Apollo Bridge

Apollo Bridge
Architect:Architect:
Ing. Miroslav
Ing. Miroslav
MaakMaak
- Alfa 04- a.s.,
Alfa Bratislava
04 a.s., Bratislava
Design: DOPRAVOPROJEKT
Design: Dopravoprojekt
a.s., Bratislava
a.s., Bratislava

Aluminium & Cold-Formed Steel

in Scia Engineer

User Meeting Salzburg 5 november 2010

ing. Peter Van Tendeloo Product Development Engineer

Contents

1. National Annex for Steel and Aluminium

2. Aluminium according to EN 1999-1-1
3. Cold-formed steel according to EN 1993-1-3
4. Small improvements in Steel
5. Benchmarks EN 1993

National Annex

1. National Annex for Steel and Aluminium

National Annex

National Annex

- What has been implemented?

- Which method is supported?
- How exactly is this parameter used?
-
=> Theoretical Backgrounds

National Annex

Aluminium

2. Aluminium according to EN 1999-1-1

Aluminium

General design differences between Steel and Aluminium:

Steel

Aluminium

- Welds are strong points

- Welds weaken the material

- Classification for combined effects

- Separate classification per component

- Effective width

- Effective thickness

- Buckling curve depending on section

(only slightly on material)

- Buckling curve depending on material

Aluminium
Effect of welds
Material properties according to art. 3.2.2
Theory

Aluminium
Effect of welds
Material properties according to art. 3.2.2
Scia Engineer

Aluminium
Classification
Classification according to art. 6.1.4
Theory Definition of cross-section parts

10

Aluminium
Classification
Classification according to art. 6.1.4
Theory Definition of slenderness limits

11

Aluminium
Classification
Classification according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer Definition of initial shape & welds

12

Aluminium
Classification
Classification according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer Slenderness limits and classification for N-

13

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Theory Reduction factors

The following reduction factors are calculated:

1. Local Buckling: Reduction factor ,c
2. Distortional Buckling: Reduction factor
3. HAZ effects: Reduction factor ,HAZ

Additional reduction for

distortional buckling:

14

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Theory Local Buckling ,c

15

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4 & TALAT Lecture 2301
Theory Distortional Buckling

16

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4 & TALAT Lecture 2301
Theory Distortional Buckling

17

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Theory Welding Effects ,HAZ

MIG:

TIG:

18

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Theory Effective section

Additional reduction for

distortional buckling:

19

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer Effective section for N-

Section with weld in the middle of the web

20

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer Effective section for My+

Section with weld in the middle of the web

21

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer Effective sections

Initial Shape

Effective shape N-

Effective shape My+

22

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer Effective section properties

23

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer General Cross-section
Gross section

Used for gross-section properties

Thinwalled representation

Used for classification and effective section properties

24

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4

Scia Engineer General Cross-section

25

Aluminium
Effective section
Effective section according to art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer General Cross-section

26

Aluminium
Section Checks
Section Checks according to EN 1999-1-1

art. 6.2.3. Tension

art. 6.2.4. Compression
art. 6.2.5. Bending Moment
art. 6.2.6. Shear
art. 6.2.7. Torsion
art. 6.2.8. Bending and shear
art. 6.2.9. Bending and axial force
art. 6.2.10. Bending , shear and axial force

27

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending Check according to art. 6.2.5
Theory

These are NOT National Annex Parameters !!!

28

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending Check according to art. 6.2.5
Scia Engineer
Choice of alternative values:

29

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending Check according to art. 6.2.5
Scia Engineer

Default

Alternative

30

Aluminium
Section Checks
Shear Check according to art. 6.2.6
Theory

General theory according to art. 6.5.5

31

Aluminium
Section Checks
Shear Check according to art. 6.2.6 & 6.5.5
Scia Engineer

Section with no slender elements

Section with slender elements

32

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending and axial force according to art. 6.2.9
Theory

33

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending and axial force according to art. 6.2.9
Theory

34

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending and axial force according to art. 6.2.9
Scia Engineer No Transverse weld

