtheinternationalcompetitivenessandhencelocationof
industriessuchasaluminiumwhoseproductionprocessuseslargeamountsofelectricity.
Energyshocksandthesoaringenergydemandinmanyemergingeconomiesdidnotpushup
thepriceofelectricityequallyinallcountries.Somenationsareendowedwithamplesupplies
ofhydropowerorlowcostcoalpreventingelectricitycostsfromrisingassharplyasinnations
moredependentonimportedoilgeneratedpower.
Theinterregionaldifferencesinelectricitypricesandhenceincountriesprimaryaluminium
productioncostswereexacerbatedbythefactorsmentionedabove,acceleratingtheshiftof
primaryaluminiumproductioncentresthatbeganinthe1970sfromhighcostlocationssuchas
Japan,UnitedStatesandWesternEuropetolowercostregionssuchasAustralia,Canada,
MiddleEast,RussiaandChina.
Inthelast1015years,theshifthasaccelerated,withtheMiddleEaststrengtheningitsposition
asaleadingaluminiumproductioncentrewithinChina,themoveisfromthehighcostareasof
thesouthandsoutheasttothewestandnorthwestregions.
However,differencesinelectricitypricesdonotfullyexplaintheshiftinprimaryaluminium
productioncentres.Theimpactofpublicpolicyelectricityratesbelowthelongrunmarginal
opportunitycostofproduction,taxes,exchangerates,tradetariffs,orindustrysubsidiesalso
needstobetakenintoaccount.Theclearobject
USsharehasgonedownfrom32%to4%inlast40yrs,Japanfrom9%tozero.
DrainagePatterns
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IndusBasin
1. Indus:BokharChuglacier.
2. Jhelum:VerinaginKashmirValley.ThenitflowsintoWularlakewhereKishengangaprojectislocated.
3. Chenab:OriginatesintheformofChandraandBhagariversinHP@BaraLachapass.TheymeetatTandi.Salal,Baglihar(inDoda,Kashmir)
projectsareonthisriver.
4. Ravi:Originates@RohtangpassinHP.
5. Beas:Originates@BeasKund,RohtangpassinHP.
6. Satluj:OriginatesinRakaslakeinTibet.ItentersHP@ShipkiLa.
7. GhaggharHakra:Itoriginates@AmbalaandlosesinthedesertinHanumangarh.
GangaBasin
1. Ganga:Originates@GomukhglacierinUttarakhand.MeetsAlakhnanda@Devprayag.Antecedent.
2. Chambal:Originates@MhowCantt,Indore.JoinsYamuna@Itawah.Cutsagorge.
3. Kali:AlsocalledSharda,originatesinNepalandmeetsGhaghra@Barabanki.
4. Ghaghra:ItoriginatesinNepal,cutsagorgeandjoinsGanganearChapra.Antecedent.
5. Gandak:EntersIndia@ChamparanandmeetsGanga@SonpurnearPatna.
6. Kosi:ItjoinsGanga@Manihari.Originates@Mt.Everest.
7. Tista:ItjoinsBrahmaputra.Originates@Mt.Kanchenjunga.
8. Ken:OriginatesinMalwaplateau,makesagorge,joinsYamuna@Banda,UP.
9. Son:ItjoinsGangadirectly.Originates@AmarkantakinChattisgarh.
PeninsularRivers
1. Luni:Originates@Ajmer,drainswestofAravalisandmergesintoRannofKuchch.
2. Sabarmati:DrainssouthAravalisintoGulfofKhambat.
3. Mahi:OriginatesinVindhyanhills.DrainsintoGulfofKhambat.
4. Narmada:Originates@AmarkantakinMaikalhillsinChattisgarh.FlowsintoGulfofKhambat.MakesanestuarynearBharuch.1300km.
5. Tapi:ItrisesinSatpurahills.MakesanestuarynearSurat.725km.
6. Subernrekha:RisesnearRanchiandflowseastintoBayofBengal.
7. Brahmani:ItmergesintoMahanadiandflowsintoBoB@Paradipport.ItstributariesKoelandSankhjoin@Rourkela.
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8. Mahanadi:ItrisesinChattisgarh,Hirakuddamisbuilt@thegorgewhereitturnsright.MeetsBoB@Cuttack.850km.
9. Godavari:RisesinNasik@WGhats.1465km.
10. Krishna:OriginatesinMahabaleshwar.1400km.
11. Pennar:RisesinKolar.
12. Cauveri:ItrisesinSMysoreplateauandnearMysoreKrishnaSagardamhasbeenbuilt.800km.
PeninsularvsHimalayanRivers
1. Peninsularriversareold,havebroadchannels,slowmoving,havehardlyanyverticalerosionandlowcarryingcapacity.Himalayanriverson
theotherhandareinlateyouth,deepverticalcutting,shallowchannelsinupperparts,swiftaswellassluggishadhugeerosioncapacity.
