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The era of scientific management

This era marked by berkembangan developments in management science from the


engineer-like Henry Towne, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Frederick A. Halsey, and
Harrington Emerson [9] Scientific Management, or in English is called scientific
management, popularized by Frederick Winslow Taylor in his book Principles of
Scientific Management in 1911. In his book, Taylor describes the scientific
management is "the use of scientific methods to determine the best way to complete
a job." Some authors such as Stephen Robbins considers the year as the year of
publication of this book lahirya modern management theory.
Henry Gantt who had worked with Taylor at the Midvale Steel Company initiated the
idea that there should be a capable foreman to give education to their employees to
be diligent (industrious) and cooperative. He also designed a chart to help
management called a Gantt chart that is used to design and control work.
Scientific management and then developed further by the husband and wife Frank
and Lillian Gilbreth. Gilbreth family managed to create micromotion that can record
every movement made by the worker and the length of time spent to perform each
movement.
This era also marked by the presence of administrative theory, the theory about what
is done by managers and how to establish good management practices. At the
beginning of the 20th century, a French industrialist named Henry Fayol proposed
the idea five main functions of management: designing, organizing, commanding,
coordinating, and controlling. Fayol idea was later put to use as a framework for
management science textbook in mid-1950, and continues until now. In addition,
Henry Fayol also mengagas 14 principles of management are the fundamentals and
values at the heart of the success of a management.
Another important contribution came from the German Max Weber sosilogi
expert. Weber described an ideal type organization called the bureaucracy-form of
organization characterized by the division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed
rules and regulations, and a number of impersonal relationships. However, Weber
realized that the form of "ideal bureaucracy" does not exist in reality. He described
the type of organization with the intention of making it as a basis for theorizing about
how the work can be done in large groups. His theory is an example of structural
design for many large organizations today.
Further development occurred in the 1940's when Patrick Blackett gave birth to
science operations research, which is a combination of statistical theories with
microeconomic theory. Operations research, often known as "Management Science",
tried to approach science to solve problems in management, particularly in the field
of logistics and operations. In 1946, Peter F. Drucker, often called the "Father of
Science-Management publishes one of the earliest books on applied management:"
The concept of Corporations "(Concept of the Corporation). This book appears on
the idea of Alfred Sloan (chairman of General Motors), which commissioned the
research on the organization.

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