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1. Phagocytosis
The .................. are also used for
feeding.
Amoeba sp. engulfs ........ by
phagocytosis.
Amoeba sp. is a ..................
organisms which feed on microscopic
organisms such as bacteria.
The presence of food causes Amoeba
sp.to advance by ................. its
pseupodia.
The pseupodia encloses the food
which is then packaged in
food .....................
The food .............. fuses with
lysosome and the food is digested by
.................. enzyme called lysozyme.
The resulting nutrients are absorbed
into the ..............................
4. Facilitated Diffusion

2. Simple Diffusion
Net movement of molecules or ions
from a region of ..............
concentration to a region
of ................. concentration.
Going down concentration gradient
until an ............................. is
achieved.
The particles are
distibuted ....................... throughout
the system.
The concentration gradient provides
energy to move the molecules into
and out of the cells.

5. Active Transport

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3. Osmosis
Net movement of freely
moving ............ from a region
of ............. solute concentration to a
region of ............. solute
concentration through
a .................................. membrane.//
Net movement of .......... from
region ............ water concentration
to a region of ................ water
concentration.//
Net movement of .............
from ................... region
to .................... region.

6. Animal and plant cells in an

isotonic solution

For ............... soluble molecules //

molecules which are not soluble
in ............. (ions, nucleic acid, amino
acids and glucose)
Carrier Protein
The carrier protein function
by ................ to the molecules to
pass
through
the
plasma
membrane.
The molecules move to the
carrier
protein
which
is
.....................
for
the
molecules.
Molecules bind with the carrier
protein at the ...........................
Carrier
protein
changes
its ................... and pass the
molecules
through
the ..............................................
7. Hypotonic solution

Movement of molecules or
ions ...................... the concentration
gradient across the plasma
membranes.
Requires both carrier proteins and
expenditure of ........................
Energy from ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) that is generated
during respiration in
the .......................................
Has ....................... which bind to the
ATP molecules.
The carrier protein
changes ................. when the
phosphate group from the ATP
molecule binds to it
Then the solute is moved across the
plasma membrane.

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Solution in which the solute
concentration is .................. to that
of the cytoplasmic fluid.
Water diffuse in and out of the cells
at ............. rate.
No net movement of water.
Cells retain its ..................... shape.

8. Hypertonic solution

Solution which contains a ................

concentration of solute relative to
another solution

Solution which contains a ..............

concentration of solute relative to
another solution

Animal cells
Cell placed in hypotonic solution.
Net movement of water ............
the cells via osmosis.
Cell swells up.
When extremely hypotonic, cells
will eventually .....................
Cannot withstand
the ........................ because of

Animal cells
Net movement of water
from ............ to the ....................
of the cell.
Cells ...................., internal
pressure decrease.
Red blood cells immersed in
hypertonic solution, the cell
shrink and ................................

9. Preservation of fish and

vegetables
Fish

Fish is covered by salt solution

which is ........................ to body
fluid/cell/tissue.
More water diffuses ............ from
tissues into salt solution via
osmosis.
Fish becomes ...........................
Prevents ................... growth in
fish tissues.
Bacteria cells are also
plasmolysed // crenated.
Prevent decay // Last longer.
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Plant

thin plasma membrane.

E.g : red blood cells
(.............................)

cells
Do not ................
Rigid ....................
Water diffuse into vacuole of cell
via osmosis.
Cell swells up and
becomes ...................
Tugor pressure in plant.
Supporting the plant.

crinkles up.
Cell
undergone ..............................

Plant cells
Water diffuse .............. via
osmosis.
Vacuole and
cytoplasm .................. and
plasma membrane ....................
from the cell wall.
This process
called ............................
Cell becomes .........................

Vegetables
Vegetables are immersed
in ................ which is acidic//has
low pH.
.............. diffuses into vegetables
tissues.
Vegetables tissues becomes
acidic//has low pH.
Prevents ...................... growth in
tissues.
Preventing decay//last longer.

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10. Differences between facilitated diffusion and active transport
D
1
E
1
D
2
E
2
D
3
E
3
D
4
D
5
D
6

Facilitated diffusion
................... the concentration gradient
Molecules moves from ................. concentration to .............
concentration
Molecules move in ............... direction across the plasma
membrane
Molecules can move through pore protein or/and carrier
protein
No ATP/energy used
Molecule can move through ........................ without binding

Molecules need carrier protein and pore protein to help the

movement
Could achieve ..............................
Not depend on ...................................

11. Similarities between facilitated

diffusion and active transport
Both (ways of
transportation)need .............................
...........
To bind with
molecules/ion/substrate/examples
Both transport specific molecules only.
Because the carrier protein have
specific site to certain molecules.
Both processes occur
in ..........................

Active transport
......................... the concentration gradient
Molecules moves from ................ concentration
to ................... concentration
But

Molecules move in ....... direction across the

plasma membrane
Molecules move through carrier protein
ATP/energy is used
Energy needed for binding/bind
with ........................
Need carrier protein only to help movement
Will not achieve ............................../result in
accumulation
Depend on ........................................

12. The Importance of water

Water is a .................. molecule

and act as a solvent.
Transport ................ in the blood,
lymphatic, excretory and digestive
systems and in the vascular tissues
of plant.
As a medium for .........................
reaction.
Helps in lubricant.
Regulates/maintaining

13. General characteristics of

enzymes
Alter or .................... the rates of
chemical reactions
Remain ........................ at the end of
reaction.
Do not ................. by reactions they
catalysed.
Have specific sites called .................
to bind with specific substrates.
Needed in .................. quantities.
Reaction are ..........................
5

Because carrier protein need/can

change shape to allow substances to
move across.

14. Extracellular enzyme

Extracellular enzyme is produced in a
cell, then packed and secreted from
the cell.
It catalyses its reaction ................. the
cell. An example is amylase.
The nucleus contains ............. which
carries the information for synthesis of
enzymes.
Proteins that are synthesised at
the ................ are transported through
the spaces within
the ...................................................
Proteins that depart from the rough ER
wrapped in .................. that bud off
from the membrane of the rough ER.
These transport vesicle then fuse with
the membranes of
the .......................... and empty their
contents into the membranous space.
The proteins are further modified
during their transport in the Golgi
apparatus. For example,
carbohydrates are added to protein to

body ......................
Providing ................. to the cell.
High surface tension
and .......................
Providing ..................... (respiratory
surfaces such as alveoli).
Maintaining ...................... balance
and turgidity.

