http://www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.

pl
http://www.ecocyc.org/
• Transporta energía química dentro de la célula
•Transducción de señales AMPc
ATP + H2O → ADP(hydrated) + Pi(hydrated) + H+(hydrated) ∆G˚ = -30.54 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol)
ATP + H2O → AMP(hydrated) + PPi(hydrated) + H+(hydrated) ∆G˚ = -45.6 kJ/mol (−10.9 kcal/mol)

• Fuerza iónica
• Presencia de Mg+2, Na+ o Ca+2
• Concentración intracelular 1-10 mM
•Menos de 1 min en la célula/ 500 mg/h
Standard free energy of hydrolisis of some phosphorylated compounds
Compound kcal mol-1 kJ mol-1
Phosphoenolpyruvate -14.8 -61.9
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate -11.8 -49.4
Creatine phosphate -10.3 -43.1
ATP (to ADP) - 7.3 -30.5
Glucose 1-phosphate - 5.0 -20.9
Pyrophosphate - 4.6 -19.3
Glucose 6-phosphate - 3.3 -13.8
Glycerol 3-phosphate - 2.2 - 9.2
Nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido
Acetil CoA: Transportar carbonos al TCA
Carrier molecule in activated form Group carried Vitamin precursor
ATP Phosphoryl
NADH and NADPH Electrons Nicotinate (niacin)
FADH2 Electrons Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
FMNH2 Electrons Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Coenzyme A Acyl Pantothenate
Lipoamide Acyl
Thiamine pyrophosphate Aldehyde Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Biotin CO2 Biotin
Tetrahydrofolate One-carbon units Folate
S-Adenosylmethionine Methyl
Uridine diphosphate glucose Glucose
Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol Phosphatidate
Nucleoside triphosphates Nucleotides
Note: Many of the activated carriers are coenzymes that are derived from water-soluble vitamins
http://www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl
Type of reaction Description
Oxidation-reduction Electron transfer
Ligation requiring ATP cleavage Formation of covalent bonds (i.e., carbon-carbon bonds)
Isomerization Rearrangement of atoms to form isomers
Group transfer Transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another
Hydrolytic Cleavage of bonds by the addition of water
Addition or removal of functional groups Addition of functional groups to double bonds or their removal
to form double bonds

Regulación de procesos metabólicos

1. Cantidad de enzimas
2. Actividades catalíticas
3. Disponibilidad de substratos
4. Rutas distintas
5. Balance energético
 Posibles rutas de uso de glucosa en células de
plantas superiores y animales

Glucógeno, almidón, sacarosa

Almacenamiento

Glucosa
Oxidación vía PPP Oxidación vía glicolisis

Ribosa 5 fosfato Piruvato

 Glucosa
Hexocinasa ATP
G6P
Fosfoglucosa isomerasa

F6P
Fosfofructocinasa ATP
F1,6BP
Aldolasa
Triosafosfato
Dihidroxiacetona fosfato isomerasa G3P
G3P deshidrogenasa NADH (x2)
1,3BPGlicerato
Fosfoglicerato kinasa ATP (x2)
3PG
Fosfogliceromutasa
2PG
Enolasa
PEP
Piruvato cinasa ATP (x2)
Piruvato
Glucolisis

Glucosa + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> 2 piruvato + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

1) Conversión de glucosa en piruvato:

Glucosa + 2NAD+ ---> 2 piruvato + 2NADH + 2H+ ∆G1’0 = -146 kJ/mol

2) Formació de Atp a partir de ADP y Pi

2 ADP + 2Pi ---> 2 ATP + 2H2O ∆G2’0 = 61 kJ/mol

∆G’0 = ∆G1’0 + ∆G2’0 = -146 + 61 = - 85 kJ/mol (5.2% de la energía en glc)

 Glucosa
Hexocinasa ATP
G6P
Fosfoglucosa isomerasa

F6P
Fosfofructocinasa ATP
F1,6BP
Aldolasa
Triosafosfato
Dihidroxiacetona fosfato isomerasa G3P
G3P deshidrogenasa NADH (x2)
1,3BPGlicerato
Fosfoglicerato kinasa ATP (x2)
3PG
Fosfogliceromutasa
2PG
Enolasa

PEP
Piruvato cinasa ATP (x2)
Piruvato
Regulación
Enzyme: Hexokinase
Reaction: Phosphorylation
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -4.0 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -8.0 kcal/mol irreversible

Enzyme: Phosphoglucose isomerase

Reaction: Aldose to Ketose Isomerisation
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +0.4 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -0.6 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase
Reaction: Phosphorylation
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -3.4 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -5.3 kcal/mol irreversible
 Glucosa
Hexocinasa ATP
G6P
Fosfoglucosa isomerasa

Aquí, por acción

F6P
de PFK-2 se Fosfofructocinasa ATP
puede formar
F2,6BP
F1,6BP

Tanto el AMP como la

F2,6BP estimulan a la
PFK, promoviendo la
producción de ATP vía
glicólisis.

AMP ↑
F2,6P ↑
Citrato ↓
Enzyme: Aldolase
Reaction: Aldol Cleavage
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +5.7 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -0.3 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Triose phosphate isomerase

Reaction: Ketose to Aldose Isomerisation
Free Energy Change

•Standard Conditions: +1.8 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -+0.6 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Reaction: Coupled Oxidation & Phosphorylation
Free Energy Change

•Standard Conditions: +1.5 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -0.4 kcal/mol reversible

 Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinase
Reaction: Dephosphorylation
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -4.5 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: +0.3 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Phosphoglyceromutase
Reaction: Phosphate group shift
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +1.1 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: +0.2 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Enolase
Reaction: Dehydration
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: +0.4 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -0.8 kcal/mol reversible

Enzyme: Pyruvate kinase

Reaction: Dephosphorylation
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: -7.5 kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: -4.0 kcal/mol irreversible

Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase

Reaction: Reduction
Free Energy Change:

•Standard Conditions: kcal/mol

•Physiological Conditions: kcal/mol reversible

Anabolismo: Ala
Hígado
Riñón Músculo
Mucosa intestinal