ClimaticRegions
(C)MonsoonskicurrentunderstandingisthatJetstreamsplayakeyroleinit.Oldtheorieshaveallbeendiscarded.Now,itisbelievedthattheupperaircirculationsareasimportantasthe
surfacecirculations:
ThefoolwingarethekeyplayersinMonsoon:
1.NorthwardshiftingoftheWesterlyJet(northofhimalayas)
2.TropicalEasterlyJetStreamwhichisassociatedcloselywiththeburstofmonsoon.ItisalsoamajorreasonwhytherearenocyclonesduringMonsoonbecausethepresenceofanEasterlyjet
overtheIndianlandmassintheuppertropospherepreventsverticalcirculationofair...whichisapreconditionforformationofcyclones.
3.NorthwardshiftingoftheITCZ.
4.SEtradewindsfromS.hemispherecrosstheequatorandturnrightduetocoriolisforce.
5.ThelocationandshiftofITCZgovernsthebreaksandpulsatingnatureofmonsoons.
6.ElNino/LaNina
AgoodsourcetounderstandMonsoonwouldbeDDKhullarbutIguessyouneednotgointotoomuchdetailforthesakeofGS.
Regardingyourotherquestion...
Also,TropicalcyclonesmovefromeasttoWest.....theyaresecondarycirculationsandmaintainthelargerdirectionoftheplanetarywinds(i.eTradewindswhichblowfromEasttoWest).
So,anycyclonestoforminArabianseaislesslikelytoaffectIndia.
Also,anotherreasonthatcanbegivenisthatthefindlaterjetofthecoastofSomaliacausescoastalupwellingandhencecoolingofwatersinthewesternIndianocean...andcoolertemperatures
wouldnotsupporttheformationoftropicalcyclones.However,pleasenotethatitwouldhappenonlyiftheFindlaterJetisverystrong.
KoeppenScheme
1. It is based on monthly values of temperature and precipitation. A ==> Tropical B ==> Dry C ==> Temperate D ==> Continental E ==>
Polar.
2. These5typesaredividedintosubtypesbasedonseasonalvariationsinrainfallandtemperature.m(monsoon),w(wetanddryorsavanna),s
(semiarid:precipitation>50%ofthresholdbut<threshold),h(lowlatitude)denotesubtypes.
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1. Amw==>Tropicalmonsoonwithshortdryseason.ItprevailsinwesternghatssouthofGoa.
2. As==>Tropicalmonsoontypeswithdrysummers.ItprevailsineasternghatsinCoromandelcoast.
3. Aw==>Tropicalsavannatype.
4. Bshw==>Semiaridsteppeclimate.
5. Bwhw==>Hotdeserttype.
6. Cwg==>Monsoontypewithdrywinters.
7. Dfc==>Coldhumidwintertype.
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8. E==>Polartype.
ThornthwaiteScheme
1. Itisbasedonconceptofwaterbalancei.e.rateofprecipitationrateofevaporation.Anareaisaridifthereiswaterdeficiencyinallmonths.
Anareaishumidifithaswatersurplusinallmonths.
A==>Perhumid
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B==>Humid
C==>Moistsubhumid
C2==>Drysubhumid
D==>Semiarid
E==>Arid
Cyclones
1. They strike in 2 distinct seasons (a) premonsoon months of AprilMay, and (b) postmonsoon months of OctoberNovember. The post
monsoonmonthshavemoreintensecycloneactivity.
2. CyclonesaremoredominantinBayofBengalcomparedtoArabiansea.Thereasonscouldbe(a)Tradewindsblowfromeasttowest.
Conditionsnecessaryforformationofcyclones
1. Largeandcontinuoussupplyofwarmmoistairthatcanreleaseenormousamountoflatentheat.
2. Largecoriolisforcewhichcanpreventthefillingoflowpressure.
3. Absenceofstrongverticalcurrentswhichcandistributethelatentheatvertically.
4. Unstableconditionsintroposphere.
GeographicalRegions
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HimalayanRegions
1. Kashmir:Thevalleyissurroundedbyhighmountainrangesandhasatemperateclimateandalpinevegetation.
2. Karakoram,Ladakh,Baltistan:Herewehavehighplateaus,mountainrangesandinhabitableterrain.
3. HimachalandKumaon:ItliestotheeastofSutlejgorge.TheydifferfromKashmirHimalayasinrainfallpatternandvegetation.Rainfallhere
ishigherandtreesaretropicalinvalleysofKullu,Kangra,Shimla.
4. Easternhimalayas:Theyreceiveheavyrainfallsandvegetationisluxuriant.
5. Purvanchal:Theyhavelowaltitude(<2000m)andrainfallisalsoless.Theforestcoveristhickthoughitchangesfromtropicalevergreento
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monsoondeciduoustype.
UniqueHimalayanrelieveandstructure
Structurereferstogeochemicalcompositionandinternalfeaturesofrocksandtheir
geomorphicdescription.
Reliefreferstoslopeanditsnature,angularposition,natureofpeaksandvalleys.
=>Structure:
IndoTsangpoSutureZone:Convergenceboundaryofplates.