15. Lock and Key hypothesis

The ................... molecule fits into
the ............................ of the
enzyme molecule.
The substrate is the ............... that
fits into the enzyme which is
the .................
Various types of bonds such as
hydrogen and ionic bonds hold the
substrate
The binding of substrate and
enzyme at the ...........................
forming
the ...........................................
complex.
Once the complex is formed, the
enzyme changes the substrate to
its ........................
The product leaves
the .......................
The enzyme is not altered by the
reaction and it can

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Can be slowed down or stopped
by ................. E.g: lead and mercury
Require helper molecules,
called ...................
Inorganic cofactor : ferum, copper
Organic cofactor: water soluble
vitamins, B vitamins .

16. Effects of temperature on

enzyme activity
At ............... temperature, reaction
takes place slowly.
As temperature .....................,
movement of substrate increase.
Increase their chances of .................
with each other and with the active
site of the enzymes.
At ......................... temperature, the
reaction is at maximum rate.
Beyond the ....................
temperature, rate of reaction will not
increase.
Bonds that hold enzyme molecules
begin to break.
Actives sites .......................
Enzyme ...............................

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form .......................................
......................... vesicles containing
these modified protein bud off from
the Golgi apparatus and travel to the
plasma membrane.
Enzymes are released.

17. Prophase
Chromosomes in the
nucleus ....................
Chromosomes appear shorter
and ...............
Consist of sister ................. joined at
the centromere.
Spindle ............... begin to form.
........................ migrate at opposite
poles.
At the end, .................... disappears
and the .................................
disintegrates.

20. Telophase
Chromosomes ................. the
opposite poles of the cell.
Chromosomes .................... and
revert to their extended state
(......................).
The spindle fibres .............................
and new .....................................
forms around each set of the
chromosomes.
The .............................. re-forms in
each nucleus

be ........................

18. Metaphase
Chromosomes ................. at the
metaphase plate//equatorial
plate//middle of the cell.
Mitotic spindle are fully formed.
Two sister .................. are still
attached to one another at the
centromere.
Ends when the
centromere ...................

21. Cytokinesis
Process of ............................ division
to form two ............................ cells.
Begins before nuclear division is
completed.
In animal cells
................... filaments in the
cytoplasm contracts and pull plasma
membrane ..........................
Groove of .......................... furrow
pinches at the equator between two

19. Anaphase
Two sister ................. separate at the
centromere.
Sister ................... pulled ...............
at opposite poles.
Chromatids are referred to
as ......................... chromosomes.

22. Uncontrolled mitosis

Cell divides through mitosis
repeatedly without ..................
Produce ................... cells.
Cancer is a genetic disease caused
by ................................. mitosis.
Disruption of cell cycle.
Cancerous cells divide freely and
uncontrollably not according to the
cell ...............
These cells compete with
surrounding normal cells for energy
7

nuclei.
The ..................... furrow deepens
until the cell separates into
two ........................ cells

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and ......................
Cancer cells formed ......................
Tumours invade and ...................
neighbouring cells.

In plant cells
Membrane-enclosed .....................
gather at the equator between the
two nuclei.
Vesicles join to form a
cell ...................
Cell plate grows ................... until its
edges fuse with the plasma
membrane of the cell.
New cell ................. and plasma
membrane are formed.
The cell plate divides the cell into
two ........................ cells.
.................... are produced by the cell
to strengthen the new cell walls.

23. Animal cloning

Somatic cells (from the mammary
gland cells) are removed and grown
in a .....................
Cells stop ..................... and enter a

24. Tissue culture

Small pieces of root, shoot
or ................ tissue are taken from
the parent plant.
The tissues are

25. Advantages of cloning

Allows .................................... to
multiply copies of useful genes or
clones.
Clones can be produced in
8

non-diving phase.
....................... egg is obtained. The
nucleus is sucked ..............., leaving
the cytoplasm and organelles without
any chromosomes.
Electric pulse stimulates
the ................. between the somatic
cells and egg cell without nucleus.
Cells divide repeatedly forming
an ...................
The embryo is then ........................ in
a surrogate mother.
The embryo grows normally into a
cloned sheep of the somatic
cell ..................

called .........................
Enzymes are used to digest
the ........................ of tissue.
Cells are naked (protoplast).
Explant/protoplast are steriled then
placed in a glass container which
contains a ................... medium.
Apparatus must be steriled to make
sure free from .......................
pH and temperature must be at
optimum level.
Explants divide by .................... and
develop into .................
(undifferentiated mass of tissue)
............... develops into somatic
embryo and plantlet.
Plantlet can be transferred to the soil
for growth.

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a ................. time and in large
numbers.
Creates ........................ crops which
are resistant
to .........................., .................
and ..............................
Cloned plants, can produced flowers
and fruits within a shorter period.
Clones are better quality.
Delayed ...................
Does not need ............... agents.
Propagation can take place at any
time.

26. Disadvantages of cloning

Long-term side effects are not yet
known.
May undergo natural ...................
Disrupt the natural equilibrium of an
ecosystem.
Clones do not show any
genetic .....................
Has the ................. level of
resistance towards certain disease.
Certain transgenic crops contain
genes that are resistant
to .............................
These genes may be transferred
to .................. through viruses. These
weeds would then become resistant
to herbicides.
Cloned animals has
shorter .........................

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

27. Meiosis I
During prophase I, homologous
chromosomes pair up (................)
and ........................ between nonsister chromatids occurs.
During Metaphase I, homologous
chromosomes .............. at the
metaphase plate (equator, middle)
of the cell.
During Anaphase I, homologous
chromosomes ................ and move
to opposite poles. Sister chromatids
are still attached together and
move as a unit.
At the end of Telophase
I, .....................
and ....................................... reappear.
Cytokinesis occurs and
two .................. daughter cells are
formed.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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28. Meiosis II
During Prophase II, synapsis of
homologous chromosomes and
crossing over between non-sister
chromatids ................. take place.
During Metaphase II, chromosomes
consisting of two sister .................
align at the metaphase plate
(equator/middle) of cell.
During Anaphase II, sister chromatids
separate, becoming .....................
chromosomes that move to opposite
poles.
At the end of Telophase
II, .....................
and ....................................... reappear.
Cytokinesis occurs and
four .................. daughter cells are
formed.

