Pressure Vessel RT Test

The Pressure Vessel RT Test article provides you with information about Radiography
testing in the pressure vessel manufacturing process and related items in pressure vessel
inspection.
Do you know what your pressure vessel RT test requirements are? Is full radiography
mandatory for your vessel? When is full radiography mandatory? What are the
acceptance criteria? What are the RT symbols?
So if you need this information, this article answers all of these questions.
We recommend that you to review this article in conjunction with the ASME Pressure
Vessel Joint Efficiencies article.
Before going into the RT test, we need to know about joint categories. These categories
are base on ASME Code Section VIII:

Category A:

All longitudinal welds in shell and nozzles.

All welds in heads, Hemisph-head to shell weld joint

Category B:

All circumferential welds in shell and nozzles

Head to shell joint (other than Hemisph.)

Category C and D are flange welds and nozzle attachment welds respectively

Longitudinal weld (Category A) is more critical because it is subjected to double

the stress than Circ. Weld (Category B) and this the reason in different part of the
ASME code, we have stringent rules in category A joints compared to category B
joints.
Pressure Vessel RT Test -When We Need to Do a Full Radiography Test?
When one of following conditions is existing, you need to do the full radiography:
1. All butt welds in vessels used to contain a lethal substance
2. All butt welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness exceeds specified values
3. All butt welds in unfired steam boilers with design pressure > 50 psi
4. All category A and D butt welds in a vessel when Full Radiography is optionally

selected
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As you see, the item numbers 1, 2 and 3 are really mandatory for a full RT test;
But pressure vessel manufacturers can make an optional decision for full
radiography in item number 4
Pressure Vessel RT Test - Why do pressure vessel manufacturers want to spent
more money for full radiography in item # 4?
Because the joint efficiency in the full radiography condition is 1, the higher joint
efficiency in the pressure vessel wall thickness formula causes less wall
thickness. The manufacturer might save lots of money with a lower thickness
plate material.
But code has given some bonus to manufacturers in item 4, because it is not
mandated to do full radiography in all butt welds. Manufacturers can do spot
radiography in B and C joints with the same joint efficiency of item 1.
Item number 2 describes thickness limitations. Any pressure vessel material is
designated to the specific P. Number by ASME section IX, so there are several
tables in ASME Code Section VIII Div. 1 Subsection C, which determine this
limitation.

For example, SA 516 material is P Number 1, and needs to be fully radiographed

if its thickness is greater than 1.25 of an inch. At the same time, SA 204 material
is P Number 3 and needs to be fully radiographed if the thickness is greater than
0.75 of an inch.
Pressure Vessel RT Test - Is Acceptance Criteria in Full Radiography or in
Spot Radiography More Stringent?
Acceptance criteria for welding defects in full radiography is stringent. These
criteria are stated in UW-51 and UW-52 in ASME Code Section VIII Div. 1
It means there is a defect if interpreted based on the full radiography criteria in
UW-51, and it might be rejected, but if it is interpreted by the spot radiography
criteria in UW-52, it might be accepted.
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Pressure Vessel RT Test - What is the Important Spot Radiography

Requirement?

One spot shall be examined on each vessel for each 50 ft. increment

For each increment of weld to be examined, a sufficient number of spot

radiographs will be taken to examine the welding of each welder or welding
operator

Each spot examination will be made as soon as practicable after the completion of
the increment of weld to be examined

The location of the spot shall be chosen by the Inspector after the completion of
the increment of welding to be examined

Pressure Vessel RT Test - Radiographic Personnel Qualification:

The radiographic personnel need to be certified by the pressure vessel
manufacturer according to their written practice.
Holding the ASNT Radiographic certificate is not enough
In fact, SNT-TC-1A can be used as a guideline for manufacturers to establish
their written practice for qualification and certification of their personnel.
Radiographic Examination Procedure and method

ASME Code Section VIII Div 1 mandates that all tests shall be done based on
ASME Code Section V, article number 2.
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