TethyeanHimalayaSedimentaryandfossilrocks.
GreatHimalayaAssymetricalfold,ArcheangraniteGneissSchistAbsenceof
volcanicEruption(Batholithstructure.)
LesserHimalayaMetamorphicrocks(Slate,quartzite)
Shivaliksalmostunbrokenrange,limeandsandstone
Absenceofvolcaniceruption(Batholithstructureininnerpart.)
LargenumberoffaultsMBF,MCT,HFF
Beltofnappe
SyntaxialBend,ConvexshapeofHimalaya
Orthoclinalplan
=>Relicf:
Seriesofhighelevationpeaks
VShapedvalleyanddeepgorges
Synclinalvalleyandanticlinalpeaks
Lackofintermontaneplateausandbasins
Glaciallandscape
Riverterraces
Steepersouthernslopethannorthernslope
PlainRegions
1. Punjabplains:ItisapartoftheIndusplainandhasadryclimate.Thevariousdoabsare(a)BaridoabBeasandRavi,(b)BistdoabBeas
andSutlej,(c)RachnadoabRaviandChenab,(d)ChajdoabChenabandJhelum,(e)SindSagardoabChenabJhelumandIndus.Itsarid
characteranddrythornyvegetationdistinguishesitfromthesubhumidGangeticplain.
2. IndoGangeticdivide:ItliesmainlyinHaryanabetweenSutlejandYamunaandisthewatershedbetweenIndusandGangasystems.Partsofit
areintrudedbyAravalis.Itisatransitionzone.
3. Gangeticplain:Subhumid.Rainfallincreasestoeast.
4. Gangadelta:Hightemperaturesandhumidclimate.
5. Assamvalley:Shortersummer,higherrainfallandhumidity.
PeninsularPlateauRegions
1. Thardesert:ItisanextensionoftheVindhayanuplandtothewestofAravalislyingunderneaththesand.
2. Aravalis:Southernpartishigherandhasmoreforestcover.ItformstheNWflankoftheplateauandisheavilyeroded.
3. CentralVindhayanuplands:ItconsistsofMalwaplateauandBundelkhandgnessis.Itishighlydissectedandsoilcoverisshallow.Vegetation
variesfromtropicaldrydeciduoustotropicalthornyshrubs.ItcontainstheVindhyas,KaimurandBhanverranges.Itoffersmanynaturalsites
forstorageofwater.Itismadeofgneissesandquartzite.
4. Khandesh, Satpura, Maikal ranges: These are scarp plateaus lying to south of Narmada and have steep sides. Tapi trough lies to its south.
Ajantacavesarehere.
5. Chotanagpurplateau:Itisdissected,highrainfallregion.Ithasmoistdeciduousforests.
6. Meghalayaplateau:Itisdissected,highrainfallregion.Ithasevergreenforests.Itsgeneralheightis13001800meters.
7. Kuchch&Kathiawar:Theyarelavaformations.Thesearelowbuthighlydissectedrangeswithsaltmarshesinthenorth.Climateisdry.
8. Gujaratcoast:Sabarmati,Mahi,NarmadaandTapihavedepositedalluviumhere.ItisatransitionzonefromhumidwestcoasttoaridGujarat
andRajasthan.
9. Konkancoast:ItisnarrowanddominatedbyoutlyingscarpsofWGhats.
10. Goa&Kanaracoast:Itishotandhumidandrainyseasonlengthensaswemovesouth.
11. Malabarcoast:Itiswiderplainandhasgreatdiversityofvegetation.Rainfallhoweverdecreasestowardsthesoutherntipofthepeninsula.
12. WGhats:Theregeneralaltitudeis9001100metersanditcontinuesuptoGoa.Heretheruggedlavatopographygiveswaytosmoothgranites
andgnessishills.NearGoatheirappearancechangesfromhighlydissectedlavarockstosmoothgraniteandgneisseshills.Theirheightdipsto
900meterbutrisesagainstinNilgirihills.
13. Deccanlavaplateau:Itgivesrisetotheblacksoil.Itsgeneralslopeistowardseastandsoutheast.
14. Karnataka plateau: Lava rocks of deccan plateau are replaced by granite and gnessis here. General elevation is 450 800 meters and it is
dividedintoMalnadandMaidanplateaus.Malnadisthicklyforested.
15. Wainganga and Mahanadi basin: These are low lying basins. Rainfall is lower in Wainganga basin than in Mahanadi basin. Sal forests are
foundinWaingangabasinandteakforestsinMahanadibasin.
16. Telangana:Itisalow,highlydissectedplateau.Isolatedgraniterocksformuplandsandarecalledmonadnocks.Otherwiseitsanopenregion.
Mostlyithasgrasslandsandlowrainfall.
17. Southernhillscomplex:Nilgiris,Anamalais,Palanirangesarehere.Theyhavethickvegetationcover.
18. Easternghats:Theyconsistof3maingroups(a)NorthernhillsbetweenJamshedpurandGodavari,(b)CudappahhillsbetweenGodavariand
Palkonda,and(c)TamilNaduhillslyingbetweenCauveriandPalar.