29. Comparison between meiosis and mitosis

MEIOSIS
Occurs in ....................... organs
Produces .................... for sexual
reproduction

Differences
Location of cell division
Purpose

MITOSIS
Occurs in ..............................cells
Produces new cells for ...................
and ................

Number of cell division/cytokinesis

.......................................... pair up
through synapsis
during ...................................
Occurs between ...................................
during ............................
Homologous chromosomes line up side
by side at the metaphase plate

Synapsis

...................................... do not pair up

through synapsis

Crossing over

Does not occur

Arrangement of chromosome

The individual chromosomes are

arranged ................... at the metaphase
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plate during .......................

during ...............................
Number of daughter cell produced
Number of chromosomes of the
daughter cells
............ from the parent cell and from
one another

Genetic content of daughter cells

........................... to the parent cell and to

one another

Variation

30. Digestion in mouth

31. Digestion in stomach

32. Digestion in small intestine

11

 Secretion of ............. by three pairs

of salivary glands
Saliva contains the enzyme
salivary ................
Begins the hydrolysis of ..............
to ...............
Salivary
Starch + water
amylase

maltose

An additional digestive process

occurs further along the alimentary
canal to convert .............
to ..................
pH is maintained at .................

Epithelial lining of the stomach

contains ................. glands.
These glands secrete ......................
Consists of mucus, HCL and enzyme
pepsin and renin.
HCL make the pH around 2.0.
High acidity destroys bacteria.
Acidity stops the activity of salivary
amylase enzyme.
pepsin
Protein + water

polypeptides

Renin coagulate milk by converting

the soluble milk
protein, ..................... into
soluble .......................
Stomach contents become a semifluid called ..................
Chyme gradually enter
the ...............................

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Duodenum received chyme from
stomach and secretion from
the ................... and .................
Starch, protein and lipids are
digested.
............ which produced by the liver
and stored in the gall bladder enter
the duodenum via the bile duct.
Bile helps .................. the acidic
chyme and optimise the pH for
enzyme action in duodenum.
Bile salts ..................... lipids,
breaking them down into tiny
droplets.
Providing high TSA for digestion.
Pancreas secretes ......................
juice into duodenum via pancreatic
duct.
Pancreatic juice contains pancreatic
amylase, ................ and ...................
Pancreatic amylase complete the
digestion of starch to .....................
Trypsin digests polypeptides
into ...................
Lipase completes the digestion of
lipid into ..................
and ....................
Glands in the ileum (small intestine)
secrete intestinal juice which contain
digestive enzyme needed to
complete the digestion of ..................
and ...........................
Peptides digested by ............ into
amino acids.
Maltose digested by .............. into
glucose.
Disaccharides digested by its own
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enzyme into monosaccharide and
glucose.

33. Digestion of cellulose by

34. Digestion of cellulose by rodent

35. Digestion
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ruminant
Partially chewed food is passed to
the ............. (largest compartment of
the stomach).
Cellulose is broken down
by .................... produced by
bacteria.
Part of the breakdown products are
absorbed by bacteria, the rest by the
host.
Food enters the ..............................
Cellulose undergoes further
hydrolysis.
The content of the reticulum, called
the cud, is then ....................... bit by
bit into the mouth to be thoroughly
chewed.
Helps soften and break down
cellulose, making it more accessible
to further microbial action.
The cud is reswallowed and moved to
the ...................................
Here, the large particles of food are
broken down into smaller pieces by
peristalsis.
..................... is removed from the
cud.
Food particles moved
into ..................., the true stomach of
the ruminant. (e.g : cow).
Gastric juices complete the digestion
of protein and other food substances.
The food then passes through the
small intestine to be digested and
absorbed in the normal way.

................... and ................... are

enlarged to store the cellulosedigesting bacteria.
The breakdown products pass
through the alimentary
canal .................
The faeces in the first batch are
usually produced at night.
Faeces are then eaten again. To
absorb the products of bacterial
breakdown.
The second batch of the faeces is
harder and ..................
Allows rodent to recover the
nutrients initially lost with the faeces.

Protein
- In stomach, ................ breakdown
protein into polypeptides.
- HCL being secreted to provide acidic
medium for the digestion to occur.
- In duodenum, ...................
breakdown polypeptides into
peptides.
- In small intestine, .............. break
down peptides into amino acids.
Fats
- ................ salts breaking up fats into
small fat droplets in the duodenum.
- In duodenum/small
intestine, ................... breaks lipids
into fatty acids and glycerol.
Carbohydrates
- In mouth, salivary ....................
hydrolyse starch into maltose.
- In duodenum, ..................... amylase
hydrolyse starch into maltose.
- In small intestine, .....................
hydrolyse maltose into glucose.

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15

36. Absorption of digested food

Absorption of digested food occur in
the ......................
Glucose/amino acids initially diffuse
into .......................................
The remaining of the glucose/amino
acids actively transport into blood
capillaries.
All blood capillaries converge into
hepatic portal vein, which lead to the
................ (and transport to all parts
of the body).
Glycerol and fatty acids diffuse to the
epithelial cell which lining the ileum)
and combine to
form ..............................
Fatty acids and glycerol then enter
the .................... (lymphatic system).
Return back to the blood stream at
left ............................. vein.

37. Assimilation of digested food

Explain the assimilation of glucose and
amino acid in body cells.

Glucose is oxidised to
produce ................., ..........................
. and ................... by cellular
respiration.
Amino acid is used to
synthesis ............................ (the
component of cell). By this way new
cells will be synthesised causing
growth.
Amino acid also can be used to
synthesis .........................., ...............
......... or ......................

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38. Formation faeces
Faeces which contain dead cells that
are shed from intestinal linings, toxic
substances and bile pigments enter
the .................. by action
of ........................
In colon, more water
is ......................... The undigested
food residues harden to become
faeces.
Faeces contain indigestible residues
that remain after the process of
digestion and absorption of nutrients
that take place in the small intestine.