35

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending and axial force according to art. 6.2.9
Scia Engineer Input of Transverse weld

36

Aluminium
Section Checks
Bending and axial force according to art. 6.2.9
Scia Engineer With Transverse weld

37

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Stability Checks according to EN 1999-1-1

art. 6.3.1. Members in compression

art. 6.3.2. Members in bending
art. 6.3.3. Members in bending and axial compression
art. 6.7.4.2, 6.7.6.1 Shear buckling

38

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in compression according to art. 6.3.1
Theory Flexural Buckling

39

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in compression according to art. 6.3.1
Scia Engineer Flexural Buckling

40

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in compression according to art. 6.3.1
Theory Torsional (-Flexural) Buckling

General Theory

41

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in compression according to art. 6.3.1
Theory Torsional (-Flexural) Buckling

42

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in compression according to art. 6.3.1
Scia Engineer Torsional (-Flexural) Buckling

43

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in bending and axial compression according to art. 6.3.3
Theory

44

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in bending and axial compression according to art. 6.3.3
Theory - Welds

45

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in bending and axial compression according to art. 6.3.3
Theory Design factors and xs distance

46

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in bending and axial compression according to art. 6.3.3
Scia Engineer

47

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in bending and axial compression according to art. 6.3.3
Scia Engineer Determination of xs
xs is the distance from the studied section to a simple support or point of contra flexure of the
deflection curve for elastic buckling of axial force only
Choice of method:

48

Aluminium
Stability Checks
Members in bending and axial compression according to art. 6.3.3
Scia Engineer Determination of xs

49

Aluminium
National Annex

Few countries have published an NA to EN 1999-1-1 and those who have do not diverge of the EN defaults.

50

Aluminium
Theoretical Background
- What has been implemented?
- Which method is supported?
- How exactly is this parameter used?
-
=> Theoretical Backgrounds

51

Cold-Formed

3. Cold-Formed steel according to EN 1993-1-3

52

Cold-Formed
Materials

53

Cold-Formed
Cross-section
Example: Sadef C 200 x 3.00 S390GD + Z

Recalculated properties of the gross section

Nominal thickness 3 mm
Core thickness EN 1993-1-3 art. 3.2.4 due to zinc coating

Core thickness = 2,96 mm

This thickness must be used in design !

54

Cold-Formed
May EN 1993-1-3 be applied?
May EN 1993-1-3 be applied without additional tests?

a) Condition for the core thickness: EN 1993-1-3 art. 3.2.4(1)

Remark: the condition for the core thickness is a Nationally Determined Parameter !
Default EN:

Dutch National Annex:

Austrian National Annex:

German National Annex:

Scia Engineer
Choice of NA

55

Cold-Formed
May EN 1993-1-3 be applied?
May EN 1993-1-3 be applied without additional tests?
b) Conditions for the section geometry: EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.2(1)

c) Conditions for the stiffeners: EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.2(2)

56

Cold-Formed
May EN 1993-1-3 be applied?
May EN 1993-1-3 be applied without additional tests?
Scia Engineer

57

Cold-Formed
Effective section

The calculation of the effective section can be split in the following steps:

A) Determination of the notional width of the elements

B) Local buckling of the elements in compression

C) Distortional buckling of the stiffeners with optional iterations

D) Optional: Iterative calculation of the full cross-section

58

Cold-Formed
A) Determination of the notional width
Influence of rounded corners according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.1
Theory

59

Cold-Formed
A) Determination of the notional width
Influence of rounded corners according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.1
Scia Engineer
Generation of the initial shape

60

Cold-Formed
A) Determination of the notional width
Influence of rounded corners according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.1
Scia Engineer
Generation of the initial shape and calculation of the notional width

61

Cold-Formed
B) Local buckling of elements in compression
Local buckling according to EN 1993-1-5 art. 4.4
Theory

Warning: Correction sheet EN 1993-1-5:2006/AC:2009

Local buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.2

62

Cold-Formed
B) Local buckling of elements in compression
Local buckling according to EN 1993-1-5 art. 4.4
Scia Engineer
Calculation of the effective width for My-

63

Cold-Formed
C) Distortional buckling of stiffeners with optional iterations
Distortional buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.3
Theory

The real geometry is replaced by an equivalent system with translation spring K

64

Cold-Formed
C) Distortional buckling of stiffeners with optional iterations
Distortional buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.3
Theory

The effective geometry of the stiffener and the translation spring K are used
for the calculation of the critical buckling stress cr,s of the stiffener.