IslandRegions
1. Lakshadweepislands:Theyhavetropicalhumidclimate.Theyarecoralislands.
2. A&Nislands:Theyarevolcanicislands.
ReliefFeatures
Plateau
Evolution
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1. Itwasliftedoutoftheseainprecambriantimesandneverfellback.Itcanbecomparedtoahorst.
2. Intheinitialphases,AravalisfoldedupintogreatmountainrangesandsodidNallamalaihillsinsouth.Thisistheonlyincidentoffoldingin
peninsularblock.
3. Generally it has seen faulting and fracturing only. The recent evidences of uplift are in Palni and Nilgiri hills. Narmada and Tapi are fault
valleys.
4. When Himalayas began to rise, the NW part of plateau saw volcanic eruptions leading to the formation of Deccan lava plateau. Then the
westernpartoftheplateausubsidedbelowtheoceanleadingtotheprominenceofWesternGhats.Theeasterncoastlinehasremainedlargely
unchanged.ThegapbetweenRajmahalandGaroisduetodownwarpingwhichhappenedasaresultofHimalayanfolding.
Relief
1. Slope:Thegeneralelevationis600900meters.Theplateaufirstslopestowardsthenorthandtheeast(assuggestedbyChambal,Sonand
Damodar)andthenwest(Vindhyan,Kaimur,Satpuraranges).TowardsthesouthofSatpura,thegeneralslopistowardstheeastandthesouth
east.
2. Southernplateau:Itismadeofgraniteandgneiss.Nilgiris,KarnatakaplateauandTelanganaareexamples.
3. Deccanlavaplateau:Itcontainshorizontallyarrangedbasalticlavasheets.
4. Narmadaandtapitroughs:TheyliebetweenVindhyasandSatpura.
Himalayas
Evolution
1. Itremainedundersealeveluntiltherecenttimes.InMesozoictimes,theareawasageosynclineandwasunderTethyssea.Thenthesediments
depositedundertheseabegantobefoldedup~6570mya.By3060mya,Tethys'crustbegantofractureandby2030myaHimalayasbegan
toemerge.
2. TheerosionfromtheHimalayasbegantofillthedepressionofTethys.Inthefirstphase,theupliftofcentralhimalayanaxistookplacewhich
comprisedofoldsedimentsandcrystallinerocks.SeconduplifttookplaceinMiocenewhichsawtheupliftofPotwarregionofPakistan.Inthe
thirdupliftinpleistocene,Shivaliksemerged.KarakoramrangesemergedbeforeHimalayas.
Relief
1. Longitudinalclassification:FromIndusgorgetoSutlejgorgetheyarecalledPunjabhimalayasandrunfor560km.BetweenSutlejgorgeto
KaligorgetheyareknownasKumaonhimalayasandrunfor320km.BetweenKaligorgeandTeestagorgetheyareacalledNepalhimalayas
(800 km) and between Teesta gorge and Dihang gorge they are called Assam himalayas (720 km). Punjab himalayas can be broken into
KashmirandHimachalhimalayas.
2. Inthewestthehimalayasattainheightgraduallythroughasuccessivechainofranges(subhillsofJ&KfollowedbyPirPanjalandDhaloadhar
followedbyKashmirandZaskarrangesandfinallyKarakoram,KailashandLadakhranges).Butineast,himalayasattainheightsuddenlyfrom
theplains.
3. Axialclassification:Greathimalayas(height~6000m),lesserhimalayas(width80kmandheight~4500m)andSiwaliks(width~50kmand
height~1000m).Theyhavelongitudinalvalleysorplateausseparatingthem.
4. Syntaxianbends:Theyoccur@IndusandDihanggorges.TheywereformedasHimalayaspressedagainsttheplateau.
5. Orthoclinalstructure:Theyhavesteep,scarplikefaceonsouthandgentlerslopestowardsnorth.Thenorthhasgreateramountofglaciers.
6. Rockbasedclassification:(a)Northorthetibetanzonecomprisesofoldsedimentaryrockslyingtothenorthofgreathimalayas.(b)Centralor
the himalayan zone comprises of lesser and parts of great himalayas and is composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks. There is no
horizontaldisplacementofrocks.(c)NappezonecomprisesofKashmir,HimachalandGarwahlhimalayas.Theyhavethrustfaultsduetoover
folding.(d)Siwalikswhicharecomposedofrecenttimessedimentarydeposits.
Plains
Evolution
1. TheywereformedduetofillingofTethysbysediments.Perhapsinthemountainbuildingprocess,thenorthernpartoftheplateausubsided.
RajmahalGarogapwasadepressionwhichwascreatedinthesameprocessofdownwarpingandsubsequentlygotfilledwithsediments.