39. Differences between the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents
Aspects
Number of stomach chamber
Size of caecum
Bacteria
Number of times the food
passes through the stomach
chamber
Regurgitated

D1
E1
D2
E2
D3
E3
D4
E4

Ruminant (has)
.............. stomach chamber
Have to digest .....................
................./................ caecum
Do not digest cellulose
In .....................
For secrete cellulase enzyme
.....................
To complete the digestion//

D5

................ in mouth cavity

But

Rodent (has)
.................... stomach chamber
Do not have to digest .........................
.................../..................... caecum
A place to digest cellulose
In ........................
For secrete cellulase enzyme
.......................
To absorb digested food
.................. in mouth cavity

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40. Similarities between the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents
S1
P1
P2
S2
P1

Both alimentary canal contains bacteria/protozoa

To secrete ................... enzyme
To digest cellulose into ...................
Both have large surface area
To increase rate of .................. // hydrolysed food

41(a) .Photosynthesis
mechanism
P1 : The formation of starch in
plants is by the process of
photosynthesis which occurs
in .................................
P2 : The two stages in
photosynthesis are the light and
dark reactions.
Light reaction:
P3:Takes place in ...............
P4: ................ captures light
energy which excites the
electrons of chlorophyll molecules
to higher energy levels.
P5: In the excited state, the
electrons can leave the
chlorophyll molecules.
P6: Light energy is also used to
split ............. molecules into
hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl
ions (OH-) (Photolysis of water).
P7: The hydrogen ions then
combine with the electrons

41(b). Photosynthesis
mechanism

Dark Reaction:
P11: Take place in ..............
P12: Do not require ................
energy.
P13: The hydrogen atoms are
used to fix ............................ in a
series of reactions catalysed by
photosynthetic enzymes
P14: and caused the reduction of
carbon dioxide
into ...........................
P15: The glucose monomers then
undergo condensation to
form ................... which is
temporarily stored as starch
grains in the chloroplasts.

42. Uses of enzyme (Chapter 4)

Enzymes are used as biological detergents.

................ degrades coagulated proteins
into soluble short-chain peptides.
.................... degrades fat or oil stains into
soluble fatty acid and glycerol.
..................... degrades starch into soluble
shorter-chain polysaccharides and sugars.

Enzymes are used in the baking industry.

Protease is used in the breakdown
of ................. in flour for the production of
biscuits.
Amylase is used in the breakdown of some
starch to .................... in flour for making
white bread, buns and rolls.

Enzymes are used in the medical field.

...................... is used to remove blood
clots and to clean wounds.
Various other enzymes are used in
biosensors.

Enzymes are used in industries because:

They are effective.
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They are cheap and easy to use.
They can be ......................, thus only small
amounts are needed.
They don't require high ...........................
to work, thus this reduces fuel costs.

released by chlorophyll to form

hydrogen ..................

43. Aerobic respiration

Continuous supply of oxygen.

Glucose molecules are oxidised
by .......................
Complete breakdown of glucose in
the presence of oxygen.
A large amount of .....................
released.
Carbon dioxide and water are
produced as .................. products.
Most of the energy released is used
to synthesise adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) from adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) and inorganic phosphate.
ATP acts as instant energy source.
ATP consists of phosphate bonds
which can be easily broken down to
release energy.

ATP
energy

Energy
released
ADP + phosphate +

44.Anaerobic respiration in
human muscle
During a vigorous exercise
(running), the ........................ rate
is increased.
This is to supply
more .................... to the muscles
for rapid muscular contraction.
However, the supply of oxygen to
muscles is still insufficient.
The muscles have to carry out
anaerobic respiration to
release ................
The glucose is converted
into .................., with only a
limited amount of energy being
produced.
An oxygen .............. builds up in
the body, when no oxygen use in
energy production.
High level of ............... in the
muscles cause them to ache.
After running, the athlete breathes
more rapidly and deeply than
normal for
twenty minutes.
There is ............... period after 10
minutes until it reaches 20
minutes when oxygen is paid back
during aerobic respiration.
About 1/6 lactic acid is oxidized to
carbon dioxide, water and energy.

45. Anaerobic respiration in yeast

Yeast normally respires aerobically.

Under anaerobic condition, yeast carry
out anaerobic respiration.
Produces ...................
Process known as ....................
Catalysed by the enzyme .....................
Ethanol produced can be used in
making ................. and ........................
In bread making, the carbon dioxide
released during fermentation of yeast
causes the dough to .....................

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46(a). Breathing mechanism in

man
Diaphragm is a muscular sheet in
the body cavity separating
the ............... from the abdomen.
At the start of inhalation, the
muscles of the
diaphragm ................ , making it
less arched.
This helps to increase
the ................ of the thoracic
cavity and reduce the .................
of the thoracic cavity.
Air rushes into the ..................
When the muscles of the
diaphragm ............... , it returns to
its arched condition, reducing
the ............... of the thoracic cavity
and increasing the ................ of
the thoracic cavity.
Air is forced out of the ................
The muscles between the ribs are
known as ......................... muscles.

46(b). Breathing mechanism in man

During inhalation the ......................

intercostals muscle contracts and
raise the lower ribs.
This helps to increase the ..................
of the thoracic cavity and reduce
the ..................... of the thoracic
cavity.
Air rushes into the lungs.
During exhalation the ..................
intercostals muscles relaxes, the ribs
return to their original position,
reduce the ............... of the thoracic
cavity.
Air is forced out of the lungs.
The alveoli are thin-walled air sacs
with the lungs.
These sacs are surrounded by a
network
of ...........................................
During inhalation the alveoli are filled
with air and gaseous exchange occurs
between the alveoli and the
capillaries.
..................... from the alveoli diffuses
into the capillaries
while .............................. diffuses
from the capillaries into the alveoli.

47. Transport of O2 and CO2 in human

body
Gaseous exchange across the alveolus
occurs by ......................
Diffusion of gas depends on
differences in .....................................
between two regions.
The partial pressure/concentration of
oxygen in the air of the alveoli
is .................. compared to the partial
pressure/concentration of oxygen in
the blood capillaries.
Therefore, oxygen diffuse across the
surface of the alveolus and blood
capillaries into ................
The transport of oxygen is carried out
by the blood circulatory system.
Oxygen combines with respiratory
pigment called ..................... in the red
blood cells.
To form .................................
When the blood passed the tissue with
.............. partial pressure of
oxygen, ................................
dissociates to release oxygen.
Carbon dioxide released by repairing
cells can be transported by ;
- dissolve carbon dioxide in the blood
plasma.
- bind to the haemoglobin
as ..............................
- in form of ......................... ions.
The partial pressure/concentration of
carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries
is .................. compared to the partial
pressure/concentration of carbon
dioxide the air of the alveoli
20

48. Explain how energy flows through

the food chain and how it is lost to the
environment.

