- the dosage is the total chlorine added.

- the demand is the amount used to oxidize the materials existing in water
- The residual = dosage demand
The total residual chlorine will result from
1-free chlorine such as (HOCl , OCl,dissolved Cl2 gas)
2- Combined chlorine compounds residual
-Since the free residual is much more effective in disinfection, all the regulations
require a free residual of at least 0.20 mg/l at the farthest tap in the system. The
Residual chlorine in the produced water is typically 2 5 mg/l.

The hydrolysis:
When chlorine gas is added to water it rapidly hydrolyzes
Cl+HO

HOCl +HCl

(1)

And the the hypochlorous acid will disassociated to hypochlorite ion

As
HOCl

OCl +H

(2)

And the hydraulic acid (HCl) will disassociated also to

HCl

H +Cl

(3)

Equation (1) is rapid forward reaction which produces the strong

disinfectant (HOCl), the ion hypochlorite ion is less effective than
(HOCl)
The disassociation and equilibrium will depends on

1- Water temperature
2- Water PH
HOCl concentration will be increased in the solution with respect
to OCl at high temperature and low PH
the strength of disinfectant will depends on the HOC
concentration

Contact time:
The contact time is a measure of effectiveness of chlorine
disinfection against Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa
The minimum time for free residual chlorine of 0.2mg/l is about 30
minute @ water temperature>10C
This will let the contact time (CT) = 6
Where the CT=residual chlorine concentration x time before use
in minutes
Required CT values are dependent on pH, residual concentration,
temperature, and the Disinfectant used
Disinfection CT values shall be calculated daily, using either the
maximum hourly flow and the Disinfectant residual at the same
time or by using the lowest CT value if it is calculated more
frequently, Actual CT values are then compared to required CT
values, Results shall be reported as a reduction Ratio, along with
the appropriate pH, temperature, and disinfectant residual. The
reduction Ratio must be greater than 1.0 to be acceptable.
Normal and maintenance dosage:
Normal operation free chlorine residual is 0.2mg/l at end of
distribution network and max allowable 4mg/l

Reservoir maintenance at water full use 10PPM for 24 hours or

(50PPM for 6 hours)
But for empty reservoir cleaning use about 200PPM solution as
spraying
Lab tests:
The Break-point chlorination is where the chlorine demand has
been satisfied, and any additional chlorine will be considered free
chlorine.
And since free residual appears only after the breakpoint, so we need to decide the
breakpoint dosage and the required dosage = breakpoint dosage + free residual
In Lab sample is taken from the raw water to determine the
breakpoint
The test will depend on
1- Water temperature (as temperature decreases, more dosage is
needed)
2- Water PH as PH increases more dosage is needed
3- Water turbidity (more turbidity needs more dosage)
4- Water chemical compounds presents such as (iron, manganese,
ammonia compounds, etc)
5-types of Bacteria, Cholera to be disinfected
6- Contact time needed