Relief
1. PlainsarenarrowestinAssam(100km)andincreaseinwidthtowardsthewest(160kminRajmahaland280kminAllahbad).
2. Deltas:GangadeltaextendsfromRajmahaltotheedge(430kmx480km)whileIndusdeltaextendsonlyfor960kmx160kmfromChenab
hills.Ganga'sflowincreasesasitmoveswhileIndus'sdecreases.AlluviumofGangeticdeltaisfinerthanIndusdelta.Gangeticdeltaisalso
deeperthanIndusdelta.
3. Bhabhar,terai,bhangarandkhadar:BhabharliesalongthefootofSiwaliksconsistentlyandisstuddedwithpebbles.Itsporosityissohighthat
allthestreamslosethemselvesundergroundbeforereemerginginterai.Itisonly816kmwide.Theteraiisdamp,haswetlandsandexcessive
forestcover.Theolderalluviumintheplainiscalledbhangarwhiletheneweroneiscalledkhadar.Bhangarformsalluvialterraces.Calcareous
formationsonbhangararecalledkankar.Bhangarformationsindeltaictractsformlowuplandscalledbarinds.
4. Alluvialcones,interconesandconefootplains:Alluvialfansorconesareformedwhenriverdescendsontoplains.Allhimalayanriversform
cones except Ghagghar. Alluvial fans / cones have convex edges. If the edges are concave they are called intercones. When cones and
interconesmergetheyformconefootplains.GenerallyhimalayanriversformsimpleconesexceptBeas,Ravi,Teestawhichformcomposite
cones.ThenorthBiharplainistheintersectionof3conesformedbyGandak,KosiandTeesta.
5. Indusplains:TothewestoftheIndusliesbhangar.Itsnorthernpartisaclaypatdesertwhilethesouthisasandydesert.TotheeastofIndusis
thedelta.Olddryriverbedsarecalleddhoros.Alongsomeofthedhorosoccuralkalinelakescalleddhands.Towardstheeast,theIndusdelta
graduallylosesitselfinthesaltwastesofRannofKuchch.
6. Punjabplains:Therivershavebluffsalongtheirsideswhicharecalleddhayas.Thesebluffsmaybeheavilygullied.Thekhadarbeltisknown
asbetandisusefulforagriculture.Thenorthernpartofplains(nearHoshiarpur)haswitnessedheavyerosionatthehandsofnarrowstreams
calledchos.Thesechosrearrangethemselvesaftereveryflood.
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7. Yamunaplains:Itstributaries(speciallyChambal)cutaseriesofgulliesandravinesintheplateauandthesearecalledbadlands.
8. GangaYamunadoab:Thebhangarformsuplandswhichmayriseupto1530metersandarecalledkhols.WhileYamunakholsmayriseup
to6115meters,Gangakholsmaybe1220meters.SuchuplandsarecalledbhursinMoradabadandBijnor.Theymightbeformedasaresult
ofjoiningof2headandchannelbarsinabraidedstream.
Soils
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1. Alluvialsoils:Inplains,theyhavebeenbroughtdownbyrivers,incoastsbythetidesandinsemiaridareasbythedesertwinds.Bhangarhasa
higherclaycontentthankhadarsothewaterretentioncapacityofkhadarisnotgood.TheyareNPdeficientbutKrich.
2. Blacksoils:Theyareoflavaorigin,clayeyandimpermeable.Ontheuplandstheyhavecomparativelylowerfertilitythanthelowlands.They
are deficient in NP and organic matter but rich in K, Fe, Mg, Al. They are good for cotton and sugarcane production. They are generally
alkaline.
3. Redsoils:RedcolorisduetoFe.TheirpHvariesfrom6.6to8andarepoorerthanalluvial.Theyareloamyorsandyandhavelowwater
retentioncapacity.Theyaredeepandfertileinlowlandsandpoorinuplands.TheyarepoorinNPKandorganicmatter.
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4. Lateritesoils:Thealterationofwetanddryseasonleadstoleaching.Thesoilsinhigherareasaremoreacidicthaninlowerareasasleachingis
morethere.
5. Mountainsoils:Theyareacidic,loamyandpoorinorganicmatter.
6. Desertsoils:Theyaresandy,alkaline,PKrichbutNandorganicmatterdeficient.
NaturalVegetation
1. Tropicalevergreenforests:TheyaremainlyfoundinWGhatsandMeghalaya.Mahogany,jamun,bambooaremainspecies.
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2. Tropicalmoistdeciduousforests:Theyaretypicalmonsoonforests.Theyarefoundinregionsofmoderaterainfall(100200cm).Teak,sal,
sandalwood,sheeshamaremainspecies.
3. Tropicaldrydeciduousforests:Theyarefoundinareashaving70100cmofrain.Inthedryseasonthetreesshedtheirleavescompletely.
4. Tropicalthornforests:Theyarefoundinareaswith<70cmrainfall.
RainfallandDrought
IMDMonsoonClassificationNorms
1. BelowNormal:9096%.
2. Normal:96104%.
3. AboveNormal:104110%.
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EconomicGeography
MineralBelts
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IronOre
Distribution&Production
1. Indiaproduces210MTofironore.Domesticconsumptionis110MT.Karnataka(25%)>Odisha(22%)>Chattisgarh(20%)>Goa(18%)>
Jharkhand(14%).