Energy flows through the food chain in

one direction.
In the first food chain, the plant is
the ............, the rat is the ...............
consumer, the snake is the ....................
consumer and the eagle is
the ....................... consumer.
In the second food chain, the plant is the
.................., the ...................... is the
primary consumer, the .............. is the
secondary consumer and the snake/
eagle is the .............. consumer.
Each level of food chain is called
a ................. level.

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Carbon dioxide is expelled with water
vapour from the lung.

49. Colonisation and succession in mangrove swamps

The ........................ species of a mangrove swamp are the Sonneratia sp.

and Avicennia sp.
The presence of this species gradually changes the physical environment of
the habitat.
The extensive root systems of these plants trap and collects sediments,
including organic matter from ...................... plant parts.
As time passes, the soil becomes more compact and firm. This condition
favours the .............. of Rhizophora sp. Gradually the Rhizophora sp.
replaces the pioneer species.
The .................. root system of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt and mud,
creating a firmer soil structure over time.
21

Energy is transferred from

one ................ level to
another ..................... level.
When energy is transferred from
one ................ level to another level as
much as 90% of the chemical energy in
the food consumed by primary consumer
is used for its metabolic activities and
lost as .......................
Only 10% of the energy in an organism is
passed on to the organism at the
next .................. level.
50. Green house effects

Ultra violet (uv) from solar radiation

is absorbed by the ................ and
some of them is reflected back to the
atmosphere in the form of
heat/infrared.
Heat or infrared radiation cannot be
reflected back to the atmosphere
because it is trapped
by ....................... gases such as
CO2, nitrogen dioxide and methane.
Heat/infrared warmed the surface of
earth.
Earth temperature .............................

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The ground becomes higher. As a result, the soil is .............. because it is
less submerged by sea water.
The condition now becomes more suitable for the Bruguiera sp., which
replaces the Rhizophora sp.
The ................. root system of the Bruguiera sp. forms loops which extend
from the soil to trap more silt and mud.
As more sediment is deposited, the shore extends further to the sea. The
old shore is now further away from the sea and is like ........................
ground.
Over time, terrestrial plants like nipah palm and Pandanus sp. begin to
replace the Bruguiera sp.

51. Explain briefly why humans

carry out the activity as shown in
diagram above

The human population grows rapidly.

The demands for food and housing
areas have ......................
Vast areas of forest are ....................
for agricultural and commercial
purposes.
Urbanization and industrialization
have caused more forests to be
cleared for road ..................... and
housing areas.

52. Explain the impacts of the

activity shown above on the
environment
Deforestation causes
soil ........................,
landslides, ................... floods and
global
..........................
Causes the soil to become loose and
less stable.
Without the protection of green
plants, the soil is exposed to the
forces of ............. and ............
The top layer of soil is washed away
gradually by the .........................
This is known as soil erosion.
Soil erosion causes the ............... of
minerals from the soil, therefore the
soil becomes ........................ and
unsuitable for agriculture.
..................... may happen on steep
hillsides during heavy rain.
It is because rainwater flows quickly
22

............................ is also caused by

the demands for timber and fuel
wood.

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and causes the top layer of the soil
to crumble.
Rivers and drains are silted and the
flow of water is ...........................
Therefore, water flows inland and
this causes flash floods in the lower
areas during ....................... seasons.

FORM 5
53. Human blood vessels
Arteries
carries blood ............. from heart
transport blood quickly, at .............
pressure
muscle of tissue enables the artery
to constrict and dilate
walls of arteries are strong
and ............, have ................. lumen
Capillaries
.................. walled blood vessels
allow rapid gaseous exchange
via ....................
nutrients, wastes and hormones are

54. Circulatory system in fish and

human
Similarities
both have .................. circulation
both have a .................
Differences
Fish
Has ............ circulation
Heart divides into .......... chambers
Septum is ................
Deoxygenated blood flows from
heart to ................

55. Blood clotting

Clumped platelets, damaged cells,

clotting factors form
activators , ..............................
........................... together
with .................. ions and vitamin
K, converts .......................... to
thrombin
Has ............
circulation
Thrombin
catalyses the conversion
Heart is divided
into
............ ....................
of soluble protein,
chambersinto insoluble protein, fibrin
Septum is ..................
Fibrin is a fibrous protein which
Deoxygenated blood flows from
combines to form a mesh of long
heart to ..................
threads over the wounds,
23

also exchanged across here

............... cell thick
Veins
blood returns from capillaries
to .................. through veins
blood flows in ................ pressure
have ................ lumens
and .................. (prevent bloods
back flow)

Oxygenated blood flows from gills

to ...................

56. Difference between blood and

lymph
Lymph has a ................ numbers of
lymphocyte compare to blood
Lymphocyte is produced by
lymph ................. in lymph system
Lymph has ........................ content of
oxygen compare to blood

59. Lymph formed - brought

back into the blood circulatory
system.
When blood flows from arteries
into capillaries, there is

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trapping
Oxygenated
blood .........................
flows from lungscells and
sealing the wound.
to ................
Blood clot hardens when exposed
to air forming .................

57. Type of immunity

Active immunity, body .................. its
own antibodies in response to
stimulation by an antigen
Passive immunity, body ......................
an antibodies from outside source

60. Respiratory gases

Transportation in respiratory gas.

