What is Cryogenics?
Genics to produce
The Chronology
Year
Event
1877 Cailletet and Pictet liquefied Oxygen.
1879 Linde founded the Linde Eismaschinen AG.
1892
1895
1902
Claude
established
lAir
Liquide
developed air-liquefaction system.
1908
1911
and
The Chronology
Year
Event
1926
1934
1952
1966
1975
1994
Prof.
Prof. M
MD
D Atrey,
Atrey, Department
Department of
of Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering,
Engineering, IIT
IIT Bombay
Bombay
5
5
Introduction
What is Cryogenics?
0K
123 K
300 K
Cryogenics
Refrigeration
O2 (90.19 K)
R134a (246.8 K)
Air (78.6 K)
N2 (77.36 K)
R12 (243.3 K)
R22 (233 K)
H2 (20.39 K)
He (4.2 K)
Propane (231.1 K)
Ethane (184 K)
Prof.
Prof. M
MD
D Atrey,
Atrey, Department
Department of
of Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering,
Engineering, IIT
IIT Bombay
Bombay
6
6
Temperature
Kelvin
(K)
0
273.15
Celsius
(C)
-273.15
0
Rankine
(R)
0
491.67
Fahrenheit
(F)
-459.67
32
373.15
100
671.67
212
Increment
1 K = 1C = 1.8R = 1.8F
Temperature
The Kelvin Temperature Scale
Temp
(K)
77.36
LH2
20.39
LHe
4.2
Cost
(Rs/Lit)
25
1000
Cryogen
Cryogen
Boiling Point
(K)
111.67
Triple Point
(K)
90.69
Oxygen, O2
Argon, Ar
90.19
87.30
54.36
83.81
Air(N2+O2+Ar)
78.6
59.75
Cryogen (contd..)
Cryogen
Nitrogen, N2
Boiling Point
(K)
77.36
Triple Point
(K)
63.15
Normal H2
He4
20.39
4.230
13.96
-
He3
3.191
10
T s diagram of a cryogen
Absolute Temperature
300 K, 1atm A
Normal
Boiling Point
B Isobar
C Critical Point
Liquid
F
L+V
Vapor
Entropy
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
11
LHe 4
LH2
LN2
LAir
LOX
78.8 90.18
0.229 1.315
3.92
5.08
874
1141
20.90
205
213
443
3.39
199.3
12
T s diagram of Helium
Critical Pt.
2.29 atm,
5.2 K
1 atm, 4.2 K
T s chart for He 4
Pressure (P) atm
Density gm/mol-lit
Temp (T) K
Enthalpy (h) J/gmmol
Entropy (s) J/g-mol-K
13
T s diagram of Nitrogen
T s chart for N2
Pressure (P) atm
Density gm/mol-lit
Temp (T) K
Enthalpy (h) J/gmmol
Entropy (s) J/g-mol-K
Critical Pt.
33.9 atm,
126 K
1 atm,
77.36 K
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
14
Cryogenic Fluids
Hydrogen, Helium
They fall in special class. These gases are dealt in
next lecture.
Liquid Methane
It boils at 111.7 K.
It can be used as rocket fuel.
In the form of Compressed natural gas (CNG).
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
15
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Neon
It is a clear, colorless liquid with boiling point at
27.1 K.
Neon is commonly used in neon advertising.
Liquid neon is commercially used as cryogenic
refrigerant.
It is compact, inert and less expensive as
compared to liquid helium.
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
16
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Nitrogen (LN2)
17
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Nitrogen (LN2)
Nitrogen is primarily used to provide an inert
atmosphere in chemical and metallurgical
industries.
It is also used as a liquid to provide refrigeration.
Food preservation, blood, cells preservation.
High temperature superconductivity.
18
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Oxygen (LOX)
19
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Oxygen (LOX)
Because of the unique properties of oxygen,
there is no substitute for oxygen in any of its
uses widely used in industries and for medical
purpose.
It is largely used in iron and steel manufacturing
industry.
Oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket
applications.
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
20
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Argon
21
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Argon
22
Cryogenic Fluids
Liquid Air
23
24
Self Assessment
1. _____ is the temperature below which the
cryogenic range begins.
2. Convert 400 K into Celsius scale - ________
3. Area enclosed by the dome in T s diagram is in
________ phase.
4. Vertical lines in T s diagram represent
_______ lines.
5. Boiling point of LN2 and LO2 are _____ & ______
respectively.
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
25
Self Assessment
6. NIST stands for
___________________________________
7. An inert gas with boiling point of 87.3 K is
_____________
8. Isotopes of oxygen are
________________________
26
Answers
1. 123 K
2. 127 deg C
3. Liquid + Vapor
4. Entropy
5. 77.36 K , 90.19 K
6. National Institute of Standards & Technology
7. 87.30 K
8. O16, O17, O18
27
Thank You!
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