2. Totalreserves25biotonnes,14biogoodquality.
3. Indiais5thlargestironoreexporter.Japan,China,SKoreamajorimporters.
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Types
of
Ores
1. Hematite:6070%Fe.Itsreddishincolor.Jharkhand,Odisha,Chattisgarh,MP,AP,Goa,Maharastra,Karnataka.
2. Magnetite:6065%Feandblackincolor,igneousormetamorphic.Karnataka(Dharwar,Shimoga),AP(Bellary),TN(Salem,Tiruchillapalli).
3. Limonite:3550%Fe,yellowincolorandishydrated.WBengal(Raniganj),UP(Mirzapur),Uttarakhand(Garhwal),HP(Kangra).
4. Siderite:1030%Fe,carbonateofFe.
Manganese
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DistributionandProduction
1. Indiahas2ndlargestreserves(380MT)afterZimbabweand5thlargestproducer(2MT)afterBrazil,Gabon,SAF,Australia.
2. Odisha(40%),Maharastra(23%),MP(20%),Karnataka(14%)arethemainproducers.
Uses
1. Steelmaking,bleachingpowder,pesticides,paints,photography.
Copper
Distribution
and
Production
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1. Intermsofreserves,Rajasthan>MP>Jharkhand.Intermsofproduction,MP>Rajasthan>Jharkhand.
2. IndiaimportsCufromZimbabwe,Australia,Japan,USA,Mexico.
Chromite
1. ItisfoundinOdisha(99%).Itisusedinsteelindustry.
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Lead
1. Rajasthan(Udaipur,Dungarpur)>AP.Indiaimports75%ofitsPbfromAustralia,CanadaandMyanmar.
Zinc
1. Rajasthanproduces99%.Indiaimports80%ofitsZnrequirementfromAustralia,Canada,Zaire.
Bauxite
1. Odisha(50%)>Gujarat(16%)>Jharkhand(12%)inproduction.
Gold
1. Karnataka(KolarandHutti)>AP(Ramgiri).
Mica
1. Inreserves,Rajasthan(51%)>AP>Maharastra.Inproduction,AP(Nellorebelt)(71%)>Rajasthan(JaipurUdaipurbelt)(16%)>Jharkhand
(12%).
2. Indiaislargestproducerandexporterintheworld.Japan,USA,UKarethemainclients.
Properties&Uses
1. Ithasinsulatingproperties,canwithstandhighvoltageandlowpowerlossfactor.
Limestone
Type
1. Dolomite: Contains 10% Mg and used in iron and steel industry. Odisha is leading producer (30%) of dolomite followed by Chattisgarh
(27%).
1. Rajasthan>MP>AP.
Gypsum
Uses
1. Itishydratedcalciumsulphateandisusedincement,fertilizersindustry.Itisusedinplasterofparisandceramicsaswell.
1. Rajasthanistheleadingproducer(99%).
Cattle
1. Ithas2ndlargestcattleheads(14%)intheworldandlargest(56%)buffaloheads.
2. MP>UP>Bihar>WBengalincattleheads.
3. Ingoats,Bihar>Rajasthan>WBengal.SheeparerearedinRajasthan>AP>TN>Karnataka.Inpoultry,AP>Bihar>WBengal>TN.
Coal
1. Inreserves,Jharkhand(29%)>Odisha(25%)>Chattisgarh(16%)>WBengal(11%)>MP(8%)>AP(7%).
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Uses
1. Bituminouscoalisusedinmakingcokeandcoalgasviadestructivedistillation.
Crude
ProductionandDistribution
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1. Maharastra(65%)>Gujarat(18%)>Assam(15%).
2. HazaraBijapurJagdishpurpipelineisthelongestpipelineinIndia.
3. MajorrefineriesareatKoyali,Panipat,Mumbai,Manali,Mangalore.
Electricity
HydroElectricity
1. Hirakud==>Mahanadi.GandhiSagar==>Chambal.DoolHasti==>ChenabinJammu.JawaharSagar==>Rajasthan.NagarjunSagar==>
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Krishna.
NuclearEnergy
Srikakulamnewreactorby2016inAP
Irrigation
1. In terms of total canal area UP > AP > Haryana. Irrigation in tube wells is UP > Rajasthan > Punjab. Irrigation in tanks is TN > AP >
Maharastra.
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2. Wellshavethehighestareaundercoverage(45%)followedbycanals(40%)andtanks(15%).
Agriculture
AgriculturalRegions
1. Temperatehimalayaregion: The eastern himalayas are wet (rainfall > 250 cm) and have thick forest cover. Tea is cultivated on slopes and
paddyinvalleys.Thewesternhimalayasaredryandhorticulturecropsanddryfruitcropsaremaincropsgrown.