Oxygen enters alveoli

58. Phagocytosis
The phagocyte is attracted by
chemicals produced by bacterium
Phagocytes extend
its ........................ (legs) towards
bacterium to engulf it.
Ingestion of bacterium forms
phagosome
Phagosome combines with
lysosome
Lysosome releases .....................
into phagosome
Bacterium inside the phagosome
will be destroyed
by ......................
Phagocyte releases the digested
products from cell
61. Active immunity Passive
immunity
Active immunity
Obtained by .............................
24

higher ...........................
pressure at arterial end of
capillaries
High pressure causes some
plasma to pass through
capillary walls
into ......................... spaces
............................ fluid fills the
spaces between cells and
constantly bathes the cells
90% of interstitial
fluid ...................... back into
blood capillary
10% of interstitial fluid goes into
the lymph capillaries and known
as .................
Lymph capillaries unite forming
larger lymphatic vessels
From lymphatic vessels, lymph
eventually passes
into ....................... duct
Hence lymph drains back into
blood via ............................ vein

during ..........................
Gaseous exchange occurred at alveoli
(oxygen diffused into blood capillaries
while carbon dioxide diffused out)
The diffusion of these gases caused
by ...................... of partial pressure of
both gaseous
Partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli
is .................. than partial pressure of
oxygen in blood capillaries
Oxygen diffused in cytoplasm
of .............................
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin
forming ..................................
.................................. then sent to all
parts of body
Heart pumped the oxygenated blood to
all body cells
Oxygen diffused from blood capillaries
to cell because partial pressure of
oxygen in blood capillaries
is ................... than in cell
Carbon dioxide diffuse from cell to blood
capillaries because partial pressure of
carbon dioxide in cell is ............... than
in blood capillaries
Deoxygenated blood going back to heart
by ........................... and to lungs by
pulmonary artery

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(artificially acquired)
Vaccine contains dead/weakened
bacteria/pathogen/virus
White blood cells stimulated to
produce ............................. against
pathogen
Also obtained when an individual has
............................ from certain
diseases(naturally acquired)
A readymade supply of antibody will
give immunity towards the disease

Passive immunity
Obtained by injecting
antibodies /...................... (artificially
acquired)
No antigen is put into body, so body
does not produce its
own .......................
Obtained by a baby when antibodies
from mothers blood plasma diffuse
into foetus through ....................
(naturally acquired)

25

62(a) Movement of water from root

to leaves
Movement of water from root to leaves
aided by root pressure, capillary action
and .......................... pull.
Root pressure
cell sap of root
hair(usually) ........................ to
surrounding soil solution
water diffuses into root
by ..........................
cell cap becomes more dilute
compared to neighbouring cell
water moves to these adjacent cells
which become more diluted
themselves, so osmosis continues
across the cortex
(at the same time) ions from soil are
actively secreted into xylem vessels
and causes osmotic pressure
to ..............................
Water flows continuously into xylem
and create a pressure(root pressure)
Root pressure gives an initial upward
force to water and mineral ions in
xylem

62(b). Movement of water from root

to leaves
Capillary action
water moves up through xylem in
stems by capillarity
capillary action is due to combined
force of ......................(water
molecules have attraction for each
other) and ..................... (water
molecules are attracted to the side of
vessels)
water molecule form a continuous
water column in xylem vessel (due to
cohesion and adhesion)
the cohesion of water prevent the
water column in xylem breaking
apart
the adhesion of water prevents
gravity from pulling the water down
the column

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63. Effect of no lignin formation on
the function of tissue xylem
lignin is important to make tissue
xylem strong
- without lignin, tissue xylem
will ................
- therefore, it cannot form a
continuous hollow tube
- to allow water to flow upwards
continuously

lignin makes the tissue become

impermeable
-

materials cannot pass in xylem

cells
causes the tissue to
become ....................
allows continuous flow of water

Transpirational pull
the lost of water from ..................
cells during transpiration is replaces
by water which flows in from xylem
vessels in leaves
this creates a tension/suction force in
water column because water has
cohesive properties called
transpiration pull
the transpiration pull draws water
from ............ in the
leaves/stem/roots
26

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the continuous flow of water through

plant is known as transpiration
stream

27

64. Light intensity and stomata and

cells effect the rate of water loss

65. Adaptation of the muscle which

enables it to contracts

F1- from 0500 to 0170(time/hours), rate

of water loss increases
E1- light intensity ..........................
E2- stimulates photosynthesis in
guard cells
E3- this makes energy available for
potassium to move into guard cells
by ..............................
E4- guard cells
become ....................... (compared to
cell sap) of epidermal cells
E5- water molecules from epidermal
cells diffuse into guard cells
by .............................
E6- causing guard cells to
bend .......................
E7- stoma ................. (allows water
to escape)

F2- from 0170 to 0300(time/hours) rate

of water loss decreases
E8- light intensity ................. / rate of
photosynthesis ..........................
E9- guard cells become flaccid and
bend ........................
E10- stoma ....................., prevents
water from escaping
Notes: (F1 + any 5Es) + (F2 + 3Es)

the skeletal muscle consist of

bundles of muscle fibres and a large
supply of nerves
and ........................................
a muscle fibre is made up of bundles
of smaller units
called ............................
each myofibril is made up of 2 types
of protein filaments: the ................
and the ........................... which
interact and cause muscle
contractions
the muscles nerve endings control
its contractions

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66. Movement takes place involves
muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments
and joints
Muscle
- quadriceps femoris .................. while
biceps femoris muscles ...............
(leg straightened)
- biceps femoris ................ while
quadriceps femoris .............. (leg
bent)
- calf muscles contract to lift up
the ...............
- feet push downwards
and ........................
- repeated contraction and relaxation
of muscle result in running
movement
Ligaments
- it connects two .................. together
- give support and strength
to ............... for movement
- strong and ....................
Joints
- a .................. joint allow the
movement of leg to swing back and
forth
Tendon
- connect muscles to ...................
- strong and .............................
- force is transferred to bones through
tendons
Bones
- femur/ thigh bone is long, heavy
and ..............
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provide ................... to body weight

29

67. Adaptation of plant which

enable it to float
have fine ....................... a tissues
(plants become more lighter)
have air spaces/air sacs (becomes
more easy to float)
have big and swell stem/petiole
(increase the air to help plant
floating)
have fine and many ................ (trap
gas bubbles)

68. Skeletal system of earthworm

and fish adapted for its movement
Movements in earthworm
earthworm has ..........................
skeleton
moves by changing hydrostatic
pressure of fluid in its segment
each segment of the body has its
own set of muscles
an outer layer of ........................
muscles running around the body
causes the worm to become long
and thin when they contract
an inner layer of ..........................
muscles causes the worm to get
short and thick when they
contract
as the circular
muscles ......................, the
longitudinal muscles
will .................... simultaneously in
antagonistic action
causes the hydrostatic pressure to be
transferred from .................. part
to ...................... part causing the
worm to move forward
Movements in fish
fish has an ....................................
it provides place for attachment of
muscles
when the left myotome ..................,
right myotome will .................. in