Default formula for the critical buckling stress of a beam on elastic foundation

65

Cold-Formed
C) Distortional buckling of stiffeners with optional iterations
Distortional buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.3
Theory

The critical buckling stress cr,s of the stiffener is used for the calculation of
the relative slenderness and the reduction factor d.

66

Cold-Formed
C) Distortional buckling of stiffeners with optional iterations
Distortional buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.3
Theory General procedure

67

Cold-Formed
C) Distortional buckling of stiffeners with optional iterations
Distortional buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.3
Theory General procedure

68

Cold-Formed
C) Distortional buckling of stiffeners with optional iterations
Distortional buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.3
Theory General procedure Remark

Remark: the safety factors are Nationally Determined Parameters !

Default EN:

Dutch National Annex:

Austrian National Annex:

German National Annex:

Scia Engineer
Choice of NA

69

Cold-Formed
C) Distortional buckling of stiffeners with optional iterations
Distortional buckling according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.3
Scia Engineer
Optional iterations of the stiffeners

Distortional buckling of the stiffeners with influence on local buckling

70

Cold-Formed
D) Optional: Iterative calculation of the full cross-section
Iterations of the full cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.2
Theory

71

Cold-Formed
D) Optional: Iterative calculation of the full cross-section
Iterations of the full cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.2
Scia Engineer
Optional iterations of the full cross-section

Final effective section

Effective section properties

72

Cold-Formed
D) Optional: Iterative calculation of the full cross-section
Iterations of the full cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.2
Scia Engineer
Final effective section

73

Cold-Formed
Effective section
Scia Engineer General Cross-section

Input of any thinwalled shape

Calculation of effective section

74

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Section Checks according to EN 1993-1-3

art. 6.1.2. Axial Tension

art. 6.1.3. Axial Compression
art. 6.1.4. Bending Moment
art. 6.1.5. Shear Force
art. 6.1.6. Torsional Moment
art. 6.1.7. Local Transverse Forces
art. 6.1.8. Combined Tension and Bending
art. 6.1.9. Combined Compression and Bending
art. 6.1.10. Combined Shear, Axial force and Bending Moment
art. 6.1.11. Combined Bending and Local Transverse Force

75

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Bending Check according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.4
Theory

76

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Bending Check according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.4
Scia Engineer

77

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Shear Check according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.5
Theory

78

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Shear Check according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.5
Scia Engineer

79

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Local Transverse Forces Check according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.7
Theory

80

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Local Transverse Forces Check according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.7
Scia Engineer
Default Bearing Length in the Steel Setup:

Advanced modifications through additional data:

81

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Local Transverse Forces Check according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.7
Scia Engineer

82

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Combined Bending and Local Transverse Force according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.11
Theory

83

Cold-Formed
Section Checks
Combined Bending and Local Transverse Force according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.1.11
Scia Engineer

84

Cold-Formed
Stability Checks
Stability Checks according to EN 1993-1-3

art. 6.2.2. Flexural buckling

art. 6.2.3. Torsional and Torsional-Flexural buckling
art. 6.2.4. Lateral-Torsional buckling
art. 6.2.5. Bending and axial compression
art. 6.3. Bending and axial tension

85

Cold-Formed
Stability Checks
Bending and axial compression according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.2.5
Theory

Note: This is not a National Annex Parameter !