2. Northern dry region: Rainfall < 75 cm and includes UP, Rajasthan, west MP, Punjab, Haryana. Wheat is the main crop. Maize, cotton,
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sugarcane(onlyinirrigatedarea)andrice(onlyinirrigatedarea)areothercrops.
3. Easternwetregion:Rainfall>150cmandincludesWBengal,Odisha,AP,TN,Chattisgarh,NE.Paddy.
4. Westernwetormalabarregion:Rainfall>200cmandincludescoastofKeralaandKarnataka.Rice,coconut,cashewnuts,spices,rubberare
grown.
5. Southernaridregion:Rainfall<100cm.Coarsecerealslikemillet,bajra,ragiaregrown.
Rice
1. Itneedswarm,humidclimateandwelldistributedrainfall.Deltaandvalleysoilswithhighclaycontentaremostsuitable.
Wheat
1. Itneedscooltemperatureandmoderaterainfall.Welldrainedloamysoilsareideal.
Maize
1. Itrequireswarmclimatewithmoderaterainfall.Alluvialandredsoulsaregood.
2. UP,Bihar,Rajasthan,Punjabaremainproducers.
Bajra
1. Itneedswarmanddryclimate.Sandysoilsaregood.
2. RajasthanandGujarataremainproducers.
Jowar
1. Itneedswarmanddryclimatebutprolongeddroughtisharmful.Sandysoilsaregood.
2. Maharastra,KarnatakaandMParemainproducers.
Cardamom
1. Kerala>Sikkhim?Karnataka.
Coffee
1. Karnataka(67%)>Kerala>TN.
2. Productionhasincreasedfrom290Ktonnesin200910to320Ktonnesin201112.
Cotton
1. Itneedswarmandsemiaridconditionswithabundantsunshine.Blacksoilsareideal.
2. Gujarat,APandMParemainproducers.
Pulses
1. TheyaredrycropsmainlygrowninMP,UP,Rajasthan.
Tea
1. Itneedsheavyprecipitation,gooddrainageandwarmconditions.
2. Assam>WBengal>TN.
Rubber
1. Itneedswarmandhumidconditions.
2. ItisgrowninKerala(90%)>TN.
Groundnut
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Tobacco
1. Itneedswarmandsemiaridconditions.
2. AP>Karnataka.
Rapeseed
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Silk
1. Karnataka,J&KandAParemainproducers.
Sugar
1. ItneedsirrigationandisplantedinFebruaryandharvestedinOctober.Monsoonalclimateisgood.Itneedsmoderaterainfall.
Fisheries
1. Indiancoastlineis8100km,EEZ:2mmsq.km(westcoast:0.85mm,eastcoast:0.55mm,A&Nislands:0.6mm),continentalshelf:0.5mm
sq.km.Fisheriescontribute5%ofagriGDPand0.6%oftotalGDP.
2. WBengal(1.5MT)>AP(1MT)>GujaratandKerala(0.7MTeach).
3. In2010,aquacultureproduction:4MT(3rdhighestintheworld),marineproduction:4MT.Perfishermancatch=2Tperannum.
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Ports
MumbaiPort
1. Itisanaturalharbor.Anewport@NavaShevahasbeendevelopedtotakeoffitsburden.
ParadipPort
1. Itisanartificial,deepwaterport@confluenceofMahanadiandBoB.Ithasacapacityof20MTtohandlecoalandawaterdraftof19mto
accommodatecapesizevehicles(shipsoriginallytoolargetotransitSuezcanal~150K400Kdeadweighttonnes).Deadweighttonnesisthe
maxweightashipcancarrysafely.Ithandlesironoreandcoal.
Tuticorinport
1. Ithandlescoal,fertilizersandironore.
EnnorePort
1. ItislocatednearChennaiandisacorporateport(68%centre,32%Chennaiporttruststake).Ithasacapacityof12MTanddraftof13.5m.It
canhandle65K80Kdeadweighttonnesships.Itmainlyhandlescoal.
KolkataPort
1. ItsariverineportandhasadeepwaterdockatHaldia.
HaldiaPort
1. IthasbeendevelopedtoreliveKolkata.Italsohasanoilrefineryandisariverineport.
KandlaPort
1. Itisanaturaldeepwatertidalport.Ithandlespetroleum,chemicals,ironandsteelandtextiles.
VishakhpatnamPort
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1. Itisthelargestportandhasacapacityof65MT.Itisthedeepestlandlockedandprotectedport.Ithandlespetroleumandironore.
NewMangalorePort
1. Itisadeepwaterport.Ithandlesironore,petroleumproducts,fertilizers.
MarmagaonPort
1. LocatedinGoa,ithandlesironore.Itis5thlargestport.
KochiPort
1. Itisanaturalharborandhandlestea,coffeeandspices.
ChennaiPort
1. Ithandlesautomobiles,ironore,coal,fertilizersandpetroleumproducts.Itscapacityis60MTandis2ndlargestportinIndia.Itsmaximum
draftis16.5m.Itisanaturalport.