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69. Adaptive features which helps
in birds and fish locomotion
Bird
................ wing to generate the
upward lift
a pair of antagonistic muscle
(....................... major and minor)
pulled down and up the wings
single organ (one
testes/kidney)//small skull to
reduce .........................
........................... body shape
reduce air resistance
waterproof feather avoid increase
in body weight
during ...............................
Fish
........................... body reduce
water resistance
myotome muscle are W/V shaped
which act antagonistically
air sac maintain ..................... in
water
fins
dorsal and ventral fin
prevent/helps in ........................
and .....................
tail fin provides thrust and
controls .................................
pelvin and pectoral fin act as
brakes/to .................................
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antagonistic action
causes the vertebral column to curve
toward the ......................
the fish also has ..................... with
different functions for locomotion

31

70. Support is achieved in

submerged and floating plants

71. Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis

happen - prevented

Submerged plants
posses ................... within the leaves
and the stem to help the plant to
stay upright in water
water buoyancy provides support
have very few woody tissue/vascular
tissue
thin/narrow/flexible leaves provide
little ............................... to water
flow

Osteoporosis
a disease in which bone mass is
reduced and the boned
become ................... and lighter
occurs most often in old people,
partially women who have
gone .................................
bodies of postmenopausal women do
not produce sex
hormone, .............................
causes more bone minerals to be lost
than deposited
as a results, bones become soft
and ................
can be prevented by
doing weight-bearing exercise,
strengthen the muscles
and ...................
taking diet rich in ......................,
phosphorus and vitamin D
taking in vitamin C, increase bone
mass
refraining from smoking

Floating plants
stem have plenty of ........................
................................. tissues helps to
stay afloat in water
do not have ...................... tissues
natural water buoyancy to help them
float
have ................. leaves that are firm
but flexible to resist being torn by
wave action

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72(a). Important to have healthy
musculoskeletal system - ways
maintaining a healthy
musculoskeletal
The musculoskeletal system where
bones, ............................., ligaments
and ....................... work together like a
machine to bring about movement
musculoskeletal helps to ...................
our body
if any part of system injured, we will
experience discomfort, pain and loss
of ..................................
it also affect other organs and
physiological processes in body
(respiration/digestion)

Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is part of ageing
process due to wear and tear
of .......................... between bones at
certain joints
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Patient has ......................, swollen

stiff knees which restrict daily
activities (walking, climbing)
If treatment fails to relieve the pain,
a surgeon can replace the damaged
joints with .......................... ones
made of plastic or metal

33

72(b). Important to have healthy

musculoskeletal system - ways
maintaining a healthy
musculoskeletal
Ways to maintain
having balanced .............. Take diet
rich in proteins, vitamins A, C n D
together with minerals (calcium,
phosphate n iron) for building strong
bones. Drinking ....................... water
will also harden the bones
adopt a good posture while standing,
sitting, walking and while performing
certain tasks to ensure that our body
is always supported. This is
important because bad posture will
put undue pressure on our muscles
and .............. and this will in turn
affect the functions of our internal
organs (lungs, heart and stomach)
wear proper attire for daily activities.
Wear loose and comfortable clothes.
Tight clothes .................... our
movement. Woman wearing high
heels tilt the body forwards. To
counteract this, the woman bends
her knees and throws her trunk
forwards, causing the spine to curve
even more

73. Muscular dystrophy and

osteoporosis

Muscular dystrophy
muscle destroying disorder
weakness/weakening of muscles
mostly in .........................
affect the heart muscle
heart .....................
results in poor balance/wobbling/poor
movement

Osteoporosis
condition characterized by lost of
normal density of bone
resulting in ...................... bone
bone fracture
no symptom before any bone
fracture
consequences fracture of
vertebrae//reduction of in height over
time//stooped posture

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74(a). Support system in woody
plants differs from that of nonwoody plants
Non-woody plants (herbaceous
plants)
(support in herbaceous plants is)
provided by the .................................
of parenchyma/collenchyma cells
(when there is enough warm in the
ground) the cells take in water
by ....................... and become turgid
The turgor pressure of fluids in the
vacuoles pushes the cell
contents/plasma membrane against
the ................................
Creating support for its
stem/roots/leaves
The thin thickening die cell walls with
cellulose/collenchyma cells gives
support to herbaceous plants

taking precautions during .................

activities
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practice correct and safe techniques
when exercising to prevent
serious ..................... to the
musculoskeletal system

35

74(b). Support system in woody

plants differs from that of nonwoody plants
Woody plants

woody plants have specialized

tissues/...............................
tissues/xylem vessels/tracheids to
give them support
these tissues have ...........................
walls which have deposits of lignin
for added strength
............................. cells have very
thick walls (do not allow water to
pass through)
(these cells are dead cells) their
function is to provide support
Xylem vessels have thick walls of
lignin which are deposited during the
plants ............................ growth
The lignified xylem vessels form the
woody tissues of the stem
This makes the plant stronger and
also provides support for the plant
Tracheids are also dead cells with
thick walls and very
........................diameters
They are found with xylem vessels
and together they support the plants

75. Synapse The event as a nerve

impulse is transmitted across a
synapse
Synapse is a narrow .......... between
an axon terminal and a dendrite of
another adjacent neuron.
A chemical is used by neuron to
transmit an impulse across a
synapse. The chemical is
called ..............................................
The transmission of information
across a synapse involves the
conversion of electrical signal
into ........................... signal in the
form of neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter is produced in
vesicles in a swollen part of the axon
terminal called
synaptic ......................
Synaptic knob contains
abundant .................................. to
generate energy for the transmission
When an impulse arrived at the
synaptic knob, the vesicles release
the neurotransmitters into the
synapse
The neurotransmitters molecules
diffuse ............................. the
synapse to the dendrite of another
neurons
The dendrite of another neurons is
stimulated to trigger a new impulse
which travel down a long neuron

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76. Knee jerk

the knee jerk action involves two

types of neurons
named .....................
and ............................. neurons
a hammer hits a tendon that connect
to quadriceps muscle in the thigh to
a bone in the lower leg
as the hammer strike, the force
stretches the quadriceps muscle and
stimulates the stretch receptors in
the muscles, triggering nerve
impulse
afferent neurons transmit the
information to the quadriceps muscle
and the muscle contracts swing the
leg .............................
if the patient is able to swing the leg
forward, it indicates that the
patients nerve system is still
functioning
if there is no response, it shows that
the patients nervous system fails to
function properly