86

Cold-Formed
Stability Checks
Bending and axial compression according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.2.5
Scia Engineer

87

Cold-Formed
Stability Checks
Bending and axial tension according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.3
Theory

Theory according to AISI NAS 2007 art. C5

88

Cold-Formed
Stability Checks
Bending and axial tension according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 6.3
Scia Engineer

89

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
May EN 1993-1-3 Chapter 10 be applied?
Theory

a) Conditions for cross-section dimensions: EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.1(1)

b) Condition for the shear stiffness of the diaphragm: EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.1(6)

90

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
May EN 1993-1-3 Chapter 10 be applied?
Scia Engineer

Calculation of the shear stiffness using test data of the manufacturer:

91

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Principle according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.2
Theory
The purlin, restrained by sheeting, is replaced by a beam on elastic foundation

Compare with the calculation of distortional buckling: same principle!

92

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Resistance of the cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.1
Theory

93

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Resistance of the cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.1
Theory
a) Determine the geometry of the free flange

b) Determine the equivalent horizontal loading

94

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Resistance of the cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.1
Theory
c) Determine the lateral spring stiffness

95

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Resistance of the cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.1
Theory
d) Determine the equivalent bending moment

Remark: The table only gives some values, for an exact calculation the theory of Winkler
may be used for beams on elastic foundation.

96

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Resistance of the cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.1
Theory
d) Determine the equivalent bending moment

=> See Theoretical Background for other solutions

97

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Resistance of the cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.1
Scia Engineer
Calculation of the rotational stiffness of the sheeting:

Geometry of the free flange:

98

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Resistance of the cross-section according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.1
Scia Engineer

99

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Buckling resistance of the free flange according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.2
Theory

Scia Engineer
Choice of NA

Remark: the method for LT concerns a Nationally Determined Parameter !

British National Annex:

Austrian National Annex:

100

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Buckling resistance of the free flange according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.2
Theory

101

Cold-Formed
Special condiderations for beams (purlins) restrained by sheeting
Beam restrained by sheeting Buckling resistance of the free flange according to EN 1993-1-3 art. 10.1.4.2
Scia Engineer

102

Cold-Formed
Theoretical Background
- What has been implemented?
- Which method is supported?
- How exactly is this parameter used?
-
=> Theoretical Backgrounds

103

Small Improvements

4. Small improvements in Steel

104

Small Improvements

Table for defining the reduction of the yield strength in function of the thickness
Scia Engineer

105

Small Improvements

Re-organisation of the Steel tree

Scia Engineer

106

Small Improvements

Clear outputs of the stability checks

Scia Engineer

107

Small Improvements

Shortened outputs of the stability checks

Scia Engineer

108

Small Improvements

LTB outputs for CHS and RHS sections

Scia Engineer
CHS sections

RHS sections

109

Small Improvements

Modified Design rule for LTB of Channel sections

Theory

110

Small Improvements

Modified Design rule for LTB of Channel sections

Scia Engineer

111

Small Improvements

2nd order: Buckling lengths taken equal to system lengths

Theory EN 1993-1-1 art. 5.2.2(7)

112

Small Improvements
2nd order: Buckling lengths taken equal to system lengths
Scia Engineer

All non-sway

l=L

113

Small Improvements

Cold-Formed: Manual input of buckling stresses

Theory EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.1(7)

114

Small Improvements

Cold-Formed: Manual input of buckling stresses

Theory EN 1993-1-3 art. 5.5.1(7)

115

Small Improvements

Cold-Formed: Manual input of buckling stresses

Theory
Calculation of Local and Distortional Buckling stresses using for example CUFSM

116

Small Improvements

Cold-Formed: Manual input of buckling stresses

Theory
Calculation of Local and Distortional Buckling stresses using for example CUFSM

117

Small Improvements

Cold-Formed: Manual input of buckling stresses

Scia Engineer
Input of Local and Distortional Buckling stresses

118

Small Improvements

Cold-Formed: Manual input of buckling stresses

Scia Engineer

119

Benchmarks

5. Benchmarks EN 1993

120

Benchmarks

121

Benchmarks

122

Benchmarks

123

Benchmarks

124

Benchmarks

125

Thank You

Thank you for your attention!

126