Iron&Steel
Distribution&Production
1. Indiaproduced35MTofspongeironandisworld'slargestproducer.Thisis30%oftotalsteelcapacityinIndia.
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RiverLinkagePlan
Himalayandevelopment
ThenortherncomponentwouldconsistofaseriesofdamsbuiltalongtheGangaandBrahmaputrariversinIndia,NepalandBhutanfor
thepurposesofstorage.CanalswouldbebuilttotransfersurpluswaterfromtheeasterntributariesoftheGangatothewest.The
BrahmaputraanditstributarieswouldbelinkedwiththeGangaandtheGangawiththeMahanadiriver.Thispartoftheprojectwould
provideadditionalirrigationforabout220,000squarekilometresandgenerateabout30gigawattsofelectricity.Intheoryitwould
provideextrafloodcontrolintheGangaandBrahmaputrariverbasins.ItcouldalsoprovideexcesswaterforthecontroversialFarakka
BarragewhichcouldbeusedtoflushoutthesiltattheportofKolkata.
Peninsulardevelopment
[edit]
ThemainpartoftheprojectwouldsendwaterfromtheeasternpartofIndiatothesouthandwest.Thesoutherndevelopmentprojectwouldconsistoffourmainparts.
First,theMahanadi,Godavari.KrishnaandKaveririverswouldallbelinkedbycanals.Extrawaterstoragedamswouldbebuiltalongthecourseoftheserivers.The
purposeofthiswouldbetotransfersurpluswaterfromtheMahanadiandGodavaririverstothesouthofIndia.Second,thoseriversthatflowwesttothenorth
ofMumbaiandthesouthofTapiwouldbelinked.Duetotheirregularfluctuationsinwaterlevelsintheregion,asmuchstoragecapacitywouldbebuiltaspossible.
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ThewaterwouldbeusedbytheurbanareasofBombayandalsotoprovideirrigationinthecoastalareasofMaharashtra.ThirdtheKenandChambalriverswouldbe
linkedinordertoprovidebetterwaterfacilitiesforMadhyaPradeshandUttarPradesh.FinallyanumberofwestflowingriversalongtheWesternGhatssimply
dischargeintotheArabianSea.Asmanyoftheseaspossiblewouldbedivertedforirrigationpurposes.ThePeninsularpartoftheprojectwouldprovideadditional
irrigationto130,000squarekilometresandgenerationanadditional4gigawattsofpower.
NationalMonsoonMission
ThemainobjectivesoftheNationalMonsoonMissionare:
(i)TobuildaworkingpartnershipbetweentheacademicandR&Dorganisationsbothnationalandinternationalandtheoperationalagenciestoimprove
theoperationalmonsoonforecastskilloverthecountry.
(ii)Tosetupastateoftheartdynamicmodellingframeworkforimprovingthepredictionskillof:
a.Seasonalandextendedrangepredictionsystem(16daystooneseason)
b.Shorttomediumrangepredictionsystem(upto15days).
TheMissionhasabudgetofRs.400croreforfiveyearstosupporttheresearchworkrelatedtothemission.
TheNationalMonsoonMissionafteritsimplementationwillhelptoimplementadynamicpredictionsystemforthepredictionofmonsooninalltime
scales,shortrangetoseasonaltimescaleatappropriatespatialscaleswithimprovedpredictionskill.Theforecastsbasedonthispredictionsystemwill
catertotheneedsofvarioussectorslikeagriculture,waterresourcesmanagement,powergeneration,disastermanagement,tourismandtransport.
Theprogrammewillbeundertakenthroughtwosubmissionsontwodifferenttimescales,(i)extendedrangetoseasonaltimescaletobecoordinatedby
theIndianInstituteofTropicalMeteorology(IITM)Pune/ESSOand(ii)shorttomediumrangescale,tobecoordinatedbytheNationalCentrefor
MediumRangeWeatherForecasting(NCMRWF)/ESSO.TheIndianNationalCenterforOceanInformationServices(INCOIS)/ESSOwillprovidethe
oceanobservationsforassimilationandtheIndiaMeteorologicalDepartment/ESSOwillimplementtheresearchoutcomeoftheeffortsinoperational
mode.TheMissionwillsupportfocusedresearchbynationalandinternationalresearchgroupswithdefinitiveobjectivesanddeliverablestoimprovethe
modelsintheshort,medium,extendedandseasonalrangescalesatappropriatespatialscales.TheMissionwillalsosupportobservationalprogrammes
thatwillresultinbetterunderstandingoftheprocesses.TheprogressoftheNationalMonsoonMissionwillbereviewedandmonitoredbytwo
committees.TheScientificReviewandMonitoringCommittee(SRMC)willreviewtheresearchproposalsfromdifferentresearchgroupsandmonitorthe
progressoftheresearchwork.TheScientificSteeringCommittee(SSC),whichistheapexbodywillsteertheprogramme,adviseanddirectmidcourse
corrections,ifany.
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