CHIMNEYS

Fill in the gaps 1 10 by choosing one of the words in the caption:

Venting

to draw

scrape off

fumes

tile

lead

tubes

brick

ore

harm

Romans used (1) inside the walls to (2) smoke out of bakeries but real chimneys appeared only in northern
Europe in the 13th century. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century.
Chimneys have traditionally been built of (3) .. , both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick
construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around (4) liners. To control downdrafts (5)
caps (often called chimney pots) with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the methods use to extract (6) from its (7) .. produced large
amounts of highly toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 miles)
long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the (8) would cause less (9)
. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the
chimneys to (10) these valuable deposits.

Read the text referring to chimneys construction and try to guess in the context of the text the meaning of the underlined words
Construction
Due to brick's limited ability to handle transverse loads, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each
floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating
systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural double-wall metal piping allows it to be bent
around obstructions and through walls. In fact, modern high-efficiency furnaces do not require a chimney and can vent sideways
through a wall.

Industrial chimneys were typically external structures, as opposed to being built into the wall of a building. Most often they were
located near a central boiler, and the gases carried to it with external ductwork. Today the use of single-pour concrete has almost
entirely replaced brick in this role. They can be quite tall. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to
meet legislative or safety requirements.
Drawbacks
A characteristic problem of chimneys is they develop deposits of creosote on the walls of the structure when used with wood as a
fuel. Some types of wood, such as pine, generate more creosote than others. Deposits of this substance can interfere with the
airflow and more importantly, they are flammable and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney.
Thus, it is recommendedand in some countries even mandatorythat chimneys be inspected annually and cleaned on a regular
basis to prevent these problems. The workers who perform this task professionally are called chimney sweeps.

Fill in the gaps 1 10 by choosing one of the words in the caption:

malleability health
sealed

seam
pressurized

lead

logs

tapered

plumbing

infant mortality

Water pipes are tubes, frequently made of polyvinyl chloride or copper, that carry (1) .. fresh water to buildings (as part
of a municipal water system), as well as through the building.
An original Roman lead pipe with a folded (2) , at the Roman Baths in Bath, UK.
For many centuries, (3) was the favored material for water pipes, due to its (4) (this use was so common that
the word (5) derives from the Latin word for lead). This was a source of lead related (6) problems in the years
before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood; among these were stillbirth and high rates of (7) . Lead
water pipes were still in common use in the early 20th century and remain in many households.

Wooden pipes were used during the colonial era in Boston. The pipes were hollowed out (8) . These logs were (9)
at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through. The multiple pipes were then (10) together
with hot animal fat.

Read the following fragment which presents the three means of pipe obtainance. As you read, pay attention to the words underlined
and try to guess their meaning.

There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture. Seamless pipe is formed by drawing a solid billet over a piercing rod to
create the hollow shell. Seamless pipe provides the most reliable pressure retaining characteristics, and is often more easily
available than welded pipe. Welded pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam. The weld flash is removed from the outside
and inside surfaces and the weld zone is heat treated, so the seam is generally not visible. Welded pipe often has tighter
dimensional tolerances than seamless, and can be cheaper if manufactured in the same quantities. Cast pipe is no longer very
common, but still exists. Pipe is sometimes cast in a centrifuge. Plastic pipe is generally extruded.

Vocabulary activity
A pipe in the kitchen and flooded the floor.
a. had cracked

b. had exploded

c. had burst

d. had broken

Workmen pipes under the floor.

a. were placing

b. were putting

c. were lying

d. were laying

c. obliterated

d. filled

c. linked

d. soldered

The pipe is again.

a. blocked

b. stuck

the copper pipe can be

a. welded

b. glued

Task 16. Read carefully the next fragment and try to understand the structural elements of a plumbing drainage venting system. At
the end of your reading you are asked to represent graphically what you understood from this fragment.

A plumbing drainage venting system is the component of a drainage system that maintains neutral pressure in the pipework,
allowing flow of water down drains and through waste pipes. Venting also removes foul or combustive air from the system, usually
through vents located above a building's roof.
The abbreviation "DWV" (drain-waste-vent) refers to the piping of a building's complete drainage system.
Venting is important to prevent pressure differentials (trapped pressure or suction) in the system, which could compromise water
seals in the piping.
A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure (equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure). That is, the pipe is not
pressurized or producing suction. When a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air in the pipe, creating a
positive pressure that must be released or push back on the waste stream. As the column of water passes, air must flow in behind
the waste stream or negative pressure (suction) results. The extent of these pressure fluctuations is determined by the fluid volume
of the waste discharge.
Excessive negative air pressure can siphon water from trap seals at sanitary appliances (such as the p-trap under a sink).
Generally, a toilet outlet has the smallest trap seal, making it most vulnerable to being emptied by induced siphonage. An empty
trap can allow noxious sewer gasses to enter a home.
On the other hand, if the air pressure becomes suddenly higher than ambient, this positive transient could cause wastewater to
spray into the room, with dire hygiene and health consequences.
Tall buildings are particularly susceptible to this problem.
Complete the sentences with a preposition:
1. Im the afternoon shift this afternoon
2. We produce components the car industry.
3. Exports account 70 per cent of total sales.

4. We have factories all the world.

5. We specialize top-of the-range cars.
6. Were trying to diversify more expensive models.
7. What does IBM stand ?
8. Hes responsible Quality Control.
9. Im in charge the workshop.
10.Who takes care after-sales service?
11.I have to liaise our production planners.
Complete the sentence using a word from the box below.

apprentice
plant

components
people

flexi-time

workforce

shift

turnover

overtime

1. Our this year will be about $500 000.

2. Im doing this week so Ill earn more money.
3. My son is an at a local furniture factory.
4. She works so she can start work any time between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m.
5. Our company has in more than twenty countries.
6. What are you on this week?
7. Our has been cut because we dont have enough orders.
8. They manufacture electronic for computers.
9. Our maintenance do all our repairs.
10.DAK is opening a new car in the UK next year.

Match the following descriptions with one of the jobs below.

operations

Production planner
inspector

electronic engineer
welder

electrician

joiner

mechanic

fitter

machine operator

lab technician

1. Someone who works with wood: ....................................................

2. Someone who works in a laboratory: ....................................................
3. Someone who works with a machine on a production line: ....................................................
4. Someone who puts together, adjusts or installs machinery or equipment: ....................................................
5. Someone who works with electrical equipment: ....................................................
6. Someone who joins metal together, usually using heat: ....................................................
7. Someone who repairs and maintains engines, especially car engines: ....................................................
8. Someone who checks the quality of work or goods: ....................................................
9. Someone who schedules the order of production runs: ....................................................
10.Someone who works with things like computers, TVs, radios, etc.: ....................................................