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37

77. When the hand touches a hot

object
the heat on the object stimulates the
nerve endings (receptors) in skin
impulses are .............................
impulses travel along the
sensory/afferent neuron
to .................................
in spinal cord, the impulses are
transmitted first across a synapse to
the ............................ and then
across another synapse to the
motor/efferent neurone
At synapse
when an impulse reach a presynaptic
membrane, it triggers the synaptic
vesicles to
release ............................... into the
synaptic cleft
the neurotransmitter diffuse across
the synaptic cleft
and bind to receptors which are
attached to the postsynaptic
membrane
the binding of the neurotransmitter
to the receptors leads to the
generation of a new impulse
impulses leave the spinal cord along
the motor/efferent neurone to
the ........................
the effector is the biceps muscle

78. Roles of cerebellum and

medulla oblongata - reflex action
when finger being stung by a bee
Cerebellum
............................... of movement
controls of balance/posture
Medulla oblongata
controls/increase ...............................
.
controls/increase heart rate
controls blood pressure/sweating
Reflex action
receptors in the skin of the finger
detects ........................
nerve impulse is generated in pain
receptor
electrical impulses are sent via
the ........................(sensory) neurone
to spinal cord
impulses are transferred to
the ......................................in the
spinal cord
interneurone sents impulses to
the ........................... neurone
efferent neurone sents impulses to
biceps/muscle
biceps/muscle contract (triceps
relax) causing the arm
to ............................

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79. Formation of glomerular filtrate

when blood enters the

glomerulus, .......................................
.. takes place
because blood from the aorta
reaches the nephron/glomerulus at
high ...........................
and due to the different afferent
arteriole and efferent arteriole, the
high pressure forces fluid through the
filtration membrane into capsular
space forming glomerular filtrate

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which then .............................. This
brings about a sudden withdrawal of
the hand

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80. Structure and the role of

nephron - formation of urine
Structure and the role of nephron
-

nephron is the functional unit of

a ......................
a nephron consist of 3 major parts
glomerulus, the Bowmans capsule
and its associated vessels
a long narrow tube called the renal
tubule, which made up of proximal
convoluted
tubule, .................................... and
distal convoluted tubule
the distal convoluted tubules of
several nephrons join to a common
collecting ....................................
the loop oh Henle is a long hairpinshaped region of the nephron that
descends into the medulla and then
returns to
the .......................................

81. Formation of urine

ultrafiltration, reabsoprtion and
secretion
blood is under relatively high pressure
when it reaches the ..............................
high blood pressure in glomerulus,
forces fluid to filter through the
filtration membrane into the lumen of
Bowmans ............................
forming glomerular filtrate
contains water, glucose, amino acids,
mineral salts and other small molecules
the glomerular filtrate will flow
into ................ convoluted tubule
selective reabsoption occurs
by active and passive transport
forming relatively high solute
concentration in the peritubular
capillaries
thus large volume of water is
reabsorbed into the blood
by .................................
increase the concentration
of .................. in the convoluted tubule
glomerular filtrate then flow
into ...................... and distal
convoluted tubule
more water and minerals
being ......................... back into the
blood
take place in the distal convoluted
tubule

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82. Consequences of kidney
failure
if both kidneys stop functioning,
the blood ......................... pressure
and blood volume cannot be
maintained
the built up of toxic wastes in the
body can result in life-threatening
conditions
they have to
undergo ..................................
another treatment for impaired
kidney functions is
the ............................. of a healthy
kidney from a donor to the patient

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urea/toxins/ammonia/ect being
secreted by passive diffusion and
active transport from blood capillary
into distal convoluted tubule
filtrate reaches the
collecting ................. (now called
urine). flows down the ureter, the
bladder and urethra and is finally
excreted

83. Avoid drug and alcohol why

affects - coordination systems
Drugs
some drugs are stimulants/cocaine
......................... the activities of the
central nervous system
excessive use leads to
temporary .................. followed by
depression
causes the user to see/hear/perceive
things that do not exist
some drugs like
narcotic/heroin/morphine
...................... pain signals
induce feelings of euphoria/slows
down nerve impulses

84. Geotropism is brought about in a

plant root and shoot - advantages
Shoot
the ............... that is produced at the
tip of shoot
auxin moves ....................../accumulate
on the underside of the shoot tip due to
the pull of gravity
the high concentration of
auxin ......................... the growth
stimulating greater
cell ........................... on the underside
relative to the cells on the upper side
this differential elongation causes the
shoot to bend ................... from
gravity/grow upwards

Alcohol
strong depressant
affects coordination and judgement
........................... releases of ADH

Root
the ..................... that is produced at
the tip of root
auxin moves

85. Tips of shoot contribute to

growth in oat seedlings
*without tip of a shoot, an oat
seedling cannot grow
this proves elongation of plumule
is dependent on the presence of
the tip of the shoot
*if the tip of the coleoptile is first
removed and placed on an agar block
which is transferred onto the cut
stump of another oat seedling the
plumule still grows straight upwards
this means that the tip of the
shoot carried chemical
messengers which has diffused
into the agar block
the chemical messenger then
diffuses into the plumule and
causes the plumule to elongate
*if the agar block is placed
asymmetrically (a little to one scale of
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from posterior pituitary

................. water will be absorbed
into blood stream/ .....................
urine produced
alcohol/drugs are addictive
develop dependence on
alcohol/drugs/develop severe
withdrawal effects
long term usage can damage organs
brain damage/stomach ulcers

........................../accumulates on the
underside of the root tip due to the pull
of gravity
the high concentration of
auxin ..................... the growth
slowing down cell ....................... on the
underside relative to the cells on the
upper side
this differential elongation causes the
shoot to bend ....................... gravity

BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

the center), the shoots bend away
from the scale with the agar block as
though it is growing towards the light
This is because a higher
concentration of the growth
promoting chemical messenger
accumulates below the agar block
This means that the agar block
contains a chemical messenger
produced in the shoot
The chemical stimulates growth as
it diffuses down into the shoot
The chemical messenger